BUYERS'   GUIDE 
PROTECTIVE  CONSTRUCTION  AND  EQUIPMENT 


For  Index  to  Announcements  by  Corporations,  Firms,  Individuals, 
named  below,  see  List  of  Advertisers,  on  next  Page 


NEW  YORK  CITY 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.    (Ralph  B.   Carter  Co.,   50  Church  St.) 

International   Sprinkler   Co. 

Rockwood   Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
ELECTRICAL   APPARATUS 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 
FIRE    ALARM    SYSTEMS,    AUXILIARY 

International   Sprinkler  Co. 
FIRE    DEPARTMENT   SUPPLIES 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 
FIRE    PAILS 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 
FITTINGS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
GAGES,    PRESSURE 

H.   G.   Vogel  Co. 
GAGES,   WATER 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 
GAS   ENGINE   POWER 

Challenge  Co.   (Stothoff  Bros.,  16  Murray  St.) 
GOVERNORS  FOR  PUMPS 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 
HOSE 

International   Sprinkler  Co. 

H.   G.   Vogel  Co. 
HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 

International   Sprinkler  Co. 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 
HOSE,    UNLINED   LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.   G.  Vogel  Co. 
HYDRANTS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International   Sprinkler  Co. 

H.   G.   Vogel  Co. 
METERS,  WATER 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 


BUYERS'  GUIDE 


LIST  OF  ADVERTISERS. 

PAGE 

Beach-Russ  Co.,  Chicago,  111 13 

Challenge  Co.,  Batavia,  111 16 

Deming  Co.,  The,  Salem,  Ohio 5 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co.,  Chicago,  111 21 

Graver  Tank  Works,  Wm.,  East  Chicago,  Ind 5 

International  Sprinkler  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa 23 

National  Boiler  Works,  Chicago,  111 9 

New  England  Tank  &  Tower  Co., 13 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co.,  Akron,  Ohio 25 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co.,  Worcester,  Mass 27 

Scully  Steel  and  Iron  Co.,  Chicago,  111 9 

Simplex  Valve  &  Meter  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa 13 

Vogel  Co,  H.  G.,  New  York 19 

Wilson  &  Co.,  F.  Cortez,  Chicago,  111 13 


BUYERS'  GUIDE 

OIL  PUMPS,    HAND 

Deming  Co.  (Ralph  B.  Carter  Co.,  50  Church  St.) 

H.   G.    Vogel   Co. 
PIPES 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
PIPE  HANGERS 

H.    G.    Vog-el   Co. 
PLAY   PIPES 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 

PLAY  PIPES,  MONITOR  NOZZLES 
H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 

PUMPS,   CENTRIFUGAL 
H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 

PUMPS,   ELECTRIC 

Deming-  Co.  (Ralph  B.  Carter  Co.,  50  Church  St.) 
H.   G.   Vog-el   Co. 

PUMPS,  ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (Ralph  B.  Carter  Co.,  50  Church  St.) 
H.   G    Vog-el  Co. 

PUMPS,  STEAM 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 

PUMPS,    POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Ralph  B.  Carter  Co.,  50  Church  St.) 
H.   G.   Vogel  Co. 

SPRINKLERS,    AUTOMATIC 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
International   Sprinkler  Co. 
Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 

STANDPIPES 

International   Sprinkler   Co. 
Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 

TANKS,    GRAVITY 

Challenge  Co.  (Stothoff  Bros.,  16  Murray  St.) 
Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 

TANK   HEATERS 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 

TANKS,   PRESSURE 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.   G.   Vogel  Co. 

TANK  TELL-TALES 

Challenge  Co.   (Stothoff  Bros.,  1C  Murray  St.) 
H.   G.   Vogel  Co. 

TANK  TOWERS,  STEEL 

Challenge  Co.   (Stothoff  Bros.,  16  Murray  St.) 
VALVES 

Challenge  Co.   (Stothoff  Bros.,  16  Murray  St.) 

International   Sprinkler  Co. 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 


4  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

VALVES,  ALARM 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International   Sprinkler   Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (Ralph  B.  Carter  Co.,  50  Church  St.) 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International   Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  DRY 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International   Sprinkler  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  FLOAT 

Challenge  Co.   (Stothoff  Bros.,  16  Murray  St.) 

Deming  Co.  (Ralph  B.  Carter  Co.,  50  Church  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  FOOT 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  INDICATOR  GATE 

International   Sprinkler   Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  POST  INDICATOR  GATE 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International    Sprinkler    Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 


CHICAGO 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Beach-Russ  Co. 

Deming  Co.  (Henion  &  Hubbell,  61  N.  Jefferson  St.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

Scully   Steel   &   Iron   Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
BARS,    IRON   &   STEEL 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 
BEAM   STEEL,    "I." 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 
BLOWERS,   POSITIVE  PRESSURE 

Beach-Russ  Co. 
BOILERS 

National   Boiler  Works. 
BOILER   WORKERS'    SUPPLIES 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 
BOLTS,    ALL    KINDS 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 


BUYERS'   GUIDE 


DEMINQ    POWER    PUMPS 

The  efficiency  and  economy  of  our  pumping-  machinery  has  been 
thoroughly  tested  in  mills,  mines,  factories,  hotels,  apartment  houses, 
suburban  residences,  etc.,  in  all  parts  of  the  civilized  world,  with  the 
result  that  Deming-  Power  Pumps  have  acquired  an  unequalled 
reputation  among*  their  users  for  low  operating-  costs,  reliability  and 
minimum  repairs. 

Catalogue  "G-"  contains  many  special  engineering-  tables  and  a 
complete  description  of  our  Power  Pumps,  Power  Working-  Heads 
and  Deep  Well  Cylinders. 

THE  DEMINQ  COMPANY 

SALEM,  OHIO 

General  Western  Agents,  HENION  &  HUBBELL,  Chicago 
OTHER  AGENCIES  IN  PRINCIPAL  CITIES 


G       R       A       V       E       R    •• 

ON    TANKS    AND    PLATE   WORK    MEANS    QUALITY 


OVER  35  YEARS  EXPERIENCE 
STEEL    TANKS    AND    PLATE    WORK    FOR    EVERY     PURPOSE 

WRITE   US    FOR    PRICES   AND   ESTIMATES 

WM.  GRAVER  TANK  WORKS,  E.  Chicago,  Ind. 


6  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

BREECHINGS 

National   Boiler  Works. 
CANS.   OILY  WASTE 

F.  Cortez  Wilson  &  Co. 
CORRUGATED    IRON 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 
ELECTRICAL   APPARATUS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
ENGINE  ROOM  SUPPLIES,   SHEET  METAL 

F.  Cortez  AVilson  &  Co. 
FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  AUXILIARY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

FIRE    DEPARTMENT    SUPPLIES 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

FIRE  PAILS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

FITTINGS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

FLOOR    PLATES,    WROUGHT    STEEL 
Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 

FLUE    CLEANERS 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 

GAGES,   PRESSURE 

General   Fire   Extinguisher   Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

GAGES,   WATER 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

GALVANIZED   SHEET   STEEL 
Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 

GAS  ENGINE  TANKS 

F.  Cortez  Wilson  &  Co. 

GAS  TANKS 

Wm.  Graver  Tank  Works,  (East  Chicago,  Ind.) 

GOVERNORS   FOR   PUMPS 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

GRAVEL   BASINS 

National   Boiler   Works. 

HEATERS,   EXHAUST  STEAM 
F.  Cortez  Wilson  &  Co. 

HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HOSE,    METAL 

Scully   Steel   &   Iron   Co. 

HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

HOSE,    UNLINED   LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 


BUYERS'  GUIDE 

HYDRANTS 

General   Fire  Extinguisher   Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
IRON    AND    STEEL 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 

MACHINERY,    BOILER   MAKERS   AND   IRON   WORK- 
ERS 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 
MEASURES,  ACCURATE  LIQUID 

P.  Cortez  Wilson  &  Co. 
METERS,   WATER 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
NUTS 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 
OIL  PUMPS,   HAND 

Deming  Co.  (Henion  &  Hubbell,  61  N.  Jefferson  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
OIL  PUMPS,  POWER 

Beach-Russ  Co. 
OIL  PUMPS,    SHEET   METAL 

F.  Cortez  Wilson  &  Co. 
PENSTOCKS 

Wm.  Graver  Tank  Works,  (East  Chicago,  Ind.) 

PIPES 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
PIPE,  RIVETED 

Wm.  Graver  Tank  Works,  (East  Chicago,  Ind.) 

PIPE  HANGERS 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PLATES,    FLANGE    AND    TANK    STEEL 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 
PLATE  WORK 

Wm.  Graver  Tank  Works,  (East  Chicago,  Ind.) 
PLAY   PIPES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PLAY  PIPES,  MONITOR  NOZZLES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,    CENTRIFUGAL 

Beach-Russ  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,   ELECTRIC 

Beach-Russ  Co. 

Deming  Co.  (Henion  &  Hubbell,  61  N.  Jefferson  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,    POWER 

Beach-Russ  Co. 

Deming  Co.  (Henion  &  Hubbell,  61  N.  Jefferson  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,    ROTARY 

Beach-Russ  Co. 

Deming  Co.  (Henion  &  Hubbell,  61  N.  Jefferson  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 


8  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

PUMPS,  SHEET  METAL 

F.  Cortez  Wilson  &  Co. 
PUMPS,   STEAM 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,  VACUUM 

Beach-Russ  Co. 

RIVETS,      BOILER,      STRUCTURAL     STEEL,      SHEET 
AND    TANK 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 

ROOFING 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 

SHAFTING 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 

SHEETS,   STEEL,   GALVANIZED 
Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 

SMOKE    STACKS 

National   Boiler  Works. 

SPRINKLERS,  AUTOMATIC 

General   Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 
Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Wm.  Graver  Tank  Works,  (East  Chicago,  Ind.) 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
STEEL,    PLATES   AND    SHEETS 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 
TANK  CARS 

Wm.  Graver  Tank  Works,  (East  Chicago,  Ind.) 

TANKS,  GAS 

Wm.  Graver  Tank  Works,  (East  Chicago,  Ind.) 
TANKS,  GRAVITY 

Wm.  Graver  Tank  Works,  (East  Chicago,  Ind.) 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

TANK  HEATERS 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
TANKS,  OIL  &  GASOLINE 

F.  Cortez  Wilson  &  Co. 
TANKS,  PRESSURE 

Wm.  Graver  Tank  "Works,  (East  Chicago,  Ind.) 

National   Boiler   Works. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
TANKS,    STEEL 

Wm.  Graver  Tank  Works,  (East  Chicago,  Ind.) 
TANKS,  STORAGE 

Wm.  Graver  Tank  Works,  (East  Chicago,  Ind.) 


BUYERS'   GUIDE 


ESTABLISHED    1867  INCORPORATED    1893 

National    Boiler  Works 

INCORPORATED 

BOILERS  TANK«5  SMOKE    STACKS 

BREECHINGS  GRAVEL   BASINS 


SPRINKLER    PRESSURE  TANKS 

BOILER  HEADS  AND  FLUE  HOLES  FLANGED  BY  MACHINERY, 
HEADS  DISHED  AND  FLUE  HOLES  DRILLED 


OFFICE   60   FULTON    STREET 
Chicago,   III. 

D.     R.    CORMODE 

TELEPHONE    MAIN    4272  SEC'Y    &,    TREAS. 


EVERLASTING  BLOW-OFF  VALVE 

EASILY  OPERATED. 
STRAIGHT  THROUGH  BLOW. 
SELF  CLEANING. 
SELF  GRINDING  SEATS. 
NO  REPAIRING. 
NO  STUFFING  BOX. 

Send  for  descriptive  booklet 

and  prices 
SCULLY     STEEL    &     IRON     CO. 

CHICAGO,    ILL. 


10  BUYERS'  GUIDE 


TANKTTELL- TALES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
TOOLS 

Scully  Steel   &  Iron  Co. 
TOOL   STEEL 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 
TUBES,    IRON,    SEAMLESS    STEEL 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 
VALVES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  ALARM 

General   Fire   Extinguisher   Co." 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  BLOW  OFF 

Scully  Steel  &  Iron  Co. 

VALVES,  CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (Henion  &  Hubbell,  61  N.  Jefferson  St.) 

General    Fire    Extinguisher   Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  DRY 

General    Fire   Extinguisher   Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,    FLOAT 

Deming  Co.  (Henion  &  Hubbell,  61  N.  Jefferson  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,   FOOT 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,    INDICATOR   GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES.    POST   INDICATOR   GATE 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
WASTE  CANS 

F.  Cortez  Wilson  &  Co. 
WATER   COOLERS 

F.  Cortez  Wilson  &  Co. 
WATER   HEATERS 

F.  Cortez  Wilson  &  Co. 
"Z"    BARS 

Scully  Steel   &   Iron  Co. 


BUYERS'  GUIDE  11 

PHILADELPHIA 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (W.  P.  Dallett,  49  N.  Seventh  St.) 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

CONTROLLERS  (FILTERS) 

Simplex  Valve  &  Meter  Co. 
ELECTRICAL  APPARATUS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  AUXILIARY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
FIRE  DEPARTMENT  SUPPLIES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
FIRE  PAILS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
FITTINGS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
GAGES,  PRESSURE 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
GAGES,  WATER 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
GOVERNORS  FOR  PUMPS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HOSE,  UNLINED  LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HYDRANTS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
MANOMETERS 

Simplex  Valve  &  Meter  Co. 
METERS     (RECORDING) 

Simplex  Valve  &  Meter  Co. 
METERS,    WATER 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
OIL  PUMPS,   HAND 

Deming  Co.  (W.  P.  Dallett,  49  N.  Seventh  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PIEZOMETERS 

Simplex  Valve  &  Meter  Co. 
PIPES 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
PIPE    HANGERS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PLAY    PIPES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 


12  BUYERS'   GUIDE 

PLAY    PIPES,    MONITOR    NOZZLES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,    CENTRIFUGAL 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PUMPS,    ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (W.  P.  Dallett,  49  N.  Seventh  St.) 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PUMPS,    POWER 

Deming  Co.  (W.  P.  Dallett,  49  N.  Seventh  St.) 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PUMPS,    ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (W.  P.  Dallett,  49  N.  Seventh  St.) 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PUMPS,    STEAM 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

SPRINKLERS,   AUTOMATIC 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

TANKS,    GRAVITY 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

TANK  HEATERS 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

TANKS,    PRESSURE 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

TANK  TELL-TALES 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

VALVES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

VALVES   (AIR)   AUTOMATIC 
Simplex  Valve  &  Meter  Co. 

VALVES,   ALARM 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

VALVES,  ALTITUDE 

Simplex  Valve  &  Meter  Co. 

VALVES,  CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (W.  P.  Dallett,  49  N.  Seventh  St.) 
General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

VALVES,    CONTROLLING   (STANDPIPE) 
Simplex  Valve  &  Meter  Co. 

VALVES,  DRY 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 


BUYERS'   GUIDE 


AUTOMATIC 
VACUUM 
PRIMING 
OUTFITS 

BEACH-RUSSCO, 
Chicago,  III, 


TANKS    AND   VATS 
STEEL    TANK    TOWERS 

ELEVATED  TANKS  FOR  FIRE  PROTECTION 

SPECIAL   TOWERS   DESIGNED    FOR    ANY 
REQUIREMENTS 

Pumping   and   Storage    Plants    installed 
for  factory  and  domestic  supply 

Ask  for  Estimates 

NEW  ENGLAND  TANK&TOWER  CO. 
112  HIGH  STREET,  BOSTON,  MASS. 


HOT  WATER 


HEATERS  THAT  HEAT  HOT, 
USING  EXHAUST   ONLY 

SOLD  ON  APPROVAL,  THEY  STAY  SOLD 

SEPARATE  OIL  PERFECTLY 
SAVE  COAL  SAVE  TIME  SAVE  WATER  SAVE  MONEY 

TELL   US   WHAT    YOU   WANT,   LET    US    SHOW    YOU 
F.  CORTEZ  WILSON  &  CO.,  EST.  1869 
SHEET  METAL    WORKS,    CHICAGO 

TANKS         WASTE  CANS         ACETYLENE   GENERATORS 


WATER  METERS  for  Large  Pipes. 

CONTROLLING  VALVES  for 
Reservoirs  and  Stand-Pipes. 

RATE  CONTROLLERS,  LOSS 
OF  HEAD  and  RATE  OF  FLOW 
GAUGES  for  Filters,  Etc. 

AUTOMATIC  AIR  VALVES  for 
Pipe  Lines,  and  Other  Water 
Work  Specialties. 

SIMPLEX  VALVE  &  METER  CO. 

112  N.  BROAD  ST.,  PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 

13 


14  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

VALVES,  FLOAT 

Deming  Co.   (AY.  P.  Dallett,  49  N.  Seventh  St.) 

H.  G.  A^ogel  Co. 
A^ALVES,  FOOT 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALA^ES,  POST  INDICATOR  GATE 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VENTURI  TUBES 

Simplex  Valve  &  Meter  Co. 

ST.  LOUIS 

AIR    COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  S.  Lewis  &  Co.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
FIRE    ALARM    SYSTEMS,    AUXILIARY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
FITTINGS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE   RACKS  AND  REELS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE,    UNLINED   LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HYDRANTS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
OIL  PUMPS,  HAND 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  S.  Lewis  &  Co.) 
PIPES 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
PIPE  HANGERS 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
PUMPS,     ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  S.  Lewis  &  Co.) 
PUMPS,   POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  S.  Lewis  &  Co.) 
PUMPS,    ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  S.  Lewis  &  Co.) 
SPRINKLERS,    AUTOMATIC 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
TANK  HEATERS 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 


BUYERS'  GUIDE  15 

VALVES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Eire  Extinguisher  Co. 
VALVES,    ALARM 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
VALVES,    CHECK 

Deming  Co.   (Chas.   S.  Lewis  &  Co.) 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
VALVES,    DRY 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
VALVES,   FLOAT 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  S.  Lewis  &  Co.) 
VALVES,    INDICATOR   GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   POST   INDICATOR  GATE 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

BOSTON 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  J.  Jager  Co.,  281  Franklin  St.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 
ELECTRICAL  APPARATUS 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 
FIRE   ALARM    SYSTEMS,    AUXILIARY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
FIRE  DEPARTMENT  SUPPLIES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
FIRE  ESCAPES 

New  England  Tank  &  Tower  Co. 
FIRE    PAILS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
FITTINGS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
GAGES,   MERCURY 

New  England  Tank  &  Tower  Co. 
GAGES,    PRESSURE 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
GAGES,  WATER 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
GOVERNORS  FOR  PUMPS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

(Continued  on  Page  17) 


BUYERS'   GUIDE 


CHALLENGE 

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are  built  according  to  the  most  approved  methods  of  construction. 
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We  quote  on  any  size  outfit,  f.  o.  b.  or  erected.     Send  us  your 
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NOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS 


A  Pocket  Book  of  Useful  Data  for 
Engineers,  Architects, 

Factory  Managers, 

Fire  Insurance  Inspectors 

and  Students 


By 

IRA  J.  OWEN,  M.  E. 

Consulting  Engineer 
Junior  American  Society  Mechanical  Engineers 


NEW  YORK: 

THE  INSURANCE  PRESS 


Copyright,  1907,  by 

THE  INSURANCE  PRESS 

New  York,  N.  Y. 


PREFACE 


THE  OBJECT  of  this  book,  as  conceived  by  the  author, 
is  to  provide  simplified  rules  and  forms  for  the  con- 
venience of  Engineers,  Architects  and  the  Insurance 
Fraternity.  It  is  intended  to  be  an  aid  in  solving  hydraulic 
problems  that  commonly  occur  in  Fire  Insurance  Engineering. 

Many  of  the  subjects  herein  contained  may  have  been 
more  extensively  treated  than  would  seem  necessary  and 
consistent  for  a  book  of  this  character.  This,  however,  has 
been  done  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  have  not  had  the 
advantage  of  a  theoretical  training  and  to  whom  a  book  of 
this  character  would  be  of  little  use  were  they  not  supplied 
with  a  few  elementary  principles  by  which  means  they  may 
learn  to  use  and  understand  these  Formulae. 

Most  of  the  Rules  and  Formulae  herein  given  are  taken 
from  authorities  and  standard  works  on  the  subject,  although 
perhaps  appearing  in  new  form  for  the  purpose  of  making 
them  more  simple. 

Amendments  to  certain  requirements  and  specifications 
for  standard  appliances  have  been  included. 

There  are  those  into  whose  hands  this  work  will  fall  who 
are  entirely  competent  to  criticise  it,  both  as  to  usefulness 
and  accuracy.  From  such  critics  the  author  invites  criticisms 
and  suggestions  and  contributions  of  fresh  material  that  may 
be  useful  for  future  editions. 

242290  L  J  ° 


INDEX 


Absolute  pressure 13 

Air  compressor 252 

Alarm  valve  system 70 

Atmospheric  pressure 12 

AUTOMATIC  SPRINKLERS  SYSTEMS: 

Alarm  valve  system 70 

Arrangement  of  supplies,  etc 257 

Auxiliary  pumps  and  steam  pump  governors,  National  Stand- 
ard Specifications  (1904,  1907) 170-177,  363-375 

Discharges  from  sprinklers 68 

Discharges  from  sprinklers  (Owen's  tests) 277 

Dry  pipe  system  and  fittings 79 

Esty  sprinkler 52 

Feed  mains  and  risers 64 

Feed-pipe  distribution 56-59 

Fire  engines  (Fourth  water  supply) 102 

Fire  pump  (Third  water  supply-) 102 

Fittings  and  valves 65 

Fourth  source  of  water  supply 102 

Gravity  tank  (Second  water  supply) 100 

Gravity  tank  connections,  Diagram  of 263 

Gravity  tanks,  National  Standard  Specifications 259-262 

Grinnell  sprinkler 51 

Grinnell  straightway  dry  pipe.valve 82 

Indicator  post  valves 69 

International  alarm  valve 74 

International  dry  pipe  valve 89,  387 

International  sprinkler 52 

Location  of  sprinklers 60 

Manufacturers  dry  pipe  valve 94 

Manufacturers  sprinkler 52 

National  Board  rules , 50 

Neracher  sprinkler 51 

Niagara  sprinkler 53 

Phoenix  sprinkler 53 

Pipe  sizes 63 


INDEX 

AUTOMATIC  SPRINKLERS  SYSTEMS— Continued. 

Pipes,  Contents  of,  in  cubic  feet  (IT.  S.  gallons)  and  wei»htof 

same 297 

Preparation  of  buildings 54 

Pressure  tank  (Primary  water  supply) 100 

Pressure  tank  connections 256 

Pressure  tanlrs.  National  Standard  Specifications £50-253 

Pressure  tanks,  Capacities  of 254 

Pressure  tank,  Diagram  of 255 

Primary  source  of  water  supply 100 

Public  water  works  systems 103 

Pumps,    electric,    National    Standard    Specifications    (1904, 

1905) 228-235,  380-381 

Pumps,  rotary,  National  Standard  Specifications  (1905,  1906, 

1907,  1908) 178-215,  376-379 

Pumps,    steam,     National    Standard    Specifications     (1904, 

1907) 103, 111-165,  360-362 

Pumps,  steam,  Index  to  National  Standard  Specifications    163-165 

Pumps,  steam,  Tests  for  acceptance  of 157 

Risers,  Location  of .-s 56-59 

Rockwood  dry  pipe  valve 382 

Rockwood  sprinkler 52 

Rotary  fire  pumps,  Tests  for  acceptance  of 193 

Second  source  of  water  supply 100 

Spacing  of  sprinklers 61 

Sprinkler  heads,  Types  of 51-53 

Steam  pump  governors  and  auxiliary  pumps.  National  Stand- 
ard Specifications  (1904,  1907) 170-177,  363-375 

Steam  pump  tables 166-169 

Tanks  and  cisterns,  cylindrical.  Capacities  of  292,  293 

Tanks,  rectangular,  Capacities  of * 291 

Third  source  of  water  supply 102 

Valves  and  fittings 65 

Variable  pressure  alarm  valve 71 

Water  pressures,  Table  of 289,  290 

Water  supplies  and  connections,  Diagram  of 257 

Water  supply,  Diagram  of  four  sources  of 101 

Water  supply,  Source  of 99 

Water,  Useful  information  about 359 

Auxiliary  pumps  and  steam  pump  governors,  National  Standard 

Specifications  (1904, 1907) 170-177,  363-375 

Centrifugal  fire  pump,  National  Standard 217,  223 

COEFFICIENTS  : 

Contraction 18 

Discharge 20 

Discharge  of  nozzles 264-266 


INDEX 

COEFFICIENTS— Continued. 

Orifices  with  rounded  edges 22 

Ring1  nozzles 22 

Short  conical  converging  tubes 22 

Short  cylindrical  tubes 22 

Smooth  nozzles 22 

Standard  circular  orifices  21 

Velocity 19 

Cotton,  rubber-lined  hose,  Friction  loss  in 280 

Curve  sheets,  discharges  of  nozzles  (Owen). 278-282 

Discharges  from  automatic  sprinklers  (Owen's  tests) 277 

Discharge  (TJ.  S.  gallons)  by  one  piston  or  plunger —  236-239 

Discharges  of  steam  fire  engines 284 

Discharges  of  water,  Coefficient  of 19-22 

Dry  pipe  sprinkler  systems  and  fittings — 79 

Dry  pipe  valve,  Grinnell  straightway 82 

Dry  pipe  valve    (International) 89 

Dry  pipe  valve,  Manufacturers 94 

Dry  pipe  valve,  Rockwood 382 

Electric  fire    pumps,   National    Standard    Specifications    (1904, 

1905) 228-235,  380,  381 

Ellis's  experiments  with  friction  in  pipes 276 

Fire  engines,  steam 283-287 

Fire  streams  ( Freeman's  tables) 270-275 

Friction  in  pipes  (Ellis's  experiments) 276 

Friction  loss  in  cotton  rubber-lined  hose  280 

Flow  of  water,  Theory  of 11 

Freeman's  tables  for  discharge  of  open  hose  butts 246,  247 

Freeman's  tables  for  discharge  of  open  hydrant  butts 248,  249 

Freeman's  tables  for  discharge  of  nozzles 240-245 

Freeman's  pump  inspection  tables 240-249 

Freeman's  standard  play  pipe 266, 267 

Freeman's  tests  of  ring  nozzles 268,269 

Gravity  tank  connections,  Diagram  of 263 

Gravity  tanks,  National  Standard  Specifications 259-262 

Hose  butts,  open,  Discharge  of  (Freeman's  tables) 246,  247 

Hose,  cotton  rubber-lined,  Friction  loss  in 280 

Hydrant  butts,  open,  Discharge  of  (Freeman's  tables) 248,  249 


Indicator  post  valves  . 


INDEX 

LOSSES  OF  PRESSURE: 

Bends 36 

Contraction  of  section 38 

Entrance 34 

Enlargement  of  section 36 

Friction 35 

Meters 44 

Valves  and  fittings 43 

Velocity  through  pipes 46 

Loss  of  head  or  pressure 30 

Measuring  instruments 23 

Mercury  gages 30 

Meters,  Loss  of  pressure  caused  by  44 

NATIONAL  BOARD  STANDARDS: 

Automatic  sprinklers : 50 

Centrifugal  fire  pump .217,  223 

Electric  fire  pumps  (1904,  1905) 228-235,  380,  381 

Gravity  tanks 259-262 

Pressure  tanks 250-253 

Rotary  fire  pumps  (1905,  1906,  1907, 1908) 178-215,  376-379 

Rotary  fire  pump,  Type  A 216,  219,  220 

Rotary  fire  pump,  Type  B 222 

Rotary  pump  tables 224-527 

Steam  fire  pumps  ((1934,  1907) 111-165,  360-362 

Steam  pumps,  Characteristics  of 162 

Steam   pump   governors   and   auxiliary   pumps   (1904,  1907) 

170-177,  363-375 

Steam  pump  tables 166-169 

Turbine  fire  pump,  electric  drive. 223 

Nozzles,  Curve  sheets  of  discharges  (Owen) 278-282 

Nozzles,  Discharges  of 264-266 

Nozzles,  Discharges  of  (Freeman's  tables) 240-245 

Nozzles,  ring 268,269 

Owen's  curve  sheets  of  discharges  of  nozzles  (Freeman's  tests).  278-282 

Piezometers 32 

Pipes,  Friction  in  (Ellis's  experiments) 276 

Piston  or  plunger,  Discharge  (U.  S.  gallons)  of  one 236-239 

Pitot  tube 28 

Play  pipe,  standard  type 266, 267 

Pressure  and  velocity 46 

Pressure  gages 25 

Pressure  head  of  water , 15 


INDEX 

NATIONAL  BOARD  STANDARDS— Continued. 

Pressure  tanks,  Capacities  of 254 

Pressure  tank  connections 256 

Pressure  tank,  Diagram  of 255 

Pressure  tanks,  National  Standard  Specifications  250-253 

Pressure  tank,  Specifications  of  Chicago  Underwriters'  Ass'n 258 


PUMPS  : 

Auxiliary  pumps  and  steam  pump  governors,  National  Stand- 
ard Specifications  (1904,  1907) 170-177,  363-375 

Centrifugal  pumps,  National  Standard 217,  223 

Electric  pumps,  National  Standard  Specifications  (1904,  1905) 

228-235,  380,  381 

Power  pumps,  single 218 

Power  pumps,  triplex  221 

Pump  inspection  tables  (Freeman) 240-249 

Rotary  pumps,  National  Standard  Specifications  (1905,  1906, 

1907,  1908) 178-215,  376-379 

Steam  pumps,  National  Standard   Specifications  (1904,  1907) 

103,  111-165,  360-362 

Tables  of  sizes  and  capacities,  various  makes 166-169,  224-227 

Tests  for  acceptance,  rotary  pumps 193 

Tests  for  acceptance,  steam  pumps 157 

Turbine  pumps,  electrically  driven 223 

Ratings  of  steam  fire  engines 284 

Rotary  fire  pumps,  National  Standard  Specifications  (1905, 1906, 

1907,  1908) 178-215,  376-379 

Rotary  fire  pumps,  Tests  for  acceptance  of 193 

Rotary  pump  tables 224-227 

Static  head  of  water  15 

Steam  fire  engines  283-287 

Steam  pump  governors  and  auxiliary  pumps,  National  Standard 

Specifications  (1904, 1907) 170-177,  363-375 

Steam  pump  tables. 166-169 


TABLES : 

Areas  of  circles 299-306 

Circumference  of  circles 307-313 

Columns  of  water  in  feet,  Comparison  of 288 

Decimal  equivalents  of  an  inch 298 

Discharge  of  nozzles  (Freeman) 240-245 

Discharge  of  open  hose  butts  (Freeman) 246, 247 

Discharge  of  open  hydrant  butts  (Freeman) 248, 249 

Discharge  (U.  S.  gallons)  by  one  piston  or  plunger 236-239 


INDEX 

T  A  BLES— Continued. 

Discharge  (U.  S.  gallons)  per  minute,  Equivalents  of 294, 295 

Equivalents  of  water  pressures  in  horse-powers 296 

Equivalents  of  (U.  S.)  gallons  per  minute 294,295 

Fire  streams  (Freeman) 270-275 

Freeman's  pump  inspection  tables 240-249 

Friction  in  cast  iron  pipes 41 

Friction  in  wrought  iron  pipes 40 

Gallons  (U.  S.)  per  minute  and  their  equivalents 294,  295 

Horse-powers  of  water,  Calculations  of 296 

Loss  of  head  for  100  feet  of  pipe 39 

Loss  of  pressure  caused  by  meter 44 

Pipes,  Contents  of,  in  cubic  feet  (U.  S.  gallons)  and  weight  of 

same 297 

Pump  inspection  tables  ( Freeman) 240-249 

Relative  discharge  of  full  pipes 49 

Rotary  fire  pumps 224-227 

Squares,  cubes,  square  roots,  cub4roots,  and  reciprocals. .  314-358 

Steam  pumps 166-169 

Tanks  and  cisterns,  cylindrical  (U.  S.  gallons) 292,293 

Tanks,  rectangular  (U.  S.  gallons) 291 

Velocity  and  discharge  under  different  heads 48 

Water  pressures 289,  290 

Testing  gages 26 

Turbine  fire  pump,  National  Standard,  electric  drive 223 

VALVES  : 

Alarm 71-74 

Dry-pipe 82,  89,  94,  382 

Post  indicator 69 

Variable  pressure  71 

Variable  pressure  alarm  valve 71 

Velocity,  Consumption  of  pressure 46 

Velocity  head  of  water 15 

Venturi  meter 31 

Water  supply  for  automatic  sprinkler  systems 99 

Water,  Theory  of  flow  of 11 

Water,  Useful  information  about 359 


Theory  of  the  Flow  of  Water. 

For  reference^  see  Weisbacti  s  Mechanics,   Vol.  1  ] 
Church's  Mechanics^  Encyclopedia  Britannica. 

THE  following  is   a   concise  statement   of   the  principles 
involved : 

In  the  flow  of  water,  the  particles  are  urged  onward  by 
gravity,  or  an  equivalent  force,  and  move  with  the  same 
velocity  as  bodies  falling  through  a  height,  equal  to  the 
head  of  water  exerting  the  pressure. 

Velocity. 

Is  the  rapidity  with  which  a  particle  moves,  i  e.,  its  rate 
of  motion,  or  rate  of  change  of  position. 

Uniform  Velocity. 

When  the  change  of  position  in  the  second,  third,  or  any 
subsequent  unit  of  time  is  the  same  as  described  in  the 
first  unit,  the  velocity  is  said  to  be  uniform. 

Note. 

Velocities  are  generally  expressed  in  ft.  per  sec.  in  all 
hydraulic  formulas. 
Time. 

The  unit  of  time  used  in  all  hydraulic  formulas  is  the 
Second. 

Unit  of  Work  or  Energy. 

Is  the  foot-pound,  %.  e.,  One  pound  lifted  through  a  ver- 
tical distance  of  one  foot. 

One  H.  P.  =  33,000  ft.  —  Ibs.  per  min.  or  33,000  Ibs. 
lifted  a  distance  of  one  ft.  in  one  minute. 

Unit  of  Weight. 

Is  the  avoirdupois  pound,  which  is  also  the  unit  for 
measuring  pressures.  The  intensity  of  pressure  will  be 
measured  in  pounds  per  square  foot  or  in  pounds  per  square 

11 


12  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

inch  as  may  be  most  convenient,  and  sometimes  in  atmos- 
pheres. 

Gages  for  recording  the  pressures  of  water  are  usually 
graduated  so  as  to  read  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Gravity. 

The  symbol  (g)  is  used  to  denote  the  acceleration  of 
gravity;  that  is,  the  increase  in  velocity  per  second  for  a 
body  falling  freely  in  a  vacuum  at  the  surface  of  the 
earth.  At  the  end  of  (t)  seconds  from  the  beginning  of 
the  fall,  the  velocity  of  the  body  is 

V=gt    or     i^~-  (I) 

o 

The  space  (h)  passed  over  in  this  time  is  the  product  of 
the  mean  velocity  and  the  time  (t)  in  seconds: — 

h  =  \Vt    or     /  =  ^-  (2) 

Eliminating  (t)  by  substituting  Eq.  1  in  2  we  have 

JL^Ji       .-.  v  =  V%h 
s        r 

which  is  the  fundamental  formulae  in  hydraulics. 

32.2  feet  per  sec.  is  an  approximate  value  for  (g)  which 
is  the  value  used  in  all  computations  in  this  book.  The 
above  equation  may  be  stated  as  follows: 

THE  VELOCITY  IS  EQUAL  TO  THE  SQUAEE  EOOT 
OF  TWO  TIMES  THE  VALUE  OF  GEAVITY  MULTI- 
PLIED BY  THE  HEAD  OE  PEESSUEE  WHICH  PEO- 
DUCES  THAT  VELOCITY. 

ATMOSPHERIC  PRESSURE. 

Atmospheric  pressure  is  measured  by  the  readings  of  the 
Barometer. 

The  pressure  of  the  air  on  the  surface  of  the  liquid 
causes  it  to  rise  in  the  tube,  until  it  attains  a  height  which 
exactly  balances  the  pressure  of  the  air,  i  e.,  the  weight  of 
the  barometric  column,  is  equal  to  the  weight  of  a  column 
of  air  of  the  same  cross-section  as  that  of  the  tube. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  13 

The  liquid  generally  employed  is  mercury  which  weighs 
0.49  pounds  per  cubic  inch  at  common  temperatures. 

THEREFORE    to    obtain   the   value   of   the   atmospheric 
pressure,    multiply    the    barometric    reading    in    inches,    by 
0.49. 
Example : 

The  average  barometric  reading  near  the  sea  level  is 
30  inches,  then 

30  x  0.49  =  14.7  pounds  per  sq.  inch  or  the  value  of  one 
atmosphere. 

ABSOLUTE  PRESSURE. 

The  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  as  stated  above  is  about 
14.7  Ibs.  per  square  inch.  Gages  are  usually  indexed  so 
that  the  zero  reading  is  at  atmospheric  pressure.  The  abso- 
lute pressure  then  is  the  sum  of  the  atmospheric  pressure 
and  the  indicated  or  gage  pressure.  Thus  if  the  pressure 
gage  reads  10  pounds  the  absolute  pressure  would  be 
10  +  14.7  =  24.7  Ibs.  per  square  inch  absolute. 

BERNOULLI'S  THEOREM  FOR  STEADY  FLOW 
WITHOUT  FRICTION. 

If  a  pipe  is  comparatively  short  without  sudden  bends, 
elbows  or  abrupt  changes  of  cross-section,  the  effect  of  fric- 
tion of  the  liquid  particles  against  the  sides  of  the  pipe 
and  against  each  other  (as  when  eddies  are  produced,  dis- 
turbing the  parallelism  of  flow),  is  small  and  can  be  neg- 
lected. 

Denoting  by  potential  head  the  vertical  head  of  any 
section  of  pipe  above  a  convenient  datum  level,  we  may 
state  Bernoulli's  Theorem  as  follows: 

IN  THE  STEADY  FLOW  WITHOUT  FRICTION  THE 
SUM  OF  THE  VELOCITY  HEAD,  PRESSURE  HEAD 
AND  POTENTIAL  HEAD  AT  ANY  SECTION  OF 
PIPE,  IS  A  CONSTANT  QUANTITY  BEING  EQUAL 
TO  THE  SUM  OF  THE  CORRESPONDING  HEADS  AT 
ANY  OTHER  SECTION. 


14 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


It  must  be  clearly  understood  that  Bernoulli's  Theorem 
does  not  hold  unless  the  flow  of  water  is  steady;  that  is, 
unless  each  lamina  in  coming  into  the  position  just  vacated 
by  the  one  next  ahead  of  (equal  mass),  comes  also  into 
the  exact  conditions  of  velocity  and  pressure  in  which  the 
other  was  when  in  that  position. 

Bernoulli's  Theorem  may  also  be  stated  by  the  following 
equation : 


D ATUM_ LjN E.^ .__£._. 


V™      +      pm       +    Zm    —      Vn       +      Pn 
%g  y  %g  y 

Where    -^—  =  Velocity  head  at  Section  m  of  pipe. 

— r~  =  Pressure  head  at  Section  m  of  pipe. 
zm     =  Potential  head  at  Section  m  of  pipe. 

vl 


=  Velocity  head  at  Section  n  of  pipe. 

"O 

pn 
=  Pressure  head  at  Section  n  of  pipe. 

ZH      —  Potential  head  at  Section  n  of  pipe. 
See  Fig.  No.  1. 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


15 


BERNOULLI'S  THEOREM  FOR  STEADY  FLOW 
WITH  FRICTION. 

If  a  pipe  is  of  considerable  length  or  has  a  number  of 
sudden  bends  or  elbows  or  abrupt  changes  of  cross-section, 
the  Bernoulli's  Theorem  for  steady  flow  without  friction, 
will  not  hold,  as  frictional  losses  are  produced  and  in  deter- 
mining the  pressure  and  quantity  of  water  flowing  through 
a  pipe,  these  losses  must  be  taken  into  consideration. 

Taking  into  account  no  resistances  or  friction  except  the 
"skin  friction "  or  "fluid  friction7'  of  the  liquid  on  the 
sides  of  the  pipe  (resistances  due  to  internal  friction  or  of 
eddying  occasioned  by  sudden  enlargements  of  cross- 
section  of  pipe  by  elbows,  sharp  curves,  gate  valves,  etc., 
will  be  mentioned  later). 

Bernoulli's  Theorem  for  steady  flow  of  a  liquid  in  a  pipe 
of  slightly  varying  sectional  area  and  internal  perimeter  w, 
may  be  stated  as  follows: 

THE  SUM  OF  THE  VELOCITY  HEAD,  PEESSUEE 
HEAD  AND  POTENTIAL  HEAD  AT  ANY  SECTION 
OF  THE  PIPE  IS  EQUAL  TO  THE  COEEESPONDING 
HEADS  AT  ANY  OTHEE  SECTION  MINUS  THE 
FEICTION  HEAD  OE  EESISTANCE  HEAD,  DUE  TO 
SKIN  FEICTION  BETWEEN  THE  SECTIONS. 

PRESSURE  HEAD,  VELOCITY  HEAD  AND  STATIC  HEAD. 


FIG.  2 

When  a  vessel  is  filled  with  water  at  rest,  the  pressure 
at  any  point  depends  only  on  the  head  of  water  above  that 
point.  But  when  the  water  is  in  motion  it  is  a  fact  of 


16  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

observation  that  the  pressure  becomes  less  than  that  due 
to  head.  The  actual  pressure  in  any  event  may  be  meas- 
ured by  the  height  of  a  column  of  water. 

Thus,  if  the  water  be  at  rest  in  the  case  shown  in  the 
Fig.  2  and  small  tubes  (open  Piezometers)  be  installed  at 
A,  B,  C,  the  water  will  rise  in  each  tube  to  the  same  height 
as  that  of  the  water  level  in  the  reservoir,  and  the  pres- 
sures at  A,  B  and  C  will  be  those  due  to  heads  Aa,  Bb  and 
Cc.  But  if  an  orifice  be  open  as  seen  near  D,  the  water 
levels  in  the  tubes  sink  to  the  points  alt  bx  and  c1 — i.  e.t 
the  pressures  at  A,  B,  C  are  reduced  to  those  due  to  the 
heads  Aa1}  Bb1}  and  Cc^ 

Aaj    is  the  PEESSUEE  HEAD  P 

aax  is  the  VELOCITY  HEAD    ~- 

Aa  is  the  HYDEOSTATIC  or  STATIC  HEAD  h 

The  theoretical  Velocity  of  flow  is  V  =  ]/%gh  (1) 

V2 

The  theoretical  height  the  jet  will  rise  is  then  h  =cT~    (2) 

Equation  1  states  the  velocity  due  to  a  given  head. 
Equation  2  the  head  which  would  generate  a  given  velocity. 

z/2 

The  term  VELOCITY  HEAD  is  designated  by  <^r  mean- 
ing thereby  that  its  value  is  the  head  which  can  produce 
the  velocity  V. 

If  p  is  taken  in  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  or  gage  pressure, 
and  h  is  taken  in  feet 

and  w  =  weight  of  a  cubic  ft.  of  water  =  62.5 #  approx- 
imately. 
Then  p  =  hw  Ibs.  per  square  foot, 

hw 
or  p  =~i44   Ibs.  per  square  inch. 

p  =  0.434  h   Gage  pressure  in  terms  of  hydrostatic 

head. 

h  =  2.304    p    Hydrostatic    head    in    terms    of    gage 
pressure. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  17 

The   STATIC   HEAD    or   EFFECTIVE    HEAD,    as    can 
readily  be  seen,   equals  the  pressure  head  plus  the  velocity 
head. 
Let— 

h  =  static  head 

/tl==  pressure   head — head   due    to    actual   pressure 

v2 
^ — =  head  due  to  actual  velocity. 

"is 

v2 
Then —  h  —  h^  +  = — 

or  in  the  form  of  a  theorem: — 

THE     PEESSUEE     HEAD     PLUS     THE     VELOCITY 
HEAD    IS    EQUAL    TO    THE    TOTAL    HYDEOSTATIC 
HEAD. 
Proof- 
Let  W  equal  the  weight  of  water  which  passes  the  sec- 
tion per  second — 

V2 

Then —     W  s —    *s  the  energy  which  it  possesses. 

The  total  theoretical  energy  of  this  water  is  Wh,  and  if 
there  be  no  losses  of  energy,  the  remaining  energy  is 

W  //!  —  W  X  (h  —  - — /  which    represents    the   poten- 
tial energy  still  existing  in  the  form  of  pressure. 

THEEEFOEE        h  —  ^-  =  h±  or   h  -  h^  +  ^-  Qed. 

COEFFICIENTS. 

A  coefficient  as  applied  in  hydraulics  may  be  denned  as  a 
number  or  multiplier  introduced  into  an  expression  or 
equation  for  the  purpose  of  reducing  the  theoretical  to  a 
true  value,  or  nearly  so. 


18  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

It  is  found  that  in  the  actual  discharge  of  water,  except 
in  rare  cases,  the  actual  velocity  of  discharge  is  less  than 
the  theoretical,  that  the  area  of  the  stream  discharged  is 
less  than  the  area  of  the  orifice  through  which  it  passes, 
etc.,  etc. 

These  losses  are  corrected  by  introducing  coefficients,  and 
the  following  are  definitions  of  a  number  of  coefficients 
commonly  used  in  hydraulic  formulae  and  also  the  manner 
in  which  they  are  obtained  from  experiment : 

COEFFICIENT  OF  CONTRACTION. 

Is  the  number  by  which  the  area  of  the  orifice  is  to  be 
multiplied  in  order  to  obtain  the  area  of  the  section  of  the 
jet  at  a  distance  from  the  plane  of  the  orifice  of  about  one- 
half  its  diameter.  Thus  if  C  ^be  the  coefficient  of  contrac- 
tion, (A)  the  area  of  the  orifice,  and  (a)  the  area  of  the 
contracted  section  of  the  jet — 

then  Cc   A  —  a 


IT  MAY  ALSO  BE  DEFINED  (AS  CAN  BE  SEEN 
BY  THE  ABOVE  EQUATION)  AS  THE  SQUAKE  OF 
THE  EATIO  OF  THE  DIAMETEE  OF  THE  JET  TO 
THAT  OF  THE  OEIFICE. 

The  mean  or  average  value  of  ^  the  coefficient  of  con- 
traction, has  been  given  by  different  authorities  as  .61 
.63  .64. 

These  values  vary  for  different  forms  of  orifices  and  for 
the  same  orifice  under  different  heads,  but  little  is  known 
regarding  the  extent  cf  these  variations  or  the  laws  that 
govern  them. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


19 


FIG.  3 

Probably  Cc  is  slightly  smaller  for  circles  than  for 
squares,  and  smaller  for  squares  than  for  rectangles.  Prob- 
ably Cc  is  larger  for  low  heads  than  for  high  heads. 

The  coefficient  of  contraction  is  directly  determined  by 
measuring  the  dimensions  of  the  least  cross-section  of  the 
jet. 

This  may  be  accomplished  by  the  use  of  calipers  or  by 
means  of  fixed  screws  of  fine  pitch  (see  fig,  3)  which  are 
very  convenient.  These  are  set  to  touch  the  jet  and  then 
the  distance  between  them  can  be  measured  at  leisure. 

COEFFICIENT  OF  VELOCITY. 

The  coefficient  of  velocity  is  the  number  by  which  the 
theoretical  velocity  of  flow  from  the  orifice  is  to  be  multi- 
plied, in  order  to  give  the  actual  velocity  at  the  least  cross- 
section  of  the  jet: 

Thus — if  Q.be  the  coefficient  of, velocity,  V  the  theoretical 
velocity  due  to  head  on  the  center  of  the  orifice,  and  v  the 
actual  velocity  at  the  contracted  section — 


The  velocity  of  flow  at  the  contracted  section  of  the  jet 
cannot  be  directly  measured. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


FIG.  4 

One  method  of  finding  coefficient  of  velocity  (Cv )  is  to 
place  the  orifice  horizontal  so  that  the  jet  will  be  directed 
vertically  upward  as  in  fig.  4.  The  height  to  which  it  rises 
is  the  velocity  head — 

2,2 

°  =  %•  (1) 

in  which  v  is  the  actual  velocity  and  is  equal  to  Cv  ]/  2g/i, 
Substituting  this  in  eq.  (1)  we  have 

h0=C*vk  and  Cv  = 

from  which  Cv  may  be  computed.  This  method  fails  to 
give  good  results  for  high  velocities,  owing  to  the  resistance 
of  the  air  and  the  difficulty  in  measuring  the  distance  h 
with  precision. 

A  mean  or  average  value  for  Cv  the  coefficient  of  velocity 
is  .98. 

The  coefficient  of  velocity  in  smooth  nozzles  is  the  same 
as  the  coefficient  of  discharge,  since  the  jet  issues  without 
contraction. 

COEFFICIENT  OF  DISCHARGE. 

The  coefficient  of  discharge  is  the  number  by  which  the 
theoretical  discharge  is  to  be  multiplied  in  order  to  obtain 
the  actual  discharge.  Thus  if  c  be  the  coefficient  of  dis- 
charge, Q  the  theoretical,  and  q  the  actual  discharge  per 
second — 

then —          q  —  c  X  Q. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


21 


The  coefficient  of  discharge  may  also  be  defined  as  the 
product  of  the  coefficients  of  contraction  and  velocity. 

In  general  c  is  greater  for  low  heads  than  for  high  heads, 
greater  for  rectangles  than  for  squares,  and  greater  for 
squares  than  for  circles.  Its  value  ranges  from  0.59  to 
0.63  or  higher,  and  as  a  mean  the  following  value  may  be 
stated  : 

c  Coef.  of  Discharge  =  0.61. 

The  actual  discharge  from  a  standard  orifice  is,  on  the 
average,  about  61%  of  the  theoretical  discharge. 

The  coefficient  of  discharge  can  be  accurately  found  by 
allowing  the  flow  from  an  orifice  to  discharge  into  a  tank 
and  the  volume  measured  as  explained  in  article  on  meas- 
urement of  water.  Thus  q  the  actual  discharge  is  known 
and  Q  the  theoretical  discharge  having  been  computed,  the 
coefficient  of  discharge  will  be  equal  to  q  divided  by  Q  or 

—t. 

STANDARD  CIRCULAR  ORIFICES. 

Standard  Circular  Orifices  with  sharp  edges  i.  e.  where 
the  water  does  not  touch  the  orifice  after  having  passed  the 
inner  edge.  See  fig.  5. 


Coef.  of  Discharge  -  .61. 


FIG.  5 


FIG.  6 


22 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


Orifices  with  Rounded  Edges. 

When  the  inner   edges   of   the   orifice   are  rounded.     See 
fig.  6. 

Coef.  of  Discharge  varies  from  .61  to  1.00. 

Short  Cylindrical  Tube. 

i.  e.   where  length  of  tube  is  2^/2  to  3  times  the  diameter, 
and  inner  corner  sharp  as  standard  orifice.     See  fig.  7. 


Coef.  of  discharge  =  .82. 


FIG.  7 

Short  Conical  Converging  Tubes. 

Coef.  for  this  form  will  vary  with  the  angle  (A)  at  the 
Vertex  from  .85  to  .95.  Where  the  angle  at  the  Vertex  is 
10  to  15  degrees,  the  coef.  of  discharge  is  .94. 

Smooth  Nozzles. 

Like  "underwriters  play  pipe. " 
Coef.  of  discharge  .976 

Ring  Nozzles. 

Coef.  of  discharge  .74 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS.  23 

Mr.  J.  K.  Freeman  furnishes  the  following  mean  or  aver- 
age values  of  the  coefficient  of  discharge  for  smooth  cone 
nozzles  of  different  diameters  under  pressure  heads  ranging 
from  45  to  180  ft.: 

Diam.  in  Inches.  Coef.  of  Disch. 

f  .983 

£  .982 

1  .972 

1£  .976 

U  .97.1 

1|  .959 

THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  WATER  AND  INSTRUMENTS 
USED. 

There  are  many  ways  by  which  the  determination  of  a 
cubic  volume  of  water  that  passes  a  given  point  in  a  unit 
of  time  can  be  made.  A  brief  discussion  of  a  few  of  the 
methods  in  common  use  will  be  taken  up  in  this  chapter. 

THE  TANK. 

The  simplest  of  all  methods  of  measuring  water  is  by 
the  use  of  the  tank.  At  first  sight  this  method  seems 
extremely  simple,  but  in  reality  if  accuracy  is  required, 
measuring  water  by  means  of  a  measuring  tank  requires 
considerable  skill.  Two  methods  may  be  employed  in  meas- 
uring tank  volumes.  First,  by  directly  computing  the 
cubical  contents,  and  second,  by  weighing  the  volume  of 
water  and  computing  the  contents  from  the  temperature 
of  the  contained  water  and  from  its  weight  per  cubic  foot, 
corresponding  to  the  temperature.  In  computing  the 
cubical  contents  (the  tank  if  of  wood  the  wood  must  be 
thoroughly  water-logged)  the  water  level  must  be  accu-. 
rately  determined  and  the  linear  measurements  must  be  cor- 
rect. It  can  be  readily  seen  that  if  the  sides  are  slightly 


24 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


warped  or  if  the  form  is  irregular,  to  obtain  accurate 
results  would  mean  a  laborious  undertaking.  It  is,  there- 
fore, advisable  in  measuring  volumes  in  this  way  that  a 
tank  of  regular  form  without  warps  and  one  which  will  not 
absorb  water  should  be  used. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  easier  method  is  by  weighing  the 
water,  taking  its  temperature  and  computing  the  volume 
from  this  data. 

Kent  gives  the  following  as  the  weight  of  water  per 
cubic  foot  at  different  temperatures  from  32  to  100  degrees 
Fahr. : 


Temp. 
Degs. 
Fahr. 

Lbs.  Per 
Cu.  Ft. 

Temp. 
Degs. 
Fahr. 

Lbs.  Per 
Ca.  Ft. 

Temp. 
Degs. 
Fahr. 

Lbs.  Per 
Cu.  Ft. 

Temp. 
Degs. 
Fahr. 

Lbs.  Per 
Cu.  Ft. 

Temp. 
Decs. 
Fahr. 

Lbs.  Per 
Cu.  Ft. 

32 

62.42 

46 

62.42 

60 

62.37 

74 

62.28 

88 

62.15 

33 

62.42 

47 

62.42 

61 

62.37 

75 

62.28 

89 

62.14 

34 

62.42 

48 

62.41 

62 

62.36 

76 

62.27 

90 

62.13 

35 

62.42 

49 

62.41 

63 

62.36 

77 

62.26 

91 

62.12 

36 

62.42 

50 

62.41 

64 

62.35 

78 

62.25 

92 

62.11 

37 

62.42 

51 

62.41 

65 

62.34 

79 

62.24 

93 

62.10 

38 

62.42 

52 

62.40 

66 

62.34 

80 

62.23 

94 

62,09 

39 

62.42 

53 

62.40 

67 

62.33 

81 

62.22 

95 

62.08 

40 

62.42 

54 

62.40 

68 

62.33 

82 

62.21 

96 

62.07 

41 

62.42 

55 

62.39 

69 

62.32 

83 

62.20 

97 

62.06 

42 

62.42 

56 

62.39 

70 

62.31 

84 

62.19 

98 

62.05 

43 

62.42 

57 

62.39 

71 

62.31 

85 

62.18 

99 

62.03 

44 

62.42 

58 

62.38 

72 

62.30 

86 

62.17 

100 

62.02 

45 

62.42 

59 

62.38 

73 

62.29 

87 

62.16 

When  limiting  the  length  of  time  during  which  the  stream 
whose  flow  is  desired  to  be  measured  discharges  into  the 
tank,  a  convenient  way  is  to  use  a  movable  spout  by  wrhich 
the  stream  of  water  may  be  made  to  discharge  into  the 
tank  and  again  to  one  side  of  it  at  given  signals.  By  the 
use  of  a  stop-watch  the  length  of  time  may  be  determined 
during  which  the  tank  receives  the  discharge  to  be  meas- 
ured. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


PRESSURE  GAGES. 


25 


One  of  the  most  common  used  pressure  gages  is  Bour- 
don 's,  and  is  illustrated  in  fig.  8. 

It  consists  of  a  bent  metal  tube  eliptical  in  cross-section 
which  is  put  in  connection  with  the  interior  of  the  pipe  or 
tank  in  which  the  pressure  is  to  be  measured,  by  means  of  a 
pipe  which  is  provided  with  a  stop  cock.  The  effect  of  the  in- 
ternal pressure  on  the  tube  is  to  tend  to  transform  the  elipti- 
cal into  a  circular  cross-section.  This,  however,  cannot  be 
done  without  partially  unbending  or  straightening  the  tube 
aa,  that  is  to  say,  the  effect  of  internal  pressure  is  alternately 
to  straighten  the  tube  and  the  greater  the  pressure  the  more 
the  tube  is  unbent,  and  consequently,  the  more  the  free  end  c 
is  moved  from  its  normal  position.  The  free  end  is  con- 
nected by  means  of  a  link  with  an  index  like  the  hand  of 
a  watch  either  directly  or  else  through  the  medium  of  the 
small  rack  and  pinnon,  which  multiplies  the  motion  of  the 
index.  When  the  free  end  of  the  tube  moves  under  the 


influence  of  pressure,  the  end  of  the  index  describes  an  arc 
of  a  circle.  By  placing  a  dial  behind  the  index  and  grad- 
uating the  former  experimentally  so  that  a  given  position 
of  the  needle  corresponds  with  a  given  pressure  in  the  tube, 
we  obtain  an  exact  pressure  gage. 


26  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

APPARATUS  FOR  TESTING  GAGE. 

Mercury  columns  have  long  been  accepted  as  the  standard 
for  measuring  pressures,  but  are  so  expensive  and  difficult 
to  keep  in  order  that  a  more  simple  and  inexpensive,  yet 
accurate,  machine  is  required.  Apparatus  of  this  nature 
consists  of  a  pump  or  other  means  of  obtaining  pressure 
and  some  methods  of  attaching  the  gage  to  be  tested  and 
the  standard  with  which  it  is  to  be  compared. 

One  of  the  forms  of  gage  testers  now  in  common  use  is 
shown  in  fig.  9. 


FIG.  9 

It  consists  of  a  stand  from  which  rises  a  cylinder  having 
accurately  fitted  into  it  a  piston  with  an  area  of  exactly 
one-fifth  of  a  square  inch  which  moves  freely  up  and  down. 
Attached  to  the  top  of  the  piston  rod  is  a  disc  for  sup- 
porting the  weights.  Each  weight  is  marked  with  the  num- 
ber of  pounds  pressure  per  square  inch  it  will  exert  on  the 
gage.  From  the  bottom  of  the  cylinder  2  tubes  project; 
one  forms  a  standard  for  holding  the  gage  to  be  tested  and 
one  is  furnished  with  a  coupling  to  connect  it,  and  with  a 
three-way  cock;  the  other  rises  at  an  inclination  and  forms 
a  reservoir  for  oil,  having  within  it  a  screw  plunger  for 
forcing  the  oil  inward  or  outward. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  27 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  USING  GAGE  TESTER. 

Fasten  the  gage  to  the  arm  by  means  of  a  coupler  or 
similar  arrangement;  set  the  handle  of  a  three-way  cock 
horizontally  or  in  an  open  position;  see  that  the  screw 
plunger  is  in  as  far  as  it  will  go,  then  remove  the  cap  and 
pour  oil  into  the  cylinder  until  it  is  full,  then  gradually 
withdraw  the  plunger  and  continue  pouring  in  oil  until  it 
is  out  nearly  to  its  limit  and  the  bore  of  the  cylinder  is 
nearly  full.  Now  insert  the  piston  which  with  its  disc 
will  exert  a  pressure  on  the  gage  of  exactly  the  weight  of 
the  disc  and  piston.  The  weights,  one  at  a  time,  may  now 
be  placed  on  the  disc  which  should  be  gently  rotated  to 
insure  perfect  freedom  of  motion  to  the  piston.  Each 
weight  added  will  exert  a  pressure  on  the  gage  equal  to 
the  number  of  pounds  marked  on  it. 

If  in  testing  a  large  gage  the  piston  descends  to  its 
full  length,  screw  in  the  plunger  and  the  piston  will  be 
forced  upward  and  more  weights  may  be  added  as  may  be 
required  by  the  limit  of  pressure  marked  on  the  gage  dial. 
Wihen  the  test  is  completed  remove  the  weights,  one  at  a 
time,  and  as  the  piston  rises  withdraw  the  plunger  to  make 
room  for  the  returning  oil.  When  all  the  weights  have  been 
removed,  turn  the  cock  handle  to  a  vertical  position  which 
will  allow  the  oil  in  the  gage  to  drain  out  into  a  can 
which  should  be  previously  placed  under  the  cock.  The  oil 
may  be  left  in  the  machine,  but  the  piston  should  be  care- 
fully wiped  and  replaced  in  the  case. 

"When  it  is  desired  to  drain  the  whole  machine  of  oil,  set 
the  cock  handle  so  that  the  port  leading  to  the  reservoir 
for  oil  will  be  open. 

It  is  advisable  to  use  nothing  but  good  light  mineral  oil 
which  should  be  kept  entirely  free  from  grit. 

The  following  is  a  form  that  is  used  quite  frequently  in 
calibrating  pressure-gages  of  this  type: 


28 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


CALIBRATING  OF  PRESSURE-GAGE  WITH 
GAGE  TESTER. 


Maker  and  No.  of   Gage. 
Date.  . 


.190 


Observers, 


No. 


Load  in  Ibs. 
on  Valve 


Gage 


Error 


Remarks 


PITOT  TUBE. 

In  measuring  pressure  exerted  by  moving  water  in  a  pipe, 
both  the  velocity  head  and  pressure  head  have  to  be  taken 
into  consideration.  To  separate  these  two  factors,  an  in- 
strument known  as  the  Pitot  Tube  may  be  used. 


NOTES  ON   HYDRAULICS.  29 

One  form  of  this  instrument  is  shown  in  the  following 
figure  10: 


FIG.  10 

Tube  A  is  open  at  the  end  and  connects  by  rubber  tube 
to  one  arm  of  an  ordinary  U  tube  mercury  gage,  the  other, 
tube  B,  is  closed  upon  the  end,  but  has  in  its  opposite  side 
two  small  holes  and  is  connected  to  the  other  arm  of  the 
gage. 

Tube  A  receives  the  full  effect  of  the  current  of  moving 
water  and  thus  tends  to  indicate  upon  the  gauge  the  total 
head,  including  both  the  velocity  and  the  pressure  heads. 
But  the  influence  of  the  velocity  is  practically  removed 
from  B,  which,  therefore,  receives  only  the  pressure  due  to 
the  pressure  head.  As  this  tube  is  connected  to  the  other 
arm  of  the  gage,  the  pressure  thus  indicated  is  only  that 
due  to  the  velocity  head;  for  both  arms  being  subject  to  the 
pressure  head  these  pressures  are  balanced. 

The  difference  in  height  of  the  mercury  in  the  gage 
would  be  that  due  to  velocity  of  current;  thus,  if  the  mer- 
cury stands  at  m  on  one  side  and  at  n  on  the  other,  the 
velocity  is  that  due  to  the  height  of  the  column  of  liquid, 
equal  to  the  distance  that  m  is  above  n.  Call  this  distance 
h,  then  the  velocity  v  =  c  x  l/2gh  .  c  is  the  coefficient  of 
velocity  for  the  given  tube  and  must  be  determined  by 
experiment  made  on  a  tube  in  which  the  velocity  of  flow  is 
known. 

The  principal  use  of  this  instrument  is  to  determine  the 
velocity  of  the  flowing  water. 


30 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


MERCURY  GAGE  FOR  DETERMINING  LOSS 
OF  HEAD  OR  PRESSURE. 

Some  time  ago  the  author  occasioned  to  investigate 
closely  the  actual  loss  of  head  in  a  valve  under  high  pres- 
sure and  for  the  purpose  of  measuring  directly  this  loss,  he 
devised  a  simple  apparatus  shown  in  the  following  sketch, 
fig.  11: 


FIG.  11 

The  difference  in  hydraulic  pressure  existing  in  any  two 
points  in  a  line  of  water  pipe  is  at  once  exhibited  by  the 
difference  in  height  of  two  communicating  columns  of  mer- 
cury. The  apparatus  is,  therefore,  merely  a  pressure  differ- 
ence gage  which  has  the  merit  of  being  both  sensitive 
and  accurate  and  which  may  also  be  applied  in  other  similar 
investigations. 

In  principle  the  gage  consists  of  a  glass  U  tube  par 
tially  filled  with  mercury,  while  the  upper  ends  of  these 
tubes  are  connected  to  the  water  main  by  means  of  suitable 
cocks  and  piping.  On  the  admission  of  water  into  the  two 
tubes  the  mercury  will  be  depressed  in  one  and  raised  in  the 
other  until  equilibrium  is  established.  Whereupon,  the  dif- 
ference in  the  height  of  the  two  mercury  columns  is  to  be 
read  off  on  a  suitable  scale  whose  divisions  correspond  to 
known  pressures  of  water  as  determined  by  careful  experi- 
ments beforehand.  In  practice,  however,  it  is  necessary  to 
exercise  the  utmost  care  to  expel  all  the  air  in  the  tubes 
above  the  mercury,  which  may  be  accomplished  by  judicious 
manipulation  of  the  pet-cocks. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


31 


In  using  this  gage  as  a  pressure  difference  gage  the 
principal  correction  to  be  made  is  that  due  to  excess  water 
columns  on  the  short  leg  of  the  U  tube.  This  correction 
for  any  pressure  is  the  distance  in  inches  between  the  sur- 
faces of  the  mercury,  multiplied  by  .036,  this  equals  the 
number  of  pounds  to  be  subtracted  from  the  reading  of 
the  short  leg. 

VENTIRI  METER. 

Another  method  of  measuring  water  is  by  means  of  the 
Venturi  Meter,  so  called  from  Venturi,  who  first  pointed 
out  the  relation  between  the  pressures  and  velocities  of 
flow  in  converging  and  diverging  tubes. 


B 


R 


FIG.  12 


As  shown  by  the  longitudinal  section  Fig.  12  this  meter 
consists  of  a  converging,  followed  by  a  gently  diverging, 
tube;  between  the  two  is  a  short  cylindrical  piece  known  as 
the  throat.  A  and  B  are  air  or  pressure  chambers  which 
are  connected  with  the  interior  by  piezometer  holes.  Piezo- 
meters are  connected  as  shown  by  which  the  fluid  pressure 
may  be  measured. 


32  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

It  is  a  fundamental  principle  in  hydraulics  that  the 
hydraulic  pressure  of  water  in  motion  against  the  interior 
of  a  pipe  is  equal  to  the  hydrostatic  head  (pressure  of 
water  not  in  motion)  less  the  head  due  to  velocity.  If  P 
be  the  pressure  in  terms  of  the  height  of  a  water-column 
at  the  inlet  B  and  P!  be  the  pressure  in  terms  of  the  height 
of  a  water-column  at  the  throat  A,  Pt  —  P  equals  the  dif- 
ference of  heads  in  the  piezometers  or  the  "head  on  Ven- 
turi/'  as  it  is  called. 

at  and  a2  equals  the  sectional  areas  at  A  and  B  respect- 
ively. 

Then  the  quantity  of  flow  at  A  is 

gj   X  02      lx  - 
Q  =  V*P-P 


Introducing    coef.    of    discharge    C    the    actual    delivery 
through  A  is 


Q-C 


a,  X  a, 


An  elaborate  series  of  experiments  by  Herschel  gave 
C  varying  from  .94  to  1.04,  but  the  great  majority  lay 
between  .96  and  .99. 

After  such  a  meter  has  been  rated  its  discharge  can  be 
relied  upon  as  correct  within  1  to  2  per  cent  for  any  single 
reading. 

PIEZOMETERS. 

A  piezometer  is  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  pres- 
sure of  water  which  exists  in  a  pipe.  The  simplest  form 
of  this  instrument  consists  of  an  ordinary  tube  inserted 
into  a  pipe  at  right  angles.  The  water  will  rise  in  the 
tube  to  a  height  equal  to  the  pressure  exerted  at  the  point 
where  the  piezometer  or  tube  is  installed. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


33 


FIG.  13 

A,B,C,D,  are  piezometer  orifices.  Both  screw  ends  fit 
Standard  Hose  Couplings,  so  piezometer  may  be  introduced 
at  any  joint  in  a  line  of  hose  or  at  the  base  of  Play  Pipe, 
coupling  thus  forming  part  of  line. 

This  form  of  piezometer  answers  the  purpose  very  well 
for  measuring  static  pressures  (pressure  due  to  head,  when 
water  is  not  in  motion),  but  when  water  is  in  motion  the 
pressure  at  different  points  in  the  pipe  varies,  that  is,  the 
pressures  at  the  top,  bottom,  and  sides  are  not  the  same. 
It  is  desirable  therefore  to  know  the  mean  or  average  pres- 
sure. 

PIEZOMETER  FITTING. 

A  number  of  piezometer  fittings  have  been  designed  for 
obtaining  the  average  pressure. 

Figure  13  shows  the  cross-section  of  a  piezometer  fitting 
designed  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Freeman  and  used  very  successfully 
in  his  tests  on  fire  streams. 


LOSS  OF  HEAD  OR  PRESSURE. 

The  loss  of  head  or  pressure  or  EESISTANCE  TO 
FLOW  commonly  though  INCORRECTLY  called  FRIC- 
TION, between  any  two  points  in  a  pipe  line  may  consist 
of  any  one  or  more  of  the  following: 


34  NOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS. 

1.  Loss  at  Entrance. 

2.  Skin  or  surface  friction. 

3.  Change  in  cross-section. 

4.  Bends  or  Curvature. 

5.  Obstructions  in  Channel. 

On  account  of  lack  of  experimental  and  theoretical  knowl- 
edge regarding  the  laws  of  flow  of  water  in  pipes,  the  loss 
of  pressure  can  not  be  definitely  computed. 

LOSS  OF  PRESSURE  AT  ENTRANCE. 

The  loss  of  pressure  which  occurs  in  the  upper  end  of  a 
pipe  due  to  contraction  and  resistance  of  the  inner  edges, 
is  called  LOSS  OF  HEAD  OE  PBESSUBE  AT  EN- 
TBANCE  and  is  the  same  as  the  loss  of  head  in  a  short 
cylindrical  tube  under  the  same  velocity  of  flow.  This 
loss  is  always  less  than  the  velocity  head,  therefore,  where 
^E  equals  the  loss  of  head  at  entrance  we  have 


The  value  for  K  varies  from  0  to  .93 
For  a  perfect  mouth  piece  K  equals  0 
For  an  inward  projecting  pipe  K  equals  .93 
For  a  standard  end  K  equals  .50 

Example:  —  Compute  the  loss  of  head  at  entrance  in  a  1 
inch  pipe  100  feet  long  discharging  15"  gallons  per  minute: 

Discharge  in  cubic  ft.  per  sec.  .033  .  - 

Velocity  =  -  -^r,  =  6.11  ft.  per  sec. 

Area  in  square  feet          .0054 

(6.1D8  37.33    ._ 


-  2x32.2 

Assuming  K  to  equal  .5  then 
h     —  .5  x  .579  —  .2895  feet,  loss  of  head  due  to  entrance. 


XOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  35 

LOSS  OF  PRESSURE  DIE  TO  FRICTION. 

The  loss  of  pressure  due  to  friction  of  the  interior  sur- 
face of  a  pipe  is  governed  by  the  following  laws  which 
have  been  deduced  from  many  experiments  made  on  pipes 
of  different  sizes  and  lengths  under  different  velocities  of 
flow. 

1.  THE    LOSS    IN    FRICTION    IS    PEOPOETIONAL 
TO  THE  LENGTH  OF  THE  PIPE. 

2.  IT     INCREASES     AS    THE     SQUARE     OF     THE 
VELOCITY. 

3.  IT    DECREASES   AS    THE   DIAMETER   OF    THE 
PIPE  INCREASES. 

4.  IT   INCREASES   WITH   THE   ROUGHNESS. 

5.  IT  IS  INDEPENDENT   OF   THE   PRESSURE   OF 
THE  WATER. 

Let 

L     equal  the  length  of  pipe. 
d      equal  the 'diameter  of  pipe. 
HY  equal  the  head  or  pressure  lost  due  to  friction. 
/     equal   a  coefficient   depending  on  the  roughness   of 

the  interior  surface  of  the  pipe. 

Then  these  laws  may  be  expressed  by  the  following  equa- 
tion:— 

H          f    L        v* 

F  =  y^  IT 

The  factor/  for  new  clean  pipes  ranges  from  .05  to  .01. 

For  approximate  computations  the  mean  or  average  value 
for  /,  .02  may  be  used. 

Example: — Find  the  loss  of  head  in  100  feet  of  pipe  2 
inches  in  diameter  when  discharging  150  gallons  of  water 
per  minute. 

HY   «    02  ^__?^_   _40feet 
.17        64.4 

The  velocity  v  is  obtained*  by  dividing  the  discharge  in 
cubic  feet  per  second  by  the  area  of  the  pipe  in  square 


36  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

feet;   thus  the  area  of  a  2-inch  pipe  is  .022  the  discharge 
in  cubic  feet  per  second  is  150  -+-  60  -f-  7.48  =  .334. 

Then  .334  divided  by  .022  equals  15  the  velocity,  and  z/2 
is  225. 

LOSS  OF  HEAD  OR  PRESSURE  DUE  TO  BENDS. 

The  loss  of  pressure  caused  by  easy  curves  is  very  slight 
and  need  not  be  taken  into  consideration.  Where  there  is 
a  sharp  bend  such  as  an  elbow  the  loss  is  small,  but  where 
a  number  of  such  bends  occur  the  loss  may  amount  to  con- 
siderable. This  loss  is  a  percentage  of  the  velocity  head 

and  may  be  expressed  by  the  equation  HB  —  n  Where 

HB  is  the  loss  due  to  the  bend,  and  n  the  coefficient. 

Weisbach   gives   the   following   values   for   n   which   were 
derived  from  experiments  made  on  small  pipes.     This  loss 
for  larger  pipes  is  undoubtedly  less. 
Where 

R  =  Radius  of  curvature 
d  =  diameter  of  pipe 

4^-  =  .1       .2      .3      .4      .5      .6      .7       .8        .9        .1 

K. 

for  these  values  n  equals 
.18,    .14,    .16,    .21,    .29,    .44,    .66,    .98,    1.41,    1.98 

LOSS  OF  PRESSURE  DUE  TO  ENLARGEMENT 
OF  SECTION. 

When  a  section  of  pipe  is  enlarged  as  shown  in  fig.  14, 
and  the  pipe  is  kept  constantly  full  of  water,  a  loss  of  head 
or  pressure  results.  From  Bernoulli's  theorem  the  pressure 
head  plus  the  velocity  head  at  any  point  in  a  line  of  pipe  is 
equal  to  the  pressure  head  plus  the  velocity  head  at  any 
other  section  in  the  line,  if  no  losses  occur. 


NOTES    ON    JlYDItAULICS.  37 


FIG.  14 

Let  Vj  equal  the  velocity  and  hj  equal  the  pressure  head 
at  section  A  and  V8  equal  the  velocity  and  h8  equal  the 
pressure  head  at  section  B,  then  according  to  Bournellies 

theorem 

K»  J7» 

h,  +  .        =  h*  + 

-•:  *X 

but  aw  I  lie  second   effective  lie;ul   is  always  smaller  than  the 
first  their  difference  is  the  loss  of  head  due  to  enlargement 

of    |>i|H'. 

Loss  of  head  dm-  to  enlargement  = 


y*  y*  _ 


This  18  a  ^«-IMT;I|    rxprrsHiori    ^ivin^    lli<^    loss  due    not,   only 

to  enlargement  but  to  all  resistances  bet\\<  -n  .my  two  sec* 
tions  of  a  pipe. 

Another    form    which    is   probably  iiM.n-    <-on\  cnicnt     for 
practical  use  is 

(<*»  \  *  V* 

_JL   __  1    1  -  «_ 
«i  /    %• 

vvlu-n  ./,  ;md  /78  are  the  areas  of  the  small  and  large  sections, 


38  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

LOSS  OF  PRESSURE  DIE  TO  CONTRACTION 
OF  SECTION. 

When  a  section  of  pipe  is  contracted  in  the  direction  of 
flow  as  shown  in  figure  15  that  is  gradual  contraction  the 
loss  of  pressure  is 


Loss  due  to  contraction  = 


also  .     =   (--    -  1)  .  +  Al  _  h2 

in  which  ^  and  J^2  are  the  velocities,  h±  and  h2  the  pressure 
heads  and  a  and  a^  the  areas. 


FIG.  15  FIG.  16 

For  sudden  contraction  of  section  as  shown  in  fig.  16. 

1                     V 2 
The  loss  due  to  contraction     ( —  1  )2  

in  which  C  is  the  coefficient  of  contraction  and  equal  to  the 

area  ^L_  the  value  of  C  varies  from  .62  to  1.     For  an  aver- 
a 

age  .65  may  be  used. 

The  loss  of  pressure  through  valves  and  other  fittings  can 
only  be  determined  by  experiment.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  these  losses  is  described  in  the  chapter  on  Meas- 
urement of  Water  and  instruments  used. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


39 


LOSS  OF  HEAD  IN  FRICTION  FOR  100  FEET  OF  PIPE. 


Diameter 
in 
Feet 

Velocity  in  Feet  per  Second. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

10 

15 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

0.05 

1.46 

5.10 

10.3 

16.9 

34.7 

0.1 

0.59 

1.99 

4.20 

6.97 

14.5 

37.3 

0.25 

.20 

0.70 

1.46 

2.49 

5.37 

13.7 

29.4 

0.5 

.09 

0.32 

0.70 

1.14 

2.46 

6.22 

13.3 

0.75 

.05 

.21 

.45 

0.73 

1.57 

3.94 

8.40 

1. 

.04 

.15 

.32 

.55 

1.12 

2.80 

5.95 

1.25 

.03 

.11 

.25 

.42 

0.85 

2.11 

4'.  48 

1.5 

.02 

.09 

.20 

.33 

.67 

1.66 

3.50 

1.75 

.02 

.07 

.16 

.26 

.54 

1.33 

2.80 

2. 

.02 

.06 

.13 

.21 

.45 

1.09 

2.27 

2.5 

.01 

.05 

.10 

.16 

.34 

0.81 

1.68 

3. 

.01 

.04 

.07 

.12 

.26 

.67 

1.40 

3.5 

.01 

.03 

.06 

.10 

.21 

.53 

4. 

.01 

.02 

.05 

.08 

.17 

.42 

5. 

.00 

.02 

.04 

.06 

.13 

6. 

.00 

.01 

.03 

.05 

.10 

40 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


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NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


41 


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NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


43 


LOSS  OF  PRESSURE  CAUSED  BY  VALVES 
AND  FITTINGS. 

The  data  given  below  is  condensed  from  the  results  of 
experiments  made  at  different  times  by  the  Inspection 
Department  of  the  Associated  Factory  Mutuals  Fire  Insur- 
ance Companies.  The  friction  losses  in  ells  and  tees  are 
approximate,  but,  since  fittings  of  the  same  nominal  size  with 
the  different  curvatures  and  different  smoothness  as  made 
by  different  manufacturers  will  cause  materially  different 
friction  losses,  the  figures  below  will  give  a  fair  indication 
of  what  loss  may  be  expected  from  the  several  fittings. 


NAME  OF  FITTING. 


Number  of  feet 
of  clean,  straight 
pipe  of  same  size 

which  would 

cause  the  same 

loss  as  the 

fitting. 


6-inch  Grinnell  Dry-Pipe  Valve* 80 

4-inch  Grinnell  Dry-Pipe  Valve* 47 

6-inch  Grinnell  Alarm  Check 100 

4-inch  Grinnell  Alarm  Check 47 

6-inch  Pratt  &  Cady  Check  Valve 50 

6-inch  Walworth  Globe  Check  Valve 200 

4-inch  Pratt  &  Cady  Check  Valve 25 

4-inch  Walworth  Globe  Check  Valve 130 

2^ -inch  to  8-inch  Long-Turn   Ells 4 

2^-inch  to  8-inch  Short-Turn  Ells 9 

3-inch  to  8-inch  Long-Turn  Tees 9 

3-inch  to  8-inch  Short-Turn    Tees 17 

%-bend 5 


*  Differential  type. 


44 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


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NOTES  ON   HYDRAULICS.  45 

The  tests  showed: 

1.  That  all  meters  obstruct  the  flow  of  water  to  a  greater 
or  less  extent,  many  types  seriously  reducing  the  pressure 
with  heavy  fire  drafts. 

2.  That    ordinary   types   of   disc   and   piston   meters   may 
almost  completely  stop  the  flow  of  water  if  their  moving 
parts  become  blocked,  which  is  easily  possible. 

3.  That  fish  traps,  while  lessening  the  danger  of  the  mov- 
ing parts  becoming  blocked,  are  liable  to  become  seriously 
clogged  by  pipe  scales,  leaves,  etc. 

4.  Therefore,  meters  should  not  be  put  on  fire  service  sup- 
plies.    The  best  way  to  remove  a  supposed  need  of  meters  is 
to  absolutely  separate  the  pipes  carrying  water  for  manu- 
facturing and  domestic  purposes  from  the  fire  system  and 
supply   them   by   a    separate   metered   connection   from   the 
public  mains;   then  guarantee   that  no  water  will  be  used 
from  the  fire  system  except  in  case  of  fire  or  for  occasional 
tests,  which  should  be  made  strictly  in  accordance  with  the 
rules  of  the  water  department. 

In  the  cases  where  some  further  check  is  considered  neces- 
sary, hydrant  and  sprinkler  drain  valves  may  be  sealed  by 
the  water  department  and  notice  promptly'  given  when  one 
is  broken  for  any  cause.  In  some  such  cases  the  meters  of 
the  i i Proportional7 '  type  may  be  the  most  satisfactory  check 
and  are  unobjectionable. 

a.  The  Gem,  Crown  and  Hersey  Meters  had  fish  traps  as 
part  of  the  meter,  so  that  the  losses  above  include  the  trap. 
The  Torrent,  Lambert,  Union  and  Worthington  Meters  use 
a  separate  trap;  they  were,  however,  tested  without  traps. 

&.  All  the  meters  tested,  with  the  exception  of  the  Worth- 
ington 3-inch;  which  had  been  used  for  some  time,  were  new, 
clean  meters. 

c.  The  above  results  were  obtained  from  tests  made  by  the 
Inspection  Department  of  the  Associated  Factory  Mutual 
Fire  Insurance  Companies  during  1896-7-8.  For  full  data 
of  experiments,  see  "  Journal  of  N.  E.  W.  W.  Association," 
vol.  xii.,  No.  2;  also  "Transactions  American  Society 
Mechanical  Engineers, ' '  vol.  xx. 


46  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

PRESSURE  CONSUMED  IN  PRODUCING  VELOCITY 
OF  WATER  THROUGH  PIPES. 

When  water  moves  through  a  pipe  at  a  certain  velocity, 
part  of  the  total  pressure  is  consumed  in  producing  that 
velocity.  The  following  is  the '  general  f ormula3  for  com- 
puting the  pressure  consumed  in  producing  velocity: 

•7;  2  r"& 

P     -  - -  .001148  — 

V-         2gX  2.31  d± 

Where 

P  •=. Velocity  pressure  Ibs.  per  sq.  inch. 

v  =Linear   velocity.     Ft.   per   second. 

d  =Diameter  of  pipe  in  inches. 

G  =Rate  of  flow.     Gals,  per  minute. 

g  —  Acceleration  due  to  gravity=32.2. 

PROOF. 
Let      h    =velocity  head  in  feet. 

v2 

Then    h    -  ~— 
v       2g 

Reducing  this  to  pounds  per  sq.  inch,  we  have 

2.307  P     -  h     -  — - 

v  ~      *  -    Kg 

and         P7>  = 


v        Kg  X  2.307      "   2  X  32.2  X  2.307        148.39 

Velocity=( length  of  pipe  in  feet  holding  one  gallon)   mul- 
tiplied by  (number  of  gallons  per  sec.) 
Length  of  pipe  in  feet  holding  one  gallon  equals= 

.1331 

Area  in  square  feet 
then 

Velocity= 

.1331  X  (gal,  per  sec.)    _  .1331  X  (gal,  per  min.)  X  144 
Area  in  square  inches  60  X  (Area  in  square  inches) 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  47 

7T    d2 

Area  in  square  inches  — j—    =  .7854  X  (diameter  in  inches)2 

Velocitv-  144  X  .1331  X  (gal,  per  min.)  _      ^ 

60  X  .7854  (diameter  in  inches)2          '    d± 

p  v*  c2       <?!_  -  L144  XJ1881)2_  <ZL 

»  =  148.39   ~  148.39   S*~          (60  X  .7854)2  xl48.39  ^~ 


Pv  =  .001148      - 

EXAMPLE. — Find  the  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch 
consumed  in  producing  velocity  in  a  1-inch  pipe  discharging 
60  gallons  of  water  per  minute? 

pv  =  .001148  |r 

PO  \/  fin 
pv  =  .001148    i  x  1  x  1  X  1    =  -001148  X  3600 

P     —  4.13  pounds  the  required  answer.. 


NOTE. — The  table  on  page  49  is  based  on  the  Hydraulic 
Law  that  a  quantity  of  water  carried  by  pipes  of  the  same 
length  and  smoothness  of  surface  with  a  given  loss  of  pres- 
sure varies  as  the  square  roots  of  the  5th  powers  of  the 
diameters.  The  second  column  gives  this  function  for  the 
diameters  that  are  printed  in  the  first  column.  The  remain- 
ing columns  show  how  many  pipes  of  the  sizes  printed  at 
the  top  are  equivalent  to  one  pipe  of  the  size  in  the  first 
column. 

EXAMPLE. — How  much  water  will  a  10-inch  pipe  carry  as 
compared  with  a  6,  with  the  same  loss  of  pressure? 

Follow  down  the  first  column  to  10,  then  to  the  right 
under  the  column  head  6  we  find  3.58,  which  shows  that  a 
10-inch  pipe  will  carry  3.58  times  as  much  water  as  a  6-inch. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


TABLE  Showing  the  Theoretical  Velocity  and  Discharge  in  Cubic 

Feet  Through  an  Orifice  of  1  Square  Inch  Issuing 

Under  Heads  Varying  From  1  to  100  Feet. 


-TT  -,       Theoretical 
™-       Discharge 
in         in  Cu.  Ft. 
**•         per  Min. 

Theoretical 
Velocity 
in  Feet 
per  Min. 

-TT  j      Theoretical 
*?"'       Discharge 
In        in  Cu.  Ft. 
per  Min. 

Theoretical 
Velocity 
in  Feet 
per  Min. 

1              3.34 

481.2 

51             23.85 

3436.4 

2              4.73 

680.4 

52            24.08 

3469.9 

3              5.79 

833.4 

53            24.31 

3503.1 

4              6.68 

962.4 

54            24.54 

3536.0 

5              7.47 

1075.8 

55            24.76 

8568.6 

6               8.18 

1178.4 

56            24.99 

3600.9 

7              8.84 

1273.2 

57            25.21 

3632.9 

8              9.45 

1360.8 

58            25.43 

3664.6 

9             10.02 

1443.6 

59            25.65 

3696.1 

10             10.57 

1521.6 

60            25.87 

3727.3 

11             11.08 

1596.0 

61            26.08 

3758.2 

12             11.57 

1666.8 

62            26.29 

3788.9 

13             12.05 

1734.6 

63            26.51 

3819.3 

14             12.50 

1800.6 

64            26.72 

3849.6 

15             12.94 

1863.6 

65            26.92 

3879.5 

16             13.37 

1924.8 

66            27.13 

3909.2 

17             13.78 

1984.2 

67            27.33 

3938.7 

18             14.18 

2041.8 

68            27.54 

3968.4 

19             14.57 

2097.6 

69            27.74 

3997.1 

20            14.95 

2152.2 

70            27.94 

4021.1 

21             15.31 

2205.0 

71            28.14 

4054.5 

22             15.67 

2256.6 

72            28.34 

4283.0 

23             16.02 

2307.6 

73    i        28.53 

4111.3 

24             16.37 

2357.4 

74            28.73 

4139.4 

25             16.71 

2406.0 

75            28.93 

4165.2 

26             17.04 

2453.4 

76            29.11 

4194.9 

27             17.36 

2500.2 

77            29.30 

4222.4 

28             17.68 

2545.8 

78            29.49 

4249.8 

29     !        17.99 

2590.8 

79    i        29.68 

4265.9 

30     !        18.30 

2635.8 

80            29.87 

4303.6 

31     !        18.60 

2679.0 

81            30.06 

4330.8 

32     !        18.90 

2722.2 

82            30.24 

4357.4 

33             19.20 

2764.2 

83            30.42 

4383.6 

34             19.49 

2806.2 

84            30.61 

4410.2 

35     I        19.77 

2847.6 

85            30.79 

4436.4 

36     1        20.05 

2887.2 

86            30.97 

4462.4 

37             20.33 

2926.8 

87     !        31.15 

4488.2 

38     i        20.60 

2966.4 

88            31.33 

4514.0 

39            20.87 

3004.8 

89    1        31.50 

4539.5 

40     i        21.13 

3043.2 

90    i        31.68 

4565.0 

41             21.38 

3081.1 

91            31.86 

4590.3 

42             21.64 

3118.5 

92    j        32.04 

4615.4 

43            21.90 

3156.4 

93            32.20 

4640.5 

44             22.15 

3191.8 

94            32.38 

4665.3 

45            22.40 

3227.8 

95            32.55 

4690.1 

46            22.65 

3263.6 

96            32.72 

4714.7 

47             22.89 

3298.9 

97            32.89 

4739.2 

48            23.14 

3333.8 

98            33.06 

4763.5 

49             23.38 

3368.4 

99            33.23 

'4787.8 

50             23.61 

3402.5 

100            33.40 

4812.0 

NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


49 


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50  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

AUTOMATIC  SPRINKLERS. 

The  idea  conceived  by  inventors  of  automatic  sprinklers 
was  to  create  a  device  by  means  of  which  a  fire  might  be 
arrested  or  extinguished  in  its  incipiency  through  the  agency 
of  heat  created  by  the  fire  itself.  How  well  they  have  suc- 
ceeded, is  shown  by  the  fire  records  covering  a  period  of 
more  than  twenty  years.  There  is  no  question  but  that  the 
automatic  sprinkler  system  has  proven  an  unqualified  suc- 
cess for  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  created. 

DESCRIPTION  AND  GENERAL  ARRANGEMENT. 

Lines  of  pipes  are  installed  through  the  building  near 
the  ceiling  from  8  to  10  feet  apart,  and  supported  by  means 
of  hangers.  These  lines  are  connected  to  larger  pipes  lead- 
ing to  the  source  of  water  supply.  To  each  of  these  line 
pipes  is  connected  at  intervals  from  8  to  10  feet,  the  auto- 
matic sprinkler  head.  Should  a  fire  start  at  any  point  in 
the  room  the  heat  coming  in  contact  with  the  fusible  solder 
at  a  temperature  of  160  degrees  or  more  would  instantly 
melt  same,  causing  a  release  of  the  disc  or  valve  of  the 
sprinkler  head,  and  the  water  under  pressure  would  be  forced 
out  through  the  discharge  orifice,  striking  the  deflector  or 
distributor  and  thereby  cause  the  water  to  spray  in  all 
directions. 

There  are  two  sprinkler  systems  in  general  use.  The  Wet 
System,  which  is  used  in  buildings  in  which  there  is  no  dan- 
ger of  freezing,  the  pipes  being  at  all  times  filled  with 
water.  The  Dry  System,  which  is  used  where  freezing  is 
possible,  the  water  supply  being  intercepted  at  the  point 
where  freezing  might  occur,  by  a  dry  pipe  valve j  and  be- 
tween this  valve  and  the  sprinkler  heads  the  pipes  are  filled 
with  compressed  air  at  a  relatively  low  pressure  of  about 
30  pounds  per  square  inch. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


51 


Figures  21  to  28;  inclusive,  show  eight  well-known 
Sprinkler  Heads  in  general  use  at  the  present  time.  A  fur- 
ther description  of  these  heads  is  omitted  owing  to  the  fact 
that  the  manufacturers  have  minutely  and  fully  described 
them  in  their  catalogues,  of  which  a  liberal  supply  is  con- 
stantly before  the  public. 


FIG.  21 

THE  GRINNELL. 
Manufactured  by  The  General 
Fire  Extinguisher  Company, 

Providence,  R,  I. 


FIG.  22. 
THE  NERACHER. 

Manufactured  by  The  General 

Fire  Extinguisher  Company, 

Providence,  R.  I. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


FIG.  23. 

THE  MANUFACTURERS. 

Manufactured  by  Manufacturers 

Automatic  Sprinkler  Co., 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 


Manufactured  by  The  Esty 

Sprinkler  Company, 

Ivaconia,  N.  H. 


FIG.  25. 

THE  INTERNATIONAL. 
Manufactured  by  The  Interna- 
tional Sprinkler  Company, 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


FIG.  26. 

THE  ROCKWOOD. 

Manufactured  by  The  Worcester 

Fire  Extinguisher  Company, 

Worcester,  Mass. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


FIG.  27 
THE  NIAGARA. 

Manufactured  by  Niagara  Fire 

Extinguisher  Company, 

Akron,  Ohio. 


FIG.  28 

THE  PHOENIX. 

Manufactured  by  The  Phoenix 

Fire  Extinguisher  Company, 

Chicago,  111. 


54  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

NATIONAL  BOARD  SPRINKLER  RILES. 
SECTION  A— GENERAL  INFORMATION. 

1.  Preparation  of  Building. 

Many  buildings  require  preparation  for  sprinkler  equip- 
ment. All  needless  ceiling  sheathing,  hollow  siding,  tops  of 
high  shelving,  needless  partitions  or  decks  should  be  re- 
moved. Necessary  ' '  stops ' ;  to  check  draught,  necessary  new 
partitions,  closets,  decks,  etc.,  should  be  put  in  place  so  that 
the  equipment  may  conform  to  the  same.  The  top  flooring 
should  be  made  thoroughly  tight.  (See  Sec.  B4.) 

2.  Accessory  Woodwork. 

Sprinkler  equipments  require  accessory  woodwork,  dry 
pipe  valve  closets,  ladders,  anti-freezing  boxing  for  tank 
pipes,  etc.  This  work  should  be  promptly  attended  to  if  not 
let  with  sprinkler  contract. 

3.  Drapery  and  Sheathing. 

Paper  or  similar  light  inflammable  ceiling  sheathing  is 
objectionable  and  unnecessary.  Where  floors  leak  dirt,  an 
acceptable  sheathing  may  be  made  of  lath  and  plaster, 
matched  boards  or  joined  metal.  All  channels  back  of 
sheathing  to  be  thoroughly  closed  between  timbers  or  joists. 
Sheathing  to  be  tightly  put  together  and  kept  in  repair.  In 
mill  bays,  sheathing  to  follow  contour  of  timbers  without 
concealed  space. 

4.  Vertical  Draughts. 

Vertical  draughts  through  buildings  are  detrimental  to  the 
proper  action  of  sprinklers  and  should  be  "  stopped "  where 
practicable. 

5.  Clear  Space  Below  Ceilings. 

Full,  effective  action  of  sprinklers  requires  about  24 
inches  wholly  clear  space  below  roofs  or  ceilings;  this  loss 
of  storage  capacity  should  be  realized  in  advance  of 
equipment. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  55 

6.  Experienced   Workmen  Eecommended. 

Sprinkler  installation  is  a  trade  in  itself.  Insurance 
inspectors  cannot  be  expected  to  act  as  working  superin- 
tendents, nor  correct  errors  of  beginners.  Sprinkler  work 
should  be  entrusted  to  none  but  fully  experienced  and  respon- 
sible parties. 

7.  All  Portions  of  Buildings  to  ~be  Protected. 
Experience    teaches    that    sprinklers    are    often    necessary 

where  seemingly  least  needed.  Their  protection  is  required 
not  alone  where  a  fire  may  begin,  but,  also  wherever  any 
fire  might  extend,  including  wet  or  damp  locations. 

8.  Degree  of  Protection. 

A  maximum  protection  cannot  be  expected  where  sprinklers 
are  at  more  or  less  permanent  disadvantage,  as  in  the  case 
of  stocks  very  susceptible  to  smoke  and  water  damage, 
buildings  having  deep  piles  of  hollow  goods,  excessive 
draughts,  explosion  or  flash  fire  hazards,  or  large  amounts 
of  benzine  or  similar  fluid. 

9.  Curtain  Boards. 

Where  two  or  more  floors  of  a  building  communicate  by 
openings  not  provided  with  approved  ' '  stops, "  acceptable 
curtain  boards  or  cornices,  wide  enough  to  bank  up  the 
heated  air  at  least  6  inches  below  the  fusible  device  of  the 
sprinklers,  should  be  fitted  around  the  openings  at  each 
floor. 

10.  Necessary  Cut-offs. 

Sprinklers  cannot  be  expected  to  keep  out  fire  originating 
in  unsprinkled  territory.  Stringent  measures  should  be  used 
to  properly  cut  off  all  unsprinkled  portions  of  buildings  or 
exposures. 


56 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


£j 

s 

o 

H 
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O 


£ 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


57 


58 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


M 

U 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


59 


W 

o 


H 
O 


60  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

SECTION  B— LOCATION  OF  AUTOMATIC  SPRINKLERS. 

1.  Position  of  Sprinkler. 

To  be  located  in  an  upright  position.  When  construction 
or  occupancy  of  a  room  makes  it  preferable,  permission 
may  be  given,  except  on  dry-pipe  systems,  to  locate  sprinklers 
in  a  pendant  position. 

2.  Position  of  Deflectors. 

Sprinkler  deflectors  to  be  parallel  to  ceilings,  roofs,  or 
the  incline  of  stairs,  but  when  installed  in  the  peak  of  a 
pitched  roof,  they  should  be  horizontal. 

3.  Distance  of  Deflectors  Below  Ceiling. 

Distance  of  deflectors  from  ceilings  or  bottom  of  joists  to 
be  not  less  than  3  inches  nor  more  than  10  inches  (6  to  8 
inches  is  preferable). 

4.  Detailed  Locations. 

Sprinklers  to  be  placed  throughout  premises,  including 
basement  and  lofts,  under  stairs,  inside  elevator  wells,  in 
belt,  cable,  pipe,  gear  and  pulley  boxes,  inside  small  en- 
closures, such  as  drying  and  heating  boxes,  tenter  and  dry 
room  enclosures,  chutes,  conveyor  trunks  and  all  cupboards 
and  closets  unless  they  have  tops  entirely  open  and  are  so 
located  that  sprinklers  can  properly  spray  therein.  Sprink- 
lers not  to  be  omitted  in  any  room  merely  because  it  is  damp, 
wet  or  of  fireproof  construction. 

Special  instructions  to  be  obtained  relative  to  placing 
sprinklers  inside  show  windows,  boxed  machines,  metal  air 
ducts,  ventilators  and  concealed  spaces,  and  under  large 
shelves,  benches,  tables,  overhead  storage  racks,  over  dynamos 
and  switchboards,  platforms  and  similar  water  sheds. 

5.  Protection  of  Vertical  Shafts. 

In  vertical  shafts  having  inflammable  sides,  a  sprinkler  to 
be  provided  within  shaft  for  each  200  square  feet  of  the 
inflammable  surface.  Such  sprinklers  to  be  installed  at 
each  floor  when  practicable  and  always  when  shaft  is 
trapped.  Inflammable  shafts  even  if  lined  with  plaster  or 
metal  require  sprinklers  as  above. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  61 

SECTION  C— SPACING  OF  AUTOMATIC  SPRINKLERS. 

1.  Distance  from  Walls. 

The  distance  from  wall  or  partition  not  to  exceed  one- 
half  the  distance  between  sprinklers  in  the  same  direction 

2.  Partitions. 

A  line  of  sprinklers  to  be  run  on  each  side  of  partition. 
Cutting  holes  through  a  partition  to  allow  sprinklers  on 
one  side  thereof  to  distribute  water  to  the  other  side  is  not 
effectual.  This  rule  applies  to  both  solid  and  slatted 
partitions. 

3.  Mill  Construction. 

Under  mill  ceiling  (smooth,  solid  plank  and  timber  con- 
struction, 6  to  12-feet  bays)  one  line  of  sprinklers  should  be 
placed  in  center  of  each  bay  and  distance  between  the 
sprinklers  on  each  line  not  to  exceed  the  following: 

8  feet  in  12-feet  bays. 

9  feet  in  11-feet  bays. 

10  feet  in  10-feet  bays. 

11  feet  in     9-feet  bays. 

12  feet  in     6  to  8-feet  bays. 

Measurements  to  be  taken  from  center  to  center  of 
timbers.  Special  instructions  should  be  asked  where  rule 
allows  sprinkler  spacing  to  be  over  10  feet,  because  special 
conditions  may  require  the  Underwriters  having  jurisdiction 
to  modify  the  rule. 

4.  Joisted  Ceilings. 

Under  joisted  ceiling,  open  finished,  distance  between 
sprinklers  not  to  exceed  8  feet  at  right  angles  with  joists  or 
10  feet  parallel  with  joists. 

EXCEPTION. — An  exception  may  be  made  to  this  rule  if 
the  conditions  warrant,  viz.,  special  permission  may  be 
given  to  install  but  one  line  of  sprinklers  in  bays  10  to  11% 
feet  wide  from  center  to  center  of  the  timbers  which 
support  the  joists.  In  all  cases  where  such  bays  are  over 
11%  feet  wide,  two  or  more  lines  of  sprinklers  should  be 


62  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

installed  in  each  bay  as  required  by  the  rules  for  spacing. 
This  does  not  apply  where  beams  are  flush  with  the  joists, 
in  which  case  sprinklers  may  be  spaced  as  called  for  in  the 
Eule  4.  Where  permission  is  given,  the  sprinklers  should 
be  placed  closer  together  on  a  line  so  that  in  no  case  will 
the  area  covered  by  a  single  sprinkler  exceed  80  square  feet. 
Also  see  Eule  8. 

5.  Smooth  Sheathed  or  Plastered  Ceilings. 

Under  smooth  sheathed  or  plastered  ceilings,  in  bays  6 
to  12  feet  wide  (measurement  to  be  taken  from  center  to 
center  of  timber,  girder  or  other  protection  or  support 
forming  the  bay),  one  line  of  sprinklers  to  be  placed  in 
center  of  each  bay,  and  distance  between  the  sprinklers  on 
each  line  not  to  exceed  the  following:  8  feet  in  12-feet 
bays;  9  feet  in  11-feet  bays;  10  feet  in  6  to  10-feet  bays. 
Bays  in  excess  of  12  feet  width  and  less  than  23  feet  width 
to  contain  at  least  two  lines  of  sprinklers;  bays  23  feet  in 
width  or  over  to  have  the  lines  therein  not  over  10  feet  apart. 
In  bays  in  excess  of  12  feet  width,  not  more  than  100 
square  feet  ceiling  area  to  be  allotted  any  one  sprinkler. 

6.  Pitched  Roofs. 

Under  a  pitched  roof  sloping  more  steeply  than  1  foot  in  3, 
one  line  of  sprinklers  to  be  located  in  peak  of  roof,  and 
sprinklers  on  either  side  to  be  spaced  according  to  above 
requirements.  Distance  between  sprinklers  to  be  measured 
on  a  line  parallel  with  roof.  Where  the  roof  meets  the  floor 
line  there  should  be  a  line  of  sprinklers  placed  not  over  3% 
feet  from  where  roof  timbers  meet  floor. 

Two  lines  of  sprinklers  not  more  than  2%  feet  distant 
each  way  from  the  peak  of  roof,  measured  on  a  line  with 
the  roof,  may  be  used  in  lieu  of  one  line  of  sprinklers 
located  in  peak  of  roof  Also  see  Eule  8. 

7.  Staggered  Spacing. 

Under  open  finish,  joisted  construction  floors,  decks  and 
roofs,  the  sprinklers  should  be  ll staggered77  spaced  so  that 
heads  will  be  opposite  a  point  half-way  between  sprinklers 


NOTES  oisr  HYDRAULICS.  63 

on  adjacent  lines,  the  end  heads  on  alternate  lines  to  be 
not  more  than  2  feet  from  wall  of  partition.  Also  see 
Eule  1. 

This  regulation  does  not  except  sprinklers  within  a  bay, 
whether  on  one,  two  or  more  lines.  Adjacent  sprinklers 
to  be  so  staggered  as  not  to  distribute  water  into  the  same 
joist  channel  ways.  Special  instruction  to  be  obtained  in 
each  case  as  to  whether  staggered  spacing  shall  be  required 
under  open  joist  construction,  where  the  channel  spaces 
between  joists  are  positively  blocked  off  within  the  territory 
of  any  two  adjacent  sprinklers. 

8.     Unusual  Construction. 

Special  instructions  to  be  obtained  from  underwriters 
having  jurisdiction  relative  to  location  of  sprinklers  under 
floors  and  roofs  of  panel  or  other  unusual  construction 
which  may  interfere  with  distribution  of  water  and  for 
which  provision  is  not  hereinbefore  made. 

SECTION  D-PIPE  SIZES. 

1.     General  Schedule. 

In  no  case  should  the  number  of  sprinklers  on  a  given 


size  pipe  exceed  the  following: 
Size  of 
Pipe. 
%-inch.  . 

Maximum  No.  of 
Sprinklers  Allowed. 
1  sprinkler 

1        tf 

2         " 

1%    " 

3         " 

iy2  " 

5         " 

2              "       ;.   

10         " 

2%    "    

20         " 

3        "    

36         " 

55         <f 

4        "    

80         <f 

5        "     

140         '  e 

6        "    . 

..200         '-' 

64  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS* 

Where  practicable,  it  is  desirable  to  arrange  the  piping  so 
that  the  number  of  sprinklers  on  a  branch  line  will  not 
exceed  eight.  Care  should  be  taken  to  ream  out  all  burr  at 
the  ends  of  each  length  of  pipe.  This  is  of  particular 
importance  where  the  piping  is  cut  by  means  of  wheel 
cutters. 

SECTION  E— FEED  MAINS  AND  RISERS. 

1.  Location  of  Feed  Pipe. 

1 1  Center  central ' '  or  ' ( side  central ' '  feed  to  sprinklers  is 
recommended.  The  former  is  preferred,  especially  where 
there  are  over  six  sprinklers  on  a  branch  line.  End  feed 
is  not  approved.  (See  illustrations.) 

2.  Size  of  Risers. 

There  should  be  one  or  more  separate  risers  in  each  build- 
ing and  in  each  section  of  the  building  divided  by  fire  walls. 
The  size  of  each  riser  to  be  sufficient  to  supply  all  the 
sprinklers  on  any  one  floor,  as  determined  by  the  standard 
schedule  of  pipe  sizes.  If  the  conditions  warrant,  special 
permission  will  be  granted  allowing  the  sprinklers  in  a  fire 
section  of  small  area  (total  number  of  sprinklers  not  to 
exceed  forty-eight  per  floor)  to  be  fed  from  the  riser  in 
another  section. 

Stair  or  other  towers  without  approved  stops  between 
floors,  if  piped  on  independent  riser,  to  be  treated  as  one 
room  with  reference  to  pipe  sizes,  i.  e.,  feed  main  to  tower  to 
be  of  sufficient  size  to  accommodate  the  total  number  of 
sprinklers  in  the  tower. 

3.  Connections  to  Systems. 

All  main  water  supplies  to  connect  with  sprinkler  system 
at  foot  of  riser. 

EXCEPTION. — Where  a  gravity  or  pressure  tank,  or  both, 
constitute  the  only  automatic  source  of  water  supply,  special 
permission  may  be  given  to  connect  the  tank  or  tanks  with 
the  sprinkler  system  at  the  top  of  the  riser,  provided  lower 
level  control  to  several  fire  sections  is  not  required. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  65 

SECTION  F— VALVES  AND  FITTINGS. 

1.  Types  of  Valves  to  ~be  Used. 

All  valves  on  connections  to  water  supplies  and  in  supply 
pipes  to  sprinklers  to  be  of  approved  outside  screw  and  yoke 
or  other  approved  indicator  pattern.  Check  valves  to  be  of 
approved  straight-way  pattern,  to  be  installed  in  horizontal 
pipe,  unless  suitably  designed  for  vertical  position. 

Underground  gate  valves  of  approved  pattern  equipped 
with  approved  indicator  posts  fulfill  this  rule. 

2.  Valves  in  Connection  to  Water  Supply. 

The  pipe  connecting  each  source  of  water  supply  with  the 
sprinkler  system  to  be  provided  with  a  gate  and  a  check 
valve.  The  gate  valve  to  be  located  close  to  the  supply, 
as  at  the  tank,  or  near  base  of  tank  trestle,  pump,  or  in 
the  pipe  connecting  the  riser  with  the  water  works  system, 
and  the  check  valve  to  be  located  in  the  lower  level  when 
the  water  supplies  are  connected  at  foot  of  riser. 

Where  tanks  are  connected  to  the  top  of  riser,  both  gate 
and  check  valves  would  be  located  in  the  connections  at 
this  level.  (See  Section  E,  exception  to  Kule  3.) 

When  the  gate  and  check  valve  required  for  any  one 
supply  can  be  located  near  each  other  without  conflicting 
with  the  above  rule  it  is  generally  preferable  to  locate 
the  check  valve  nearer  the  water  supply  than  the  gate  valve, 
this  so  that  it  may  be  possible  to  examine  or  repair  the 
check  valve  and  at  the  same  time  keep  other  water  supplies 
and  the  system  itself  in  service. 

3.  Check  or  Gate  Valve  on  Pump  or  Tank  Discharge. 
When   a   pump,   not   located  in   a   non-combustible   pump 

house,  or  exposed  to  danger  from  fire  or  falling  walls,  or  a 
tank  discharges  into  a  yard  main  fed  by  another  supply,  a 
check  valve  or  post  gate  valve  should  be  placed  in  this  dis- 
charge pipe  at  a  safe  distance  outside  the  building,  under- 
ground. 


66  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

Check  valves  on  tank  connections  may  be  placed  inside 
buildings,  when  located  underground  and  at  a  safe  distance 
from  the  tank  riser. 

4.  Valves  in  Supply  Pipes  to  Sprinklers. 

Each  system  to  be  provided  with  a  gate  valve  so  located 
as  to  control  all  sources  of  water  supply  except  that  from 
steamer  connections.  All  gate  valves  controlling  automatic 
water  supplies  for  sprinklers  should  be  located  where  easily 
visible  and  readily  accessible. 

5.  Indicator  Posts  for  Gate  Valves. 

Where  sprinklers  are  supplied  from  yard  main,  place,  if 
possible,  an  approved  outside  post  indicator  gate  valve  in 
connecting  pipe  at  safe  distance  from  building  (say,  40 
feet). 

6.  Pit   for   Underground   Clneck    Valves. 

Each  underground  check  valve  to  be  located  in  a  pit 
accessible  through  a  manhole.  Pit  to  be  tight  enough  to 
keep  out  water  from  the  ground  or  surface  and  to  be  pro- 
vided with  a  deck,  forming  a  double  air  space,  to  prevent 
freezing. 

7.  Straps. 

All  gate  valves  in  supply  pipes  to  automatic  sprinklers, 
whether  or  not  of  indicator  or  post  pattern,  to  be  kept 
secured  open  with  padlocked  or  riveted  leather  straps.  Draw- 
off  valves  to  be  secured  closed.  An  exception  to  this  rule 
may  be  made  only  where  a  reliable  system  is  maintained  for 
permanently  sealing  all  valves  and  for  immediate  notification 
of  broken  seals. 

8.  Fittings. 

Long  bend  fittings  are  recommended. 

9.  Hangers. 

Pipes  to  be  supported  in  a  substantial  manner  by  wrought 
or  cast-iron  hangers  well  secured. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  67 

10.  Test  Pipe. 

On  wet  systems,  there  should  be  a  test  pipe  %  inch  in 
diameter  connected  directly  with  each  riser  in  upper  story 
and  arranged  to  discharge  outside  building. 

11.  Drip  Pipes. 

Drip  pipes  to  be  provided  to  drain  all  parts  of  the  system. 
Drip  pipes  at  main  risers  to  be  not  smaller  than  two  (2) 
inches,  and  when  exposed  to  the  weather  to  be  fitted  with 
hood  or  down-turned  elbow  to  prevent  stoppage  with  ice. 

12.  Drainage. 

All  sprinkler  pipe  and  fittings  to  be  so  installed  that 
they  can  be  thoroughly  drained,  and,  where  practicable,  all 
piping  to  be  arranged  to  drain  at  the  main  drips.  On  wet 
pipe  systems  the  horizontal  branch  pipes  to  be  pitched  not 
less  than  y±  inch  in  10  feet.  (See  also  Sec.  H  2.) 

13.  Pressure    Gages. 

A  standard  make — 5-inch  dial,  spring,  pressure  gage  to 
be  connected  with  the  discharge  pipe  from  each  water  sup- 
ply, including  the  connecting  pipe  from  public  water  works, 
and  also  as  follows: 

With  each  sprinkler  system  above  and  below  the  alarm 
check  or  dry  pipe  valve. 

At  the  air  pump  supplying  the  pressure  tank. 
At  the  pressure  tank. 

In  each  independent  pipe  from  air  supply  to  dry  pipe 
systems. 

Gages  to  be  located  in  a  suitable  place,  and  where  water 
will  not  freeze,  each  to  be  controlled  by  a  cock  valve  having 
a  square  head  for  wrench.  A  plugged  tee  or  pet  cock  to  be 
located  between  each  cock  and  gage. 


68  NOTES  ON   HYDRAULICS. 

DISCHARGE  OF  WATER  FROM  A  "BRANCH  LINE" 
OF  SIX  OPEN  PENDANT  SPRINKLERS. 

As  Determined   by  Test  Made   by  The  Underwriters' 
Bureau  of  New  England,  April  17,  1896. 

Pipe  sizes  and  sprinkler  orifices  as  recently  suggested  by 
the  New  York  conference,  i.  e.: 

Pipe  Schedule. 

One  sprinkler  on  %-inch  pipe,  2  on  1-inch,  4  on  1*4 -inch, 
8  on  1^-inch. 

Orifice. 

The  equivalent  of  an  opening  y2  inch  in  diameter  cut  in 
a  thin  plate. 

With  pressures  varying  from  5  to  40  pounds  at  the  up- 
stream sprinkler  (these  were  the  pressures  used  in  test)  it 
was  found  that  the  pressure  at  down-stream  or  end  sprinkler 
is  slightly  less  than  one-half  the  pressure  at  up-stream 
sprinkler. 

It  was  found  that  between  these  same  limits  of  pressure 
there  is  practically  no  variation  in  the  proportionate  amount 
of  water  discharged  by  each  of  the  six  sprinklers.  The  up- 
stream sprinkler  discharges  20  per  cent,  of  the  total  amount; 
the  second  sprinkler,  18  per  cent.;  third,  17  per  cent.; 
fourth,  16.5  per  cent.;  fifth,  15.5  per  cent.;  sixth,  or  end 
sprinkler,  13  per  cent.;  t.  e.,  the  down-stream  sprinkler,  all 
six  sprinklers  being  open,  discharges  65  per  cent,  as  muct 
water  as  the  up-stream  sprinkler. 

Total  volume  of  water  discharged  by  the  six  sprinklers  if 
as  follows: 

Pounds  Pressure  at  Gallons  Discharged 

Up-Stream  Sprinkler.  Per  minute. 

5  62 

10  88 

15  109 

30  145 

40  178 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


69 


INDICATOR  POST  VALVES. 

Figure  29  shows  a  standard  form  of 
indicator  post.  The  object  of  the  in- 
dicator post  is  to  provide  means  for 
operating  underground  valves  and 
furnishing  a  positive  indicator,  show- 
ing whether  the  valves  are  open  or 
closed.  They  are  used  principally  in 
factory  and  mill  yards  in  connection 
with  the  fire  protection  service,  but 
may,  with  advantage,  be  used  at  any 
point  where  the  valve  is  underground. 
The  use  of  an  indicator  post  does 
away  with  the  annoyance  and  delay  of 
searching  for  a  valve  box  which  may 
be  covered  with  snow  or  dirt.  The 
device  consists  of  a  strong,  cast-iron 
tubular  adjustable  post  made  in  two 
sections,  projecting  about  32  inches 
above  the  ground  and  extending  below 
the  surface  where  it  is  fastened  to  the 
valve  by  studs  of  me  stuffing  box. 
The  stem  of  the  valve  is  joined  to 
the  square  operating  rods  either  by  a 
collar,  to  which  the  %-inch  bronze  pin 
passes,  or  by  a  strong,  malleable  iron 
clamp  made  in  two  pieces  and  clamped 
together  with  bolts. 

Turning  the  hand  wheel  to  the  left 
opens  the  valve,  and  exposes  the  word 
"OPEN"  at  glass  indicator  turning 
to  the  right  closes  the  valve  and  ex- 
poses the  word  "SHUT." 


FIG.  29. 


70  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

NATIONAL  BOARD  SPRINKLER  RULES. 
SECTION  G-ALARM  VALVE  SYSTEM. 

1.  Gongs  and  Connections. 

Every  automatic  sprinkler  system  should  contain  an  alarm 
valve  so  constructed  that  a  flow  of  water  through  same  will 
operate  an  electric  gong,  a  mechanical  gong,  or  both,  as 
the  character  of  the  property  and  circumstances  may  require. 
In  cities  where  there  is  an  alarm  company  with  a  central 
station,  the  alarm  valve  may  be  connected  with  such  central 
station.  In  other  places,  especially  in  small  towns,  the  valve 
may  be  directly  connected  with  public  fire  department  house 
or  some  other  suitable  place. 

The  use  of  both  electric  and  mechanical  gongs  is  strongly 
recommended.  The  gong  of  the  latter  type  can  be  located 
on  the  outside  of  building  or  any  other  desirable  place  on 
the  premises.  When  located  on  the  outside  all  gongs  to 
be  protected  from  the  weather. 

2.  Alarm  Valve. 

To  be  so  located  that  the  passing  of  water  through  any 
of  the  automatic  sources  of  supply  to  any  of  the  sprinklers 
will  cause  its  action. 

To  accomplish  this  in  some  equipments  it  will  be  necessary 
to  use  two  or  more  alarm  valves. 

3.  Approval. 

No  alarm  valve  not  approved  by  the  underwriters  having 
jurisdiction  to  be  inserted  in  the  sprinkler  piping. 

Some  alarm  valves  needlessly  obstruct  the  waterway  or 
fail  to  open  when  necessary. 

4.  Wiring  for  Electric  Alarms. 

To  be  installed  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  the  Na- 
tional Board  of  Fire  Underwriters.  (See  Signaling 
Systems.) 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  71 

VARIABLE  PRESSURE  ALARM  VALVE. 

(General  Fire  Extinguisher  Company,  Providence,  R.  I.) 
DESCRIPTION. 

FIGURE  30. 

A  is  the  shell  of  the  alarm  valve. 

B  is  the  bronze  valve  disc. 

C  is  the  rubber  face  of  disc  B. 

D  is  the  bronze  seat  having  a  circular  groove. 

E  is  the  cover  for  access  to  valve  B. 

FIGURE  31. 

F  is  a  %-inch  pipe,  connecting  the  groove  in  valve  scat 
D,  to  the  drip  chamber  I. 

G  is  the  draw-off  valve  with  pipe  for  emptying  system  O. 
H  is  the  drip  pipe  from  drip  chamber  I. 

I  is  a  drip  chamber  to  receive  and  discharge  the  tempo- 
rary flow  of  water  which  occurs  when  the  valve  B  is  lifted 
by  variable  pressure  in  the  supply  pipe.  The  lower  figure 
on  page  72  is  an  enlarged  sectional  view  of  the  drip 
chamber  I,  showing  a  diaphragm  J  with  valve  Z  attached, 
for  closing  drip  pipe  H  when  the  drip  chamber  I  is  filled 
by  a  continuous  flow  of  water,  which  occurs  when  the  valve 
B  remains  open  to  supply  open  sprinklers. 

K  is  the  pressure  gage  indicating  pressure  in  sprinkler 
system  O. 

L  is  the  pressure  gage  indicating  pressure  in  supply  pipe. 
M  is  the  electric  circuit  closer  for  sounding  alarm. 
N  is  an  air  vent  under  the  diaphragm  of  circuit  closer. 


72 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


NOTES   ON  HYDRAULICS.  73 


FIG.  31. 


74  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

"INTERNATIONAL"  ALARM  VALVE. 

(Model  C,  1908,  Improved.) 
(International  Sprinkler  Company,  Philadelphia,  Pa.) 

This  consists  in  its  complete  form  of  four  different 
parts,  viz.:  1.  Alarm  check  valve;  2.  Ketarding  or  variable 
pressure  chamber,  which  prevents  a  false  alarm  from  water 
hammer;  3.  Electric  circuit  closer  (connected  with  an  elec- 
tric battery  and  bell)  ;  4.  Water  motor  (operating  a  16-inch 
steel  gong  mechanically). 

ALARM  CHECK  VALVE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

This  goes  in  the  main  riser  either  horizontally  or  verti- 
cally, as  circumstances  may  require,  and  is  practically  a 
straightway  swinging  check  containing  a  small  "  by-pass $> 
to  the  alarm.  The  "by-pass"  is  closed  by  inserting 
a  bronze  diaphragm  on  the  under  side  of  the  clapper. 
Perforations  through  the  outside  edge  of  this  diaphragm 
admit  the  water  pressure  above  it.  When  the  clapper 
comes  down  upon  the  main  seat  the  diaphragm  closes 
over  the  "  by-pass "  opening,  and  the  water  pressure 
above  moves  the  diaphragm  sufficiently  to  tightly  bottle  up 
this  "by-pass"  to  the  alarms.  The  movement  of  the  dia- 
phragm is  so  slight,  however,  that  the  passage  of  sufficient 
water  through  the  check  valve  to  operate  one  sprinkler  only 
will  raise  the  clapper  enough  to  admit  water  through  the 
"by-pass"  to  the  alarm  system. 

VARIABLE  PRESSURE  CHAMBER. 

This  is  placed  between  the  alarm  check  and  the  alarms 
when  the  water  supply  is  variable  in  its  pressure  and  pro- 
ductive of  false  alarms.  It  produces  a  delay  of  about  15 
seconds  before  permitting  the  gongs  to  ring. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


75' 


16  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

"INTERNATIONAL"  ALARM  VALVE. 

(International  Sprinkler  Company,  Philadelphia,  Pa.) 


FIG. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  77 

CIRCUIT    CLOSER. 

This  consists  of  a  standard  electric  switch  in  an  upper 
section,  operated  by  water  pressure  on  the  under  side  of 
a  diaphragm.  The  lower  section,  which  constitutes  the  water 
intake,  has  a  strainer  which  can  be  removed  through  a  main 
cap.  The  upper  section  has  an  inspection  plate,  through 
which  access  is  gained  to  the  electric  switch. 

WATER    MOTOR. 

All  moving  parts  are  bronze  and  small  in  size.  In  the  top 
section  (accessible  through  a  plate)  there  is  a  strainer, 
which  may  be  removed  to  give  access  to  the  water  outlet 
nozzle. 

Directions  for  Care  and  Maintenance. 

Figs.  32  and  33  indicate  an  "International"  alarm 
valve  and  all  attachments  necessary  to  furnish  both  elec- 
trical and  mechanical  alarms  where  variable  pressure  exists. 
The  photograph  illustrates  the  common  practice  of  placing 
gauges  on  either  side  of  the  alarm  valve  and  the  use  of  the 
2-inch  outlet  furnished  in  the  alarm  valve  for  the  extension 
of  the  main  drip  when  the  alarm  valve  is  placed  at  the  low- 
est level. 

The  variable  pressure  chamber  is  designed  to  prevent  any 
variation  in  pressure,  commonly  termed  water-hammer,  giv- 
ing false  alarms  and  should  always  be  used  where  the 
sprinkler  system  is  connected  to  city  mains,  automatic 
pumps  or  any  supply  where  the  pressure  is  variable. 

Precautions.  Alarm  Valve. — When  attached  to  air  sys- 
tems the  alarm  valve  should  always  be  located  on  the  water 
side  of  the  dry  pipe  valve.  Before  attaching  any  of  the 
auxiliary  alarm  apparatus,  the  clapper  (No.  3)  and  the 
hinge  (No.  5)  should  be  removed  and  the  system  thoroughly 
cleansed  and  flushed. 


78  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

Variable  Pressure  Chamber. — Always  install  close  to 
alarm  valve  and  on  same  level.  Never  attach  to  new  sys- 
tems until  they  are  thoroughly  cleaned  by  flushing. 

Circuit  Closer. — Plug  outlet  at  base  when  connected  as 
illustrated  in  Fig.  32.  When  used  without  variable  pressure 
chamber  and  with  mechanical  alarm  place  on  same  level  as 
water  motor.  Where  this  arrangement  necessitates  a  run 
of  pipe  to  a  higher  level  than  the  alarm  valve  through  an 
unheated  section,  provide  a  1/16-ineh  drain  outlet  for  this 
pipe  close  to  the  alarm  valve. 

INSPECTION. 

Should  be  made  only  by  insurance  inspector  or  person 
having  charge  of  sprinkler  system. 

Alarm  Check. — Eemove  main  plate  and  raise  or  remove 
clapper  to  clean  seat  and  have  access  to  all  openings. 

Variable  Pressure  Chamber. — Eemove  top  plate  to  gain 
access  to  by-pass  (pipe  C),  strainer  and  opening  into  air 
chamber.  Unscrew  bottom  cap  to  gain  access  into  lower 
(main  supply)  chamber,  strainer  and  valve.  Strainer  and 
valve  can  be  pulled  down  and  out  for  inspection  and 
cleansing. 

Circuit  Closer. — Eemove  side  plate.  The  switch,  thus  ex- 
posed, may  be  raised  with  a  pencil  or  knife  and  contact 
effected.  If  gong  rings  the  circuit  closer  is  in  good  con- 
dition. See  that  drip  opening  underneath  is  entirely  open 
(when  this  is  used  as  above  instructed). 

Water  Motor. — Eemove  top  plate  to  gain  access  to 
strainer  and  jet  opening  underneath  same. 

NOTE. — Where  outlets  come  under  strainer,  the  strainer 
should  always  be  removed  and  outlet  cleaned. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  79 

NATIONAL  BOARD  SPRINKLER  RULES. 
SECTION  H— DRY  PIPE  SYSTEM  AND  FITTINGS. 

1.  Not  Recommended. 

A  dry  pipe  system  should  be  used  only  when  a  wet  pipe 
system  is  impracticable,  as  in  buildings  which  have  no 
heating  facilities. 

Dry  pipe  rystems  should  not  be  installed  where  the 
various  parts  of  a  building  can  be  protected  from  frost  by 
the  exercise  of  reasonable  precautions.  The  use  of  an 
approved  dry  pipe  system  is,  however,  far  preferable  to 
entirely  shutting  off  the  water  supply  during  cold  weather. 

Air  pressure  should  be  maintained  on  dry  pipe  systems 
throughout  the  year,  unless  changed  by  consent  of  under- 
writers having  jurisdiction. 

2.  Drainage. 

Sprinklers  to  be  located  in  an  upright  position.  All 
sprinkler  pipes  and  fittings  to  be  so  installed  that  they 
can  be  thoroughly  drained,  and  where  practicable,  all  pipes 
to  bo  arranged  to  drain  at  the  main  drips.  Horizontal 
branch  pipes  to  be  pitched  not  less  than  l/2  inch  in  10  feet. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  support  the  piping  in  a  secure 
manner,  and  to  see  that  the  sprinklers  do  not  violate  the 
rules  for  position.  (See  Section  B-3.) 

3.  Supply  to  Enter  Below  Valve. 

All  water  supplies  to  sprinklers  should  enter  the  system 
below  the  dry  pipe  valve. 

4.  Size  of  Dry  System. 

The  number  of  sprinklers  dependent  on  one  dry  pipe  valve 
should  not  exceed  500,  preferably  not  to  exceed  300.  Where 
more  than  500  sprinklers  are  necessary  in  buildings  contain- 
ing two  or  more  floors,  the  system  should  preferably  be 
divided  horizontally  and  supplied  through  two  or  more  dry 
pjpe  valves. 


80  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

5.  Independent  Air  Filling  Connection. 

The  connection  from  the  air  pump  should  be  made  u,t  the 
dry  pipe  valve,  and  on  this  supply  at  this  point  a  shut- off 
valve  should  be  placed  and  immediately  back  of  it  a  check 
valve. 

6.  Enclosure  of  Valve. 

Where  exposed  to  cold  the  dry  pipe  valve  to  be  located 
in  an  approved  underground  pit  or  enclosed  in  a  closet  of 
sufficient  size  to  give  2%  feet  free  space  on  all  sides  of  and 
above  and  below  the  valve.  Make  double  walled  top,  sides 
and  bottom  with  four  (4)  inch  hollow  space.  Space  may 
be  filled  with  tan  bark,  mineral  wool,  etc.,  as  desired.  Heat 
by  steam,  lard  oil  lantern,  or  gas  or  electric  heater.  (Elec- 
tric heater  to  be  installed  in  accordance  with  the  National 
Electrical  Code.)  A  wet  pipe  sprinkler  with  a  shut-off 
valve  to  be  placed  in  the  valve  closet. 

7.  Test  Pipe. 

Place  a  2 -inch  pipe  directly  under  every  dry  pipe  valve 
and  provide  the  same  with  shut-off  valve. 

This  test  pipe  provides  means  of  determining  whether 
water  is  on  the  system  up  to  the  dry  pipe  valve. 

Where  the  dry  pipe  valve  is  enclosed  as  required  in  Eule  6 
the  connection  supplying  the  wet  pipe  sprinkler  may  also 
be  used  as  the  supply  to  the  test  pipe. 

8.  Air  Compressor. 

Pump  to  be  of  sufficient  capacity  to  increase  air  pressure 
not  less  than  1  pound  per  2  minutes  pumping  (preferably 
faster). 

It  is  strongly  recommended  that  a  steam  or  electrically 
driven  air  pump  be  used  instead  of  a  power  pump.  The  air 
supply  should  be  taken  from  outside  or  from  a  room  having 
dry  air,  in  order  to  avoid  carrying  moisture  into  the  sys- 
tem. The  intake  should  be  protected  by  a  screen. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  81 

9.  Auxiliary  Dry  System. 

Where  it  is  necessary  to  have  but  twenty-five  (25)  per 
cent,  or  less  of  the  total  number  of  sprinklers  on  an  air 
system,  only  such  sprinklers  should  be  thus  piped;  the 
remainder  to  be  on  wet  system. 

This  rule  requires  small  dry  pipe  systems  for  show  win- 
dows, blind  attics  or  other  minor  portions  exposed  to  freez- 
ing. 

10.  Flanged  Dummy. 

A  flanged  section  of  pipe  fitted  to  take  the  place  of  dry 
pipe  valve,  in  case  of  repairs,  to  be  provided  for  each  style 
installed. 


"ROCKWOOD"  DRY  PIPE  VALVE. 

(Worcester  Fire  Extinguisher  Co.,  Worcester,  Mass.) 

For  illustrations  and  description  of  the  new  "Kockwood'' 
straightway  dry  pipe  valve,  see  page  382. 


82  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

"GRIMELL"  STRAIGHTWAY  DRY  PIPE  VALVE. 

(1908.)      . 
(General  Fire   Extinguisher  Co.,   Providence,  R.  I.) 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


Section  through  Grinnell  Valve. 


Air  Valve  Seat  "C"  and  Diaphragm  "B." 

FIG.  35. 


84  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

DESCRIPTION. 

See   Figs.    34   and   35. 

A  is  a  round  metal  disc  which  closes  the  waterway. 

B  is  a  flexible  metal  diaphragm  which  is  clamped  at  its 
outer  edge  between  the  two  parts  of  the  valve  body,  and  :.t 
its  inner  edge  by  a  bronze  ring  screwed  into  C. 

C  is  the  air  valve  seat  carried  by  the  diaphragm  B. 

D  is  the  piston  which  draws  A  from  the  waterway  when 
valve  operates.  It  fits  loosely  in  a  bronze  tin-lined  cylinder. 

E  is  a  vent  to  allow  the  escape  from  the  cylinder  of  any 
water  that  may  pass  the  piston.  It  is  automatically  closed 
as  shown  by  D'  after  valve  has  operated. 

E'  is  the  discharge  from  e,  so  designed  as  to  prevent 
obstructions  from  entering  the  cylinder. 

F  is  the  water  valve. 
G  is  the  air  valve. 

H  are  guides  which  limit  the  upward  movement  of  the 
disc  A. 

I  are  stops  which  by  coming  into  contact  with  the  surface 
I',  limit  the  upward  movement  of  C. 

J  are  stops  to  support  C  when  disc  A  is  withdrawn. 

K  is  the  draw-off  valve  and  pipe  for  emptying  the  entire 
system  of  water.  fc 

L  is  a  hand-hole  plate  which  gives  access  to  the  interior 
of  the  valve. 

M  is  the  main  gate  valve  controlling  entire  system. 

N  is  a  pip 3  which  connects  the  intermediate  chamber 
below  the  diaphragm  B  to  an  electric  alarm  circuit-closer  E. 
When  the  valve  opens,  the  full  water  pressure  enters  into 
the  pipe  N  to  E,  and  the  pressure  upon  a  flexible  metal 
diaphragm  closes  a  circuit  and  sounds  a  continuous  electric 
alarm.  The  pipe  N  may  also  be  connected  to  a  water  motor 
alarm  and  made  to  sound  a  continuous  mechanical  alarm. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  85 

O  is  a  pressure  gage  to  indicate  the  pressure  of  water  in 
the  supply  pipe. 

O'  is  a  pressure  gage  to  indicate  the  pressure  of  air  in 
the  sprinkler  system. 

P  is  a  ball  check  valve,  so  constructed  that  it  allows 
any  slight  leakage  of  water  past  the  valve  F  to  flow  out 
through  the  drip  pipe  P'  and  is  automatically  closed  by 
the  pressure  of  water  in  the  intermediate  chamber  when 
the  dry  pipe  valve  operates. 

Q  is  a  plunger  to  release  the  check  and  drain  the  body 
of  the  valve  before  the  hand-hole  plate  is  opened. 

E  is  an  electric  alarm  circuit-closer. 

S  is  a  babbit  lining. 

T  is  a  valve  to  be  kept  closed  except  when  valve  W  is 
opened  to  test  for  water  above  the  air  valve. 

U  is  a  bronze  ring. 

V  is  a  valve  controlling  supply  from  air-pump. 

W  is  a  valve  used  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  that 
the  system  of  sprinklers  and  piping  is  free  of  water  down 
to  the  level  of  the  draw-off  pipe. 

X  is  a  support  for  A  after  it  is  withdrawn  from  the 
waterway. 

Y  is  a  test  valve  to  determine  amount  of  water  in  supply 
pipe. 

OPERATION. 

When  the  air  pressure  is  relieved  by  the  opening  of  a 
sprinkler,  the  disc  A  is  no  longer  held  against  the  water 
seat  F.  The  pressure  of  water  then  lifts  A  and  C,  and 
entering  the  intermediate  chamber  through  F,  acts  on  the 
piston  D  and  disc  C.  As  A  is  allowed  to  rise  but  half 
the  distance  which  C  does,  therefore  the  valve  G  is  forcibly 
opened,  and  A  is  drawn  from  the  waterway  by  D  without 
chance  of  sticking  to  or  dragging  across  either  seat,  F  or  G, 
and  a  straight,  unobstructed  passage  is  left  for  the  water. 


86  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

D,  at  the  end  of  its  movement,  closes  the  vent  E. 
The  pressure  of  water  in  the  pipe  N  sounds  an  alarm. 

DIRECTIONS   FOR  SETTING. 

The  valves  should  never  be  closed  without  being  thoroughly 
cleaned,  or  they  may  be  ruined.  Never  apply  grease,  tallow 
or  any  oily  substance  to  valve  seats  F  or  G. 

1st.  Shut  the  main  gate  valve  M  in  the  supply  pipe  under 
the  valve,  and  drain  the  system  as  described  below,  then 
open  the  check  P  by  pressing  on  the  plunger  Q  to  drain 
the  body  of  the  dry-pipe  valve. 

2d.  Shut  the  draw-off  valve  K. 

3d.  Open  the  plate  L  and  if  A  is  not  out  of  the  waterway, 
push  it  out  with  one  hand,  holding  C  up  clear  of  A  with  the 
other.  Then  wipe  clean  both  faces  of  A,  and  the  seats  of 
F  and  G. 

4th.  Hold  up  C  with  one  hand  and  push  A  into  position. 
Let  C  down  easily. 

5th.  Fill  the  body  of  the  valve  above  G  with  water  through 
the  valve  W  by  means  of  the  funnel  (valve  T  being  closed). 
Then  close  valve  W. 

6th.  Pump  up  sufficient  air-pressure  in  the  sprinkler  sys- 
tem to  hold  the  dry-pipe  valve  closed  against  the  water 
pressure  in  the  supply  pipe. 

NOTE. — The  difference  between  the  areas  of  diaphragm  B 
and  valve  F  is  such  that  1  pound  of  air  pressure  on  dia- 
phragm B  will  hold  about  6  pounds  of  water  pressure  on 
valve  F. 

In  practice,  pressure  should  be  maintained  as  follows: 

NOTE. — In  using  this  table  the  maximum  water  pressure 
to  which  the  system  is  liable  to  be  subjected  should  be  taken 
instead  of  the  normal  pressure.  Fire  pumps  give  at  least 
100  pounds  pressure. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


WATER 

AIR  PRESSURE. 

PRESSURE. 

Not  Less  Than 

Not  More  Than 

50  Ibs. 

15  Ibs. 

25  Ibs. 

75  Ibs. 

20  Ibs. 

30  Ibs. 

100  Ibs. 

25  Ibs. 

35  Ibs. 

150  Ibs. 

35  Ibs. 

50  Ibs. 

7th.  Open  main  gate  valve  M  wide,  and  see  if  the  valves 
F  and  G  are  tight.  If  no  leak  is  found,  bolt  on  the  plate 
L  so  that  the  joint  will  be  water-tight.  If  either  F  or  G 
leaks  it  will  be  on  account  of  dirt  on  the  seat.  In  this  case 
shut  the  main  gate  valve  M,  and  let  the  air  pressure  off 
through  the  valve  K.  Clean  the  surfaces  of  the  disc  A  and 
the  valve  seats  F  and  G  and  reset  the  valve. 

The  above  described  method  of  closing  the  valve  prevents 
any  sediment  being  lodged  on  the  valve  seats,  and  it  will  be 
seen  that  one  of  the  special  objects  of  the  peculiar  con- 
struction of  this  valve  is  to  thus  give  opportunity  to  perfectly 
clean  the  valves  and  seats  before  subjecting  them  to  pressure. 

Water  must  not  be  allowed  to  stand  above  the  draw-off 
valve  W,  where  it  might  freeze  or  exert  pressure  on  the  air 
valve. 

INSPECTION. 

1st.  Open  valves  T  and  W  to  see  that  the  system  of 
sprinklers  and  piping  is  free  of  water  down  to  this  level. 
If  any  water  appears,  draw  it  off,  and  then  tightly  close 
valves  T  and  W. 

2d.  Open  the  hand-hole  plate  L  occasionally  (say,  twice 
a  year)  and  see  that  the  water  valve  F  and  the  air  valve  G  are 
tight;  also  that  the  intermediate  chamber  is  clear  and  free 
from  deposits  or  other  obstructions.  This  is  accomplished  by 
simply  looking  in  at  the  hand-hole.  Then  shut  and  bolt  on 
plate  L. 

3d.  Test  automatic  alarm. 


88  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

4th.  After  making  the  above  examination  there  is  nothing 
more  for  an  inspector  to  do;  and  it  follows  that,  as  far  as 
the  Grinnell  valve  is  concerned,  the  system  is  in  perfect 
working  order. 

TO  DRAIN  THE  SYSTEM. 

Whenever  a  dry-pipe  system  has  been  filled  with  water, 
the  following  directions  for  emptying  the  system  should  be 
observed: 

1st.  Close  main  gate  valve  M  in  supply  pipe  under  dry- 
pipe  valve. 

2d.  Open  draw-off  valve  K,  closing  it  when  water  has 
ceased  to  run. 

3d.  Open  drip  valves  and  vents  throughout  the  system, 
closing  them  when  water  has  ceased  to  run. 

4th.  Pump  a  few  pounds  of  air  pressure  on  the  system. 

5th.  Open  drip  valves  and  vents  separately  (drips  to  be 
opened  first),  to  force  water  from  low  points  of  the  system. 

6th.  Set  dry-pipe  valve  and  pump  up  air  pressure,  as  above 
described. 

CAUTION. — As  water  from  condensation  may  settle  at  the 
low  points  of  the  system,  it  will  be  prudent  to  occasionally 
open  valve  W  and  other  drips  throughout  the  system  and  if 
water  appears  draw  it  off,  closing  the  valves  tightly  as  soon 
as  air  appears. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  89 

"  INTERNATIONAL "  DRY  PIPE  VALVE. 

(Model  No.  4,  1908.) 

(International  Sprinkler  Company,  Philadelphia,  Pa.) 
DESCRIPTION. 

The  valve  consists  of  a  main  body,  divided  into  an  upper 
("air  chamber"),  an  intermediate  chamber  (under  atmos- 
pheric pressure  when  the  valve  is  "set"),  and  a  third 
("water  intake")  chamber  normally  closed  by  a  swinging 
check.  This  latter  check  also  serves,  however,  a  second  func- 
tion, vis.,  to  close  the  atmospheric  opening  through  the  in- 
termediate chamber  by  its  reverse  side  when  the  valve 
opens  and  water  is  admitted  to  the  sprinkler  system.  The 
hinge  of  this  water  check  is  of  peculiar  form,  consisting  of 
a  long,  slotted,  protruding  stem,  which  swings  on  a  fork 
centrally  attached  thereto.  The  outside  end  of  this  stem  is 
engaged  by  a  set  screw,  which  is  adjusted  through  the  upper 
end  of  a  hook,  loosely  swinging  on  knife-edged  ears.  The 
lower  end  of  this  hook  is  caught  on  a  weight  swinging 
loosely  on  a  pin.  This  weight,  in  turn,-  engages  with  a 
tumbler  loosely  swinging  on  a  knife-edge  pin.  This  tumbler 
is  held  by  the  air  clapper  by  means  of  a  vertical  strut  pass- 
ing loosely  through  the  slot  in  the  fork,  the  movement  of 
this  strut  being  limited  by  a  loose  pin  connecting  it  with 
the  fork.  The  entire  mechanism,  therefore,  practically  con- 
sists of  three  loosely  swinging  levers  connecting  a  standard 
air  check  with  a  standard  water  check.  All  the .  working 
mechanism  lies  entirely  out  of  the  water  ways.  The  entire 
area  of  contact  between  the  working  parts  hardly  exceeds 
a  square  inch.  All  these  contacts  separate  with  an  angular 
movement,  hence  no  corrosive  action  could  possibly  prevent 
the  valve  from  opening.  The  air  and  water  valves  are  of 
equal  area,  and  make  metal  to  metal  contacts. 

In  the  "International"  dry  valve  the  air  and  water  clap- 
pers are  of  equal  area,  and  the  control  of  the  water  supply 
by  relatively  lower  air  pressure  is  secured  by  mechanical 
differentiation.  The  air  clapper  is  the  "tripping"  device. 


90  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

It  opens  by  the  combined  action  of  water  pressure  and  the 
use  of  a  weight;  the  weight,  regardless  of  water  pressure, 
causing  opening  when  the  air  pressure  is  reduced  to  9 
pounds  per  square  inch.  This  weight  would,  therefore,  lift 
a  column  of  water  in  the  air  system  more  than  20  feet  in 
height,  should  it  accidentally  be  present.  The  influence  of 
the  water  supply  on  this  device  is  limited  (by  the  leverages 
employed)  to  6  pounds  per  square  inch  against  the  air  clap- 
per.  When  the  adjusting  screw  is  set  tight  enough  to  hold 
any  available  water  pressure,  the  valve  still  opens  at  not 
more  than  15  pounds  of  air  pressure. 


Directions  for  Care  and  Maintenance. 
To  Set  Valve  "  Dry." 

1.  Close   all   supply  valves.     Open   all   drip   valves,   and 
drain  the  system  thoroughly,  opening  air  cocks  or  removing 
plugs  at  end  of  line  on  each  floor. 

2.  Open   cover  plate   (No.   4)    on   side  of  valve.     Wipe 
carefully  face  of  clapper  for  air  seat    (No.   13),   air  seat 
ring   (No.  24),  re-set  clapper   (No.   13)    on  seat   (No.   24), 
wipe  both  faces  of  water  clapper  (No.  12),  water  seat  ring 
(No.  14)   and  outer  seat  ring   (No.  20).     Be  sure  that  no 
grit  or  dirt  of  any  kind  remains  to  prevent  clappers  from 
seating  properly.     Eeplace   cover  plate    (No.   4). 

3.  By  using  primer   (see  page  387)   be  sure  there  is  at 
least  12  inches  of  water  above  the  air  clapper  (No.  13). 

4.  Close  all  drips  and  pump  air  pressure  up  to  30  pounds. 

5.  Open  each  drip  valve  on  the  system,  and  allow  the  air 
pressure  to  blow  out  any  water  remaining  in  the  system. 

6.  When  the  system  is  entirely  drained  of  water,  prime 
as  outlined  above,  then  pump  30  pounds  of  air  pressure  into 
system.     This  pressure  is  sufficient  to  safely  hold  any  avail- 
able water  pressure.       Never  permit   air   pressure   to   fall 
below  25  pounds,  for  below  that  pressure  there  is  danger 
of  the  valve  tripping.     Never  pump  air  pressure  higher  than 
30   pounds,    for   while    excess   pressure   is   being   exhausted 
water  is  delayed  from  reaching  fire. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  91 

7.  Loosen  the  adjusting  screw   (No.  23)    so  that  inside 
end  does  not  project  through  bearing.     Bring  water  clapper 
(No.   12)    into   position.     Eaise  ball   weight    (No.    6)    with 
left  hand,  bringing  hook  (No.  8)  and  tumbler  (No.  9)  with 
right   hand   into   position.     With   ball  weight   still  held  up 
high  and  adjusting  screw  still  loose,  bring  strut   (No.  10) 
with  right  hand  into  position  between  air  clapper   (No.  13) 
and  tumbler   (No.  9).     Screw  up  adjusting  screw   (No.  23) 
with  moderate   strain,  using  one  hand   on  a   9-   to   12-inch 
wrench.     See    that    air    pressure    is    fully    30    pounds    and 
air  seat  properly  primed.     Examine  ball  drip  for  leakage  at 
air  seat.     If  tight,   then  turn  water  on  slowly  by  opening 
supply  gate  valve.     Should  any  leak  from  water  seat  show 
through   ball  drip,  tighten  adjusting  screw   (No.   23)    until 
leak  ceases. 

8.  When  both  air   and  water  seats  are  tight,   which  is 
indicated  by  the  absence  of  water  through  ball  drip,  close 
and  lock  covers.     The  system  is  then  ready  for  service. 

NOTE. — It  is  necessary  to  open  all  drip  valves  occasionally 
(during  a  warm  day  in  winter)  to  allow  any  water  which 
may  have  condensed  through  pumping  warm  air  in  cold 
pipes,  to  escape,  otherwise  these  low  places  at  the  drip 
might  freeze,  bursting  the  pipes  and  thus  crippling  the 
entire  air  system. 

Inspection. 

1.  Open  %-inch  test  valve  (soft-seated  globe  valve)  and 
see  that  system  is  free  from  water  to  level  of  valve. 

2.  Test-cock  for  water  should  be  placed  on  end  of  main 
drip  port  for  test  of  water  above  air  clapper.     Air  being 
found  at  this  point,  valve  should  be  primed  with  water  up 
to  air  test  valve  by  use  of  primer. 

3.  Push    in    pin    on    %-inch    ball    drip    to    ascertain    if 
i/rinch   ball   is   off   seat,    no   leakage   indicates   both   seats 
are  tight,  valve  is  in  perfect  condition,  as  parts  will  not  go 
together  wrong. 


92  NOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS 

"INTERNATIONAL"  DRY  PIPE  VALVE. 

Model  No.  4. 

(International  Sprinkler  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.) 
DESCRIPTION  OF  VALVE  AND  PARTS. 


INTERNATIONAL  AIR  VALVE 

MODEL  N0.4 
MANUFACTURED  BV 
4TERNATIONAL  SPRINKLER  CO 
PHILAOELPHIA.PENNA 


NOTES  ON   HYDRAULICS.  93 

No.    1.  Body. 

No.    2.  Foot  casting. 

No.    3.  Eight  and  left  cover. 

No.    4.  Cover  plate. 

No.    5.  Kivet. 

No.    6.  Ball  weight. 

No.    7.  Fork. 

No.    8.  Hook. 

No.    9.  Tumbler. 

No.  10.  Strut. 

No.  11.  Plate. 

No.  12.  Clapper  for  water  seat. 

No.  13.  Clapper  for  air  seat. 

No.  14.  Water  seat  ring. 

No.  15.  Pin. 

No.  16.  Left  bracket. 

No.  17.  Eight   bracket. 

No.  18.  Top  pin. 

No.  19.  Bottom  pin. 

No.  20.  Outer  seat  ring. 

No.  21.  Head  for  ball  weight. 

]^o.  22.  Connecting  rod. 

No.  23.  Adjusting  screw. 

No.  24.  Air  seat  ring. 

No.  25-29.     Pins. 

NOTE. — For  exterior  view  of  li International' '  Dry  Pipe 

Valve  set  "dry,"  see  page  387. 


94 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


"MANUFACTURERS"  DRY  PIPE  VALVE. 

(Manufacturers  Automatic  Sprinkler  Co.,  N.  Y.  City.) 

DESCRIPTION  OF  VALVE  AND  PARTS. 

(See  Figs.  38  and  38A). 


FIG.  38. 


No.  1.  Lever  support. 

No.  2.  Flat  horizontal  lever. 

No.  3.  Yoke  lever. 

No.  4.  Lever  hinge. 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS.  95 

No.     5.  Horizontal  weight  lever. 

No.     6.  Upright  weight  lever. 

No.     7.  Link  lever. 

No.     8.  Fulcrum. 

No.     9.  Stem  to  main  water  valve. 

No.  10.  Set  screw. 

No.  11.  Lower  link. 

A  and  B.  Upper  and  lower  chambers  of  valve  body. 

C.  Swing    check    valve.        To    divide    upper    and    lower 
chambers. 

D.  Main  water  valve. 

E  and  F.  Arm  and  support.     To  swing  check  valve  ' '  C. ' ' 

G.  Face  flange.     To  main  water  valve  "D.M 

H.  Outlet  flange.     To  sprinkler  system. 

I.  Face  flange.     To  swing  check  valve  "C." 

J.  Inlet   flange.     To  water   supply  pipe. 

K.  Air  cup.     Controlling  leverage  system. 

L.  Yalve  and  steam. 

M.  Gage. 

N.  Drain  cock.     To  lower  chamber  f'B. " 

O.  Main  drain  valve.     To  "  riser. M 

P.  Drain  valve.     To  ' '  anti-water  column. ' ' 

Q.  Alarm  closing  device. 

R.  Valve  shield. 

S.  Test  cock.     To  "anti-water  column/7 


96 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


"  MANUFACTURERS  "  DRY  PIPE  VALVE. 

(Manufacturers    Automatic   Sprinkler    Co., 
New  York,  N.  Y.) 


FIG.  38A. 


NOTES  ON   HYDRAULICS.  97 

To  Drain  a  Dry  Pipe  System  Which  Has  Been  Oper- 
ated as  Wet  Pipe  During  the  Summer  Months. 

First.  Close  the  controlling  gate  valve  in  water  supply 
pipe. 

Second.  Open  all  drain  valves  throughout  the  system 
and  close  them  when  water  stops  flowing.  Care  should  be 
taken  that  system  is  properly  drained  and  that  piping  is  not 
allowed  to  sag  and  form  water  pockets,  which  would  freeze 
under  the  dry  pipe  system. 

Third.  Pump  a  few  pounds  of  air  into  system,  then  again 
open  all  drain  valves  which  will  have  a  tendency  to  drive 
water  from  low  points  in  the  piping. 

Fourth.  Close  all  drain  valves  and  set  dry  pipe  valve  (see 
Instructions). 

Instructions  for  Setting  "Manufacturers'*  Dry  Pipe 
Valve. 

First.  Close  the  controlling  gate  valve  in  water  supply 
pipe  and  open  all  drain  valves  in  sprinkler  system,  and 
leave  open  until  all  water  is  drained  from  the  pipes,  then 
close  all  drain  valves  throughout  the  system. 

Second.  (1)  Lift  the  stem  ("L"),  which  has  attached 
valve,  in  air  cup  ("K"),  and  with  the  finger  remove  from 
valve  seat  any  foreign  substance.  (2)  Place  horizontal  lever 
No.  2  in  position,  the  end  resting  under  link  lever  No.  7,  on 
which  rests  stem  ("L").  (3)  Lower  stem  ("L"),  allow- 
ing valve  to  reseat  itself.  (4)  Start  air  pump  and  when 
gage  ("M")  registers  2  pounds  pressure  open  drain  valve 
("P")  to  blow  out  any  dirt.  (5)  Close  drain  valve 
("P"). 

Third.  Pump  necessary  air  pressure  (30  to  40  pounds)  into 
the  system. 

Fourth.  Lift  upright  weight  lever  No.  6  to  position,  taking 


98  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

its  bearing  on  end  of  lever  No.  2,  placing  lower  end  of  yoke 
lever  No.  3  in  link  No.  11,  and  bringing  upper  end  in 
position  under  shoulder  of  lever  support  No.  1. 

Fifth.  Place  main  water  valve  ("D")  to  its  seat  by 
means  of  stem  No.  9. 

Sixth.  Place  link  No.  11  on  shoulder  of  horizontal  weight 
lever  No.  5. 

Seventh.  (1)  Tighten  set  screw  No.  10  with  fingers  suffi- 
cient to  hold  yoke  lever  No.  3  in  place.  (2)  Close  drain 
cock  ("N").  (3)  Open  controlling  gate  valve  in  water 
supply  pipe  about  one-third.  (4)  With  a  wrench  slowly 
tighten  set  screw  No.  10  until  main  water  valve  ("D") 
stops  leaking.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  place  more 
tension  on  set  screw  No.  10  than  is  necessary  to  prevent  the 
main  water  valve  ("D")  from  leaking  at  pressure  obtained. 

Eighth.  Open  drain  cock  ("~N")  and  empty  the  lower 
chamber  ("B").  The  dry  pipe  valve  is  now  set  complete 
and  ready  for  operation. 

Ninth.  Open  wide  the  controlling  gate  valve  in  water 
supply  pipe  and  strap  the  same  open. 

Tenth.  Close  valve  shield   ("R")- 

Eleventh.  Test  alarm  circuit  to  ascertain  if  in  order  by 
pressing  in  on  stem  of  alarm  closing  device  ("Q")« 

To  Test  "Manufacturers"  Dry  Pipe  System  When 
Dry  Pipe  Valve  is  Set. 

First.  Close  the  controlling  gate  valve  in  water  supply 
pipe. 

Second.  Open  drain  valve  (P)  to  drain  off  air  pressure 
when  dry  pipe  valve  will  trip  and  operate  as  in  case  of  a 
fire,  but  will  not  allow  water  into  system. 

Third.  Close  drain  valve  (P). 

Fourth.  Reset  valve  as  per  instructions  (two  to  eleven). 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  99 

SOURCE  OF  WATER  SUPPLY  FOR  SPRINKLER  SYSTEMS. 

For  an  efficient  sprinkler  system  it  is  absolutely  necessary 
that  the  source  of  water  supply  should  be  both  certain  and 
adequate  and  to  insure  certainty  there  should  be  at  least 
two  sources  of  supply,  which  should  be  used  exclusively  for 
the  sprinkler  system. 

The  source  of  water  supplies  are  usually  public  or  private 
reservoir,  public  water  mains  from  two  streets,  air  pressure 
tanks,  gravity  tanks,  fire  pumps,  and  city  steamer  or  fire 
engine  of  the  Public  Fire  Department. 

In  arranging  a  sprinkler  system  it  should  be  the  aim  to 
make  the  first  sprinklers  that  are  opened  as  effective  as 
possible,  which  depends  very  largely  on  the  pressure  under 
which  they  open.  A  light  pressure  may  result  in  the  failure 
of  the  first  sprinklers  that  open  to  completely  arrest  the  fire, 
and  consequently  cause  the  opening  of  a  large  number  of 
heads  with  comparatively  serious  results. 

In  the  typical  sprinkler  systems  of  the  large  cities  there 
are  generally  four  sources  of  water  supply  to  the  main 
risers  of  the  system,  as  shown  in  Fig.  39,  and  in  the 
Perspective  View  Showing  the  Application  of  The  Auto- 
matic Sprinklers  in  a  Modern  Factory,  page  257. 

They  may  be  divided  into  two  classes,  the  Automatic 
Supplies,  consisting  of  the  pressure  tank,  gravity  tank,  auto- 
matic pump,  and  occasionally  the  city  water  mains,  and  the 
Manual  or  Auxiliary  Supply,  The  Public  Fire  Department 
or  the  City  Steamer. 

Naturally,  the  automatic  supply  producing  the  highest 
water  pressure  would  be  considered  the  primary  source  of 
supply,  whether  city  water  pressure,  pressure  tank,  gravity 
tank  or  automatic  pump. 

In  order  to  illustrate  the  operation  of  typical  system  we 
will  assume  that  the  highest  pressure  before  a  sprinkler 
releases,  is  produced  by  the  pressure  tank. 

The  main  pipe  leading  from  each  source  of  supply  con- 
tains a  check  valve.  These  valves  are  installed  for  the 


100  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

purpose  of  preventing  the  water  from  flowing  in  any  direc- 
tion other  than  that  of  the  open  sprinkler  when  the  supply 
from  one  or  more  sources  has  become  exhausted. 

These  valves  are  indicated  on  the  diagram  by  crosses 
and  are  lettered  A,  B,  C,  D  and  E. 

Primary  Source  of  Water  Supply. 

The  primary  source  of  water  supply  is  the  PRESSURE 
TANK.  This  can  readily  be  seen  by  examining  the  diagram. 

With  75  pounds  pressure  on  the  pressure  tank,  which  is 
the  usual  pressure  per  square  inch  required  to  be  maintained, 
check  valve  B  would  close  unless  the  gravity  tank  was 
placed  high  enough  to  produce  a  pressure  greater  than  that 
of  the  pressure  tank.  This  would  mean  that  the  gravity 
tank  would  have  to  be  elevated  to  a  height  of  about  175 
feet  above  the  pressure  tank,  which  is  impracticable. 

As  the  fire  pump  is  not  running  continuously,  the  check 
valve  D  would  normally  remain  closed  due  to  excess  pres- 
sure from  the  primary  (pressure  tank)  supply.  And  as  the 
fourth  source  of  supply  or  the  steamer  is  not  maintained  at 
all  times,  the  check  valve  E  would  be  closed.  We  then  have 
check  valve  A  and  C  open,  with  check  valve  B,  D  and  E 
closed,  making  the  pressure  tank  the  primary  source  of 
supply. 

Second  Source  of  Water  Supply. 

The  second  source  of  water  supply  is  the  GRAVITY 
TANK. 

As  I  have  stated  above,  check  valves  D  and  E  are  closed. 
When  the  source  of  water  supply  is  becoming  exhausted  in 
the  pressure  tank,  the  pressure  will  drop,  and  when  this 
pressure  falls  below  that  due  to  the  height  of  the  gravity 
tank  above  the  pressure  tank,  check  valve  B  will  open  and 
check  valve  A  will  close,  making  the  gravity  tank  the 
source  of  supply. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


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Ip2  NOTES  Oil    HYDRAULICS. 

Third  Source  of  Water  Supply. 

The  third  source  of  water  supply  is  the  FIEE  PUMP,  that 
is,  if  th3  building  in  which  the  sprinkler  system  is  located 
contains  such  a  pump. 

When  the  primary  and  second  source  have  given  out  the 
fire  pump  must  then  be  resorted  to.  On  starting  the  fire 
pump  check  valve  D  will  open  and  check  valve  C  will  close, 
preventing  water  from  flowing  back  into  the  primary  or 
second  source  of  supply. 

Fourth  Source  of  Water  Supply. 

The  fourth  source  of  water  supply  is  the  CITY  FIRE 
ENGINE. 

Should  the  fire  pump  break  down  or  become  disabled  in 
any  way,  the  fourth  source  of  supply  resorted  to  for  the 
sprinkler  system  will  be  that  furnished  by  the  city  fire 
engine,  or  the  city  water  mains. 

When  the  fire  engine  is  connected  to  the  steamer  connec- 
tion check  valve  E  opens  and  check  valves  D  and  G  close, 
preventing  any  water  from  flowing  back  into  the  primary, 
second  or  third  sources  of  supply.  In  this  case  the  water 
is  pumped  from  the  city  mains  by  the  steamer  into  the 
sprinkler  system  and  may  be  considered  the  fourth  source 
of  water  supply. 

NATIONAL  BOARD  SPRINKLER  RULES. 
SECTION  I— WATER  SUPPLIES. 

1.  Double  Supply. 

Two  independent  supplies  are  absolutely  necessary  for  a 
standard  equipment.  At  least  one  of  the  supplies  to  be 
automatic  and  one  to  be  capable  of  furnishing  water  under 
heavy  pressure.  The  choice  of  water  supplies  for  each 
equipment  to  be  determined  by  the  underwriters  having 
jurisdiction. 

2.  Size  of  Connection. 

Connection  from  water  supply  or  main  pipe  system  to 
sprinkler  riser  to  be  equal  to  or  larger  in  size  than  the 
riser. 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS.  103 

NATIONAL  BOARD  SPRINKLER  RULES. 
SECTION  J— PUBLIC  WATER  WORKS  SYSTEMS. 

(Eules  also  applicable  to  private  reservoir  and  stand  pipe 
systems.) 

1.  Pressure  Required. 

Should  give  not  less  than  25  pounds  static  pressure  at  all 
hours  of  the  day  at  highest  line  of  sprinklers. 

Where  the  normal  static  pressure  complies  with  the  above, 
the  supply  to  be  also  satisfactory  to  the  underwriters  having 
jurisdiction,  in  its  ability  to  maintain  10  pounds  pressure  at 
highest  sprinklers,  with  the  water  flowing  through  the  num- 
ber of  sprinklers  judged  liable  to  be  opened  by  fire  at  any 
one  time. 

2.  Size  of  Mains. 

Street  main  should  be  of  ample  size,  in  no  case  smaller 
than  6  inches. 

3.  Dead  Ends. 

If  possible,  avoid  a  dead  end  in  street  main  by  arranging 
main  to  be  fed  at  both  ends. 

4.  Meter. 

No  water  supply  for  sprinklers  to  pass  through  a  meter  or 
pressure-regulating  valve,  except  by  special  consent. 

NATIONAL  BOARD  SPRINKLER  RULES. 
SECTION  K-  STEAM  PUMP. 

1.  Type. 

To  be  in  accordance  with  the  National  Standard  specifica- 
tions. 

2.  Capacity. 

To  be  determined  by  underwriters  having  jurisdiction  in 
each  instance,  but  never  less  than  500  gallons  rated  capacity 
per  minute. 


104  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

3.  Location. 

To  be  so  located  on  the  premises  as  to  be  free  from 
damage  by  fire  or  other  cause.  Pump  room  should  be 
readily  accessible  and  provide  easy  and  safe  egress  for 
attendant. 

A  clean  and  well-floored  room  with  a  tight  roof  should 
be  provided  for  a  fire  pump.  No  room  is  acceptable  where 
the  conditions  prevent  or  discourage  the  engineer  from 
keeping  the  pump  in  good  condition. 

4.  Suction  and  Water  Supply. 

To  take  water  from  an  approved  source  having  an  avail- 
able supply  specified  by  the  underwriters  having  jurisdic- 
tion, but  never  less  than  60  minutes'  supply  while  the  pump 
is  delivering  its  rated  capacity. 

The  capacity  specified  is  the  minimum  acceptable.  A 
larger  supply  should  be  provided  in  large  plants  and  where 
the  continued  use  of  hose,  open  sprinklers,  or  both,  may 
be  necessary 

5.  Intake  Well. 

When  a  pump  takes  suction  from  a  river,  lake,  or  other 
large  body  of  water,  an  effectively  screened  intake  well 
(brick  or  concrete  preferred)  should  be  provided.  The  well 
to  be  deep  enough  to  be  free  from  ice  or  accumulation  of 
dirt. 

6.  Cistern. 

When  a  pump  takes  suction  from  a  cistern,  reliable  means 
for  keeping  the  cistern  full  should  be  provided,  particularly 
where  the  water  can  be  used  for  other  purposes.  Where 
water  from  public  service  mains  is  available,  a  filling  con- 
nection not  smaller  than  2  inches  and  equipped  with  a  ball 
and  cock  valve  should  be  provided.  Where  possible,  the  cis- 
tern should  be  constructed  so  as  to  supply  the  water  to  the 
pump  under  head  for  at  least  10  minutes.  A  sump  should 
be  provided  in  the  bottom  so  that  all  of  the  water  will  be 
available.  See  Rule  4  for  capacity. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  105 

7.     Public  Mains. 

When  a  pump  takes  suction  from  public  service  mains,  the 
reliability  of  the  supply  should  be  ascertained  beyond  any 
reasonable  question  of  doubt. 

If  the  plant  is  remote  from  the  public  pumping  station 
and  supplied  through  a  long  main  having  a  dead  end,  this 
source  of  supply  may  be  entirely  unreliable,  even  though  the 
mains  are  reasonably  large  and  the  normal  pressures  com- 
paratively high.  The  possible  interruption  of  the  supply 
by  city  fire  engines,  and  by  other  means  not  under  the  control 
of  the  owner  of  the  plant,  should  be  taken  into  considera- 
tion in  determining  this  source  of  water  supply. 

8.  Lift. 

Pump  to  be  so  located  in  respect  to  its  water  supply  that 
at  no  time  will  it  have  a  lift  of  over  15  feet  during  60 
minutes7  discharge  at  rated  capacity. 

When  a  pump  takes  water  under  head,  there  should  be  an 
approved  indicator  gate  valve  in  the  suction  pipe,  located 
at  the  pump. 

9.  Suction  Pipe. 

Suction  pipe  to  be  as  short  and  direct  as  possible,  to  be 
free  from  air  pockets  and  leaks  and  so  located  that  water  in 
same  will  not  freeze  during  the  most  extreme  weather.  To 
be  provided  with  a  strainer  so  located  with  reference  to  the 
bottom  of  cistern,  or  intake,  that  it  will  be  free  from 
possible  accumulation  of  dirt  and  afford  free  entrance  of 
water  when  the  pump  is  running  at  full  rated  capacity.  A 
foot  valve  is  not  advised  in  ordinary  cases. 

In  extreme  cases,  where  the  lift  is  unavoidably  in  excess 
of  15  feet  and  where  the  suction  pipe  is  necessarily  long,  a 
foot  valve  may  be  used.  The  foot  valve  to  comply  with 
the  above  requirement  regarding  the  location  of  the  screen. 

If  supply  is  from  a  cistern  the  end  of  the  suction  pipe 
should  be  located  in  a  sump,  so  that  all  of  the  water  can 
be  drawn  from  the  cistern 


106  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

10.  Steam  Connections. 

Pump  to  be  supplied  through  independent  connection 
from  boilers,  so  installed  as  to  be  free  from  pockets  or 
traps  and  so  located  as  not  to  be  subject  to  injury  in  case  of 
fire  or  other  accident;  to  be  fitted  with  drip  pipe  and  steam 
trap  at  the  pump,  so  connected  that  the  closed  throttle  valve 
will  not  prevent  the  operation  of  the  steam  trap.  When 
possible,  the  steam  connection  from  the  header  at  boilers 
should  be  taken  from  the  end  opposite  to  that  from  which 
the  supply  for  large  engine  is  taken.  The  steam  connection 
should  be  pitched  so  that  as  much  condensation  as  possible 
will  drain  back  to  the  boilers. 

11.  Steam  Valves. 

Where  there  is  more  than  one  boiler,  the  arrangement  of 
pipes  and  valves  to  be  such  that  each  boiler  may  be  "cut 
out"  without  interrupting  steam  supply  to  pump  from  the 
other  boilers.  Where  there  are  several  fire  pumps,  each 
should  be  arranged  to  be  "cut  out"  without  affecting  the 
others. 

Valves  to  be  located  in  boiler  house  so  that  all  steam 
supply  to  other  buildings  may  be  cut  off  from  them  at  time 
of  fire  and  reserved  for  pump. 

12.  Exhaust  Pipe. 

Each  pump  to  be  provided  with  an  independent  exhaust 
pipe,  free  from  liability  to  back  pressure  and  equipped  with 
an  open  drain  pipe  at  lowest  point. 

13.  Steam  Pressures. 

Steam  pressure  of  not  less  than  50  pounds  to  be  main- 
tained at  the  pump  at  all  times. 

14.  Boilers. 

Provision  to  be  made  for  sufficient  steam  power  to  run 
pump  to  full  rated  capacity;  not  less  than  40  H.  P.  for 
each  250  gallons  rated  capacity  of  pump.  Boilers  to  be  sup- 
plied with  ample  water  supply  not  liable  to  be  crippled  in 
case  of  fire.  Where  forced  draught  is  necessary,  provision 
should  be  made  for  safe,  independent  control  of  the  same. 


NOTES   ON  HYDRAULICS.  107 

15.  Boiler  House. 

Any  boiler  house  on  which  pump  depends  for  steam  sup- 
ply should  be  of  brick  or  stone,  detached,  or  cut  off  from 
main  buildings  by  standard  fire  doors. 

16.  Priming  Tank. 

Where  pump  does  not  take  water  under  head,  it  should 
be  primed  from  a  water  tank,  or  its  equivalent,  having  a 
capacity  not  less  than  one-half  the  full  capacity  of  the 
pump  for  one  minute.  The  tank  to  be  safely  located  and 
used  exclusively  for  this  purpose. 

17.  Automatic  Regulator. 

If  an  automatic  regulator  is  placed  in  steam  connection 
to  pump,  it  should  be  on  a  by-pass  with  a  shut-off  valve 
on  each  side  of  same.  These  valves  to  be  in  addition  to  the 
valve  for  operating  the  pump  independently  of  the  regulator. 
The  connection  from  the  regulator  to  the  water  end  of  the 
pump  to  be  of  i-inch  brass  pipe. 

Kegulator  to  be  installed  in  accordance  with  the  Eules  of 
the  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters. 

18.  Recording  Gage. 

Where  a  steam  pump  is  the  primary  supply  an  approved 
automatic  recording  gage,  when  required,  may  be  applied  to 
record  the  steam  pressure  in  pump  steam  chest  or  water 
pressure  in  pump  discharge. 

Under  the  above  arrangement  the  gage  will  indicate  when 
the  steam  to  the  pump  has  been  shut  off.  The  gage  should 
be  placed  on  the  wall  near  the  pump,  in  proper  box  or 
cabinet,  which  should  contain  blank  dials,  ink,  etc.,  together 
with  the  file  of  used  dials. 

19.  Hose  Connections. 

When  hose  connections  at  pump  are  not  conveniently 
located,  pump  may  be  fitted  with  a  discharge  pipe  leading  to 
a  convenient  location  for  attachment  of  the  hose  valves.  A 
shut-off  gate  may  be  required  in  this  pipe.  This  discharge 
pipe  to  be  taken  out  back  of  the  gate  and  check  valve  in 
the  main  discharge  pipe. 

20.  Test. 

Fire  pump  to  be  operated  at  least  once  a  week. 


108  NOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS. 

THE  NATIONAL  STANDARD  STEAM  PIMP. 

Key  to  Illustration. 

1.  Main  steam  pipe  direct  from  boilers  independent  of  all 
other  pipes.     Valves  at  boilers  so  arranged  that  steam  can 
be  shut  off  from  factory  supplies  and  reserved  for  fire  pump. 

2.  Main  throttle  valve. 

3.  Automatic   regulator   placed   on   a   "  by-pass "   around 
main  throttle.     For  ordinary  conditions  it  does  not  need  to 
be  full  size  of  steam  inlet,  1^-inch  or  2  inches  is  sufficient 
for  a  1,000-gallon  pump. 

4.  Controlling   valves   for   automatic    regulator    of    globe 
pattern  to  be  kept  wide  open. 

5.  Sight  feed  lubricator. 

6.  Steam  gage  attached  directly  to  steam  chest. 

7.  Hand  oil  pump.     Glass  body  with  one  pint  capacity. 

8.  Hand  wheels  operating  cushion  valves  for  regulating 
stroke  of  pump. 

9.  Waste  pipe  from  relief  valve.     This  should  be  carried 
outside  pump  house,  and  if  pump  draughts  from  cistern  or 
other  limited  supply  of  water,  waste  pipe  should  discharge 
into  this  supply. 

10.  Open  cone  on  waste  pipe. 

11.  Belief  valve,  spring  pattern. 

12.  Suction  air  chamber. 

13.  Six  or   8-inch   pipe   extending   from   pump   discharge 
through  wall  of  pump  house.     The  hose  valves  each  with  its 
independent  gate  to  be  attached  to  this,  leaving  a  hole  in 
wall,  covered  to  prevent  freezing.     This  method  does  away 
with  short  bends  in  hose. 

14.  Air  chamber. 

15.  Name  plate. 

16.  Duplex  spring  water-pressure  gage. 

17.  Horizontal  straightway  check-valve. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


109 


18.  Outside  screw  and  yoke  or  other  approved  indicator 
gate-valve. 

19.  Priming  tank. 

20.  Priming  valve,  pipe  from  tank  to  be  not  less  than  2£ 
inches  diameter. 

21.  Priming  checks  and  reliefs. 

22.  Lever  handle  air  cocks,   relieving   the   air  cushion  in 
force  chamber  of  the  pump. 

23.  Lever  handle  drip  cocks  for  draining. 

24.  Stroke   gage  with   marked  lines   showing    full   stroke 
of  pump.     There  shall  be  a  fixed  index  on  piston  rod  so  that 
pump  stroke  can  be  accurately  measured. 

25.  Drip  cocks  and  open  cups. 

26.  Steam  trap. 

27.  Pocket  for  strainer,  easily  removed  and  cleaned. 

28.  Brass  tube,  \  inch  in  diameter,  being  water  pressure 
connection  to  automatic  regulator. 

29.  Brass  globe  valves. 


FIG.  40 — NATIONAL  STANDARD  STEAM  FIRE  PUMP. 


110 


NOTES  ON   HYDRAULICS. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  Ill 

SPECIFICATIONS 

OF  THE 

NATIONAL  BOARD  OF  FIRE  UNDERWRITERS 

FOR  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF 

STEAM  FIRE  PUMPS 

AS  RECOMMENDED  BY  THE 

NATIONAL  FIRE  PROTECTION  ASSOCIATION. 

EDITION    OF    1904. 


UNIFORM  REQUIREMENTS. 

The  following  specifications  for  the  manufacture  of  Steam  Fire 
Pumps,  developed  from  those  originally  drawn  by  Mr.  John  R. 
Freeman,  are  now  used  throughout  the  whole  country,  having 
been  agreed  upon  in  joint  conference  by  representatives  of  the  dif- 
ferent organizations  interested  in  this  class  of  work.  They  will  be 
known  as  "The  National  Standard,"  and  have  been  up  to  this  time 
adopted  by  the  following  associations : 

Associated  Factory  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Companies. 
National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters. 
National  Fire  Protection  Association. 

NOTE.— Pages  111  to  165  are  a  reprint  of  the  pamphlet  on  Steam 
Fire  Pumps  of  the  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters. 


112  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

THE  NATIONAL  STANDARD  PUMP. 

This  pump  is  merely  a  pump  of  the  well-known  "duplex" 
type,  built  in  a  very  substantial  manner,  and  with  certain 
improvements  suggested  by  the  experience  of  inspectors  with 
Fire  Pumps. 

The  principal  points  of  difference  between  the  National 
Standard  Pump  and  the  ordinary  commercial  pump  are  : 

1st.  Its  steam  ports  and  water  passages  and  air  chamber  are  made 
much  larger  than  in  common  trade  pumps,  so  that  a  larger  volume 
of  water  can  be  delivered  in  an  emergency  without  water  hammer. 

2d.  It  is  "rust  proofed"  that  it  may  start  instantly  after  disuse, 
by  making  its  piston  rods  and  valve  rods  of  Tobin  Bronze,  instead  of 
steel ;  its  water  pistons,  stuffing  boxes  and  rock-shaft  bearings  of 
brass,  instead  of  cast-iron.  Its  valve-levers  are  made  of  steel  or 
wrought-iron  forgings,  or  of  steel  castings. 

3d.  The  following  necessary  attachments  are  all  included  in  the 
price  of  the  "National  Standard  Pump,"  viz.: — a  vacuum  chamber, 
two  pressure  gages,  a  relief  valve,  a  set  of  brass  priming  pipes,  2  to 
6  hose  valves,  a  stroke  gage,  a  capacity  plate,  an  oil  pump,  a  sight 
feed  lubricator  and  a  cast-iron  relief-valve  discharge-cone. 

By  reason  of  the  larger  ports,  passageways  and  pipes,  its  larger 
number  of  valves,  and  the  added  attachments,  and  general  superior 
construction  a  "National  Standard"  pump  costs  more  than  a  common 
trade  fire  pump,  but  the  cost  per  gallon  which  these  pumps  can  deliver 
in  an  emergency  by  reason  of  their  large  passageways,  etc.,  is  no 
greater  than  for  the  old  style  of  fire  pump  and  is  well  worth  this  extra 
cost. 

Finally  it  should  be  remembered  that  these  specifications  cover 
only  the  outlines  of  the  design,  and  that  all  pumps  built  under  them 
are  not  of  equal  merit,  for  certain  of  the  pump  factories  possess  a 
broader  experience  and  better  shop  facilities  than  others,  and  that  the 
responsibility  for  first-class  workmanship  and  strength  of  materials 
rests  on  the  pump  manufacturers,  and  not  on  the  insurance  companies. 


We  advise  that  all  contracts  call  for  strict  conformity  to  the 
National  Standard  Steam  Fire  Pump  specifications  of  the  National 
Board  of  Fire  Underwriters. 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS.  113 

NATIONAL  STANDARD  SPECIFICATIONS 
FOR  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  STEAM  FIRE  PIMPS. 

1.  Workmanship. 

a.  The  general  character  and  accuracy  of  foundry  and 
machine  work  must  throughout  equal  that  of  the  best 
steam-engine  practice  of  the  times,  as  illustrated  in 
commercial  engines  of  similar  horse-power. 

This  refers  to  strength  of  details,  accuracy  of  foundry 
work,  accuracy  of  alignment,  accuracy  of  fits,  quality  of 
steam  joints  and  flanges,  construction  of  steam  pistons  and 
slide-valves,  etc.,  and  does  not  apply  particularly  to  exterior 
finish. 

2.  Duplex   Only. 

a.  Only  "Standard  Duplex  pumps "  are  acceptable. 

So-called  "  Duplex "  pumps,  consisting  of  a  pair  of 
pumps  with  "steam-thrown  valves "  actuated  by  supple- 
mental pistons,  are  not  acceptable. 

Experience  shows  that  duplex  pumps  are  more  certain 
of  starting  after  long  disuse.  The  whole  power  of  the 
main  cylinder  is*available  for  moving  a  corroded  valve  or 
valve  rod,  whereas  on  a  single  pump  with  a  "steam-thrown" 
valve  no  such  surplus  of  power  is  available. 

Further,  the  direct  acting  duplex  has  the  great  advantage 
over  a  fly-wheel  pump  of  not  suffering  breakage  if  water 
gets  into  steam  cylinder. 

'6.     Sizes  of  Pumps. 

a.  Only  the  four  different  sizes  given  on  the  next  page 
will  be  recognized  for  "National  Standard"  pumps. 

The  multiplicity  of  odd  sizes  of  "Trade  Pumps "  is 
confusing,  and  different  makers  have,  in  the  past,  estimated 
the  capacity  in  gallons  according  to  different  arbitrary 
standards. 


114 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


NATIONAL   STANDARD   PUMP   SIZES. 


Pump  Sizes. 

d 
o 

Capacity  at 
100-Iybs.,  at  Pump. 

*Boiler 
Power 
Required. 

Full 
Speed. 

m 

g 

"o  § 

c 

.     n            S    . 

a  . 

. 

rt 
to 

!  % 

1 

Water. 

Stroke. 

3 

About 

Number  of 
1^-ln.  Strean 

Nominal  Gall< 
Per  Minute 

Actual  Gals,  per 
as  per  Art.  4 

1 

g 

o 

vSteam  Pressur 
Pump,  I,bs 

Revolution* 
Per  Minute 

Piston  Travel  1 
Per  Minute 

14     x  7     x!2 
14     x   7#  x  12 

to  1 

Two 

500 

483 

520 

100 

40 

70 

140 

16     x  9     x!2 

3 

tol 

Three 

750 

806 

115 

45 

70 

140 

18     x20     x!2 

18^x10^  x  12 

3 

tol 

Four 

1000 

mm 

1050 

150 

45 

70 

140 

^u     x  1(4      x  lo     4.     < 

Six 

1500 

1655 

200 

50 

60 

160 

to  1 

6.  The  above  sizes  of  steam  and  water  cylinders  and 
length  of  stroke  have  given  general  satisfaction  and  will 
now  be  considered  as  standard. 


*This  boiler  power  is  required  for  continuous  running  at 
full  speed  arid  pressure.  It  is,  however,  often  best  to  put 
in  a  larger  pump  than  the  existing  boilers  could  drive  at 
full  capacity,  as  a  small  boiler  will  drive  a  75Q-gallon  pump 
at  the  500-gallon  speed  with  very  nearly  as  good  economy 
as  it  can  drive  a  500-gallon  pump  at  full  speed.  The  pump 
then  does  not  have  to  be  changed  when  the  plant  is  enlarged 
and  the  boiler  power  increased. 

A  steam  piston  relatively  larger  than  necessary  is  a 
source  of  weakness.  It  takes  more  volume  of  steam,  and 
gives  more  power  with  which  to  burst  something  if  the 
throttle  is  opened  wide  suddenly  during  excitement. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  115 

It  has  been  common  to  make  all  fire  pumps  with  water 
plunger  of  only  one-fourth  the  area  of  steam  piston,  with 
the  idea  that  pump  could  thereby  be  more  readily  run  at 
night,  when  steam  was  low.  The  capacity  in  gallons  is  thus 
reduced  25  per  cent,  as  compared  with  a  3  to  1  plunger  on 
the  same  steam  cylinders. 

Often,  especially  with  large  pumps,  "4  to  1"  construc- 
tion is  a  mistake,  and  gives  no  additional  security,  although 
the  pump  might  start  and  give  a  few  puffs  with  30  Ibs.  of 
steam  on  banked  fires;  because,  if  any  pump  of  whatever 
cylinder  ratio  draws  50  or  100  horse-power  of  steam  from 
boilers  with  dead  fires,  it  can  run  effectively  only  a  very 
short  time  (ordinarily,  perhaps,  3  to  5'  minutes),  unless 
fires  are  first  aroused  to  make  fresh  steam  to  replace  that 
withdrawn. 

Steam  pressures  stated  above  must  be  maintained  at  the 
pump,  to  give  full  speed  and  100  Ibs.  water  pressure. 
Pressure  at  boilers  must  be  a  little  more  to  allow  for  loss 
of  steam  pressure  between  boiler  and  pump.  Pumps  in  poor 
order,  or  too  tightly  packed,  will  require  more  steam. 

The  boiler  horse-powers  above  are  reckoned  on  the  A.  S. 
M.  E.  basis  of  34%  Ibs.  of  water  evaporated  from  and  at 
212  degrees  Fahrenheit  as  the  unit  of  boiler  horse-power. 
From  12  to  15  square  feet  of  water-heating  surface  in  the 
boiler  is  commonly  assumed  necessary  for  the  generation 
of  one  horse-power. 

Smaller  boilers  than  called  for  above,  if  favorably  set, 
and  having  excellent  chimney  draft,  can  sometimes  be  forced 
to  nearly  double  their  nominal  capacity  for  a  short  run,  as 
for  fire  service. 

c.  250  gallons  per  minute  is  the  standard  allowance 
for  a  good  l}^-inch  (smooth  nozzle)  fire  stream. 

A  so-called  "King  Nozzle"  discharges  only  three-fourths 
as  much  water  as  a  smooth- nozzle  of  the  same  bore,  and  is 
not  recommended. 

From  fifteen  to  twenty  automatic  sprinklers  may  be  reck- 
oned as  discharging  about  the  same  quantity  as  a  1%-inch 
hose  stream  under  the  ordinary  practical  conditions  as  to 
pipes  supplying  sprinkler  and  hose  systems  respectively. 

4.     Capacity. 

a.  Plunger  diameter  alone  will  not  tell  how  many  gallons 
per  minute  a  pump  can  deliver,  and  it  is  not  reasonable  to 


116  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

continue  the  old  time  notion  of  estimating  capacity  on  the 
basis  of  100  feet  per  minute  piston  travel. 

b.  The  capacity  of  a  pump  depends  on  the  speed  at  which 
it  can  be  run,  and  the  speed  depends  largely  on  the  arrange- 
ment of  valves  and  passageways  for  water  and  steam. 

c.  It  is  all  right  to  run  fire-pumps   at  the  highest 
speed  that  is  possible  without  causing  violent  jar,  or 
hammering   within   the    cylinders.     Considerations   of 
wear  do  not  affect  the  brief  periods  of  fire  service  or 
test,  hence  these  speeds  are  greater  than  allowable  for 
constant  daily  duty. 

d.  Careful  experiments  on  a  large  number  of  pumps  of 
various  makes  at  full  speed,  show  that  in  a  new  pump  with 
clean  valves,  and  an  air-tight  suction  pipe,  and  less  than 
15  feet  lift,  the  actual  delivery  is  only  from  1$  to  5  per 
cent,  less  than  plunger  displacement.     This  slip  will  increase 
with  wear,  and  for  a  good  average  pump  in  practical  use, 
probably  10  per  cent,  is  a  fair  allowance  to  cover  slip,  valve 
leakage,  slight  short-stroke,  etc. 

e.  Largely  from  tests,  but  partly  from  "average  judg- 
ment," and  recognizing  that  a  long  stroke  pump  can  run  at 
a   higher   rate   of   piston  travel  in   lineal   feet  per  minute 
than  a  short  stroke  pump,  and  that  a  small  pump  can  make 
more  strokes  per  minute  than  a  very  large  one,  the  speeds 
given  in  the  preceding  table  have  been  adopted  as  stand- 
ards in  fire  service  for  direct  acting   (non-flywheel)   steam 
pumps,   which    have   the   large   steam   and  water   passages 
herein  specified. 

f.  Eated   capacity  is   to   be  based   on  the   speed  in   the 
preceding   table,    correcting    the   plunger    displacement    for 
one-half  the  rod  area  and  deducting  10  per  cent,  for  slip, 
short-stroke,  etc. 

Men  sometimes  ask  why,  if  they  can  run  a.  pump  smoothly 
so  as  to  get  a  delivery  of  1,000  gals,  per  minute,  we  should 
not  accept  it  as  "a  thousand  gallon  pump,"  irrespective  of 
its  suction  valve  area  or  its  exhaust  port  area  or  the  size 
of  its  cylinders. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  117 

To  this  we  reply  that  when  new  and  favorably  set  almost 
any  pump  built  according  to  these  specifications  can  run  at 
a  much  greater  delivery  than  here  rated,  but  when  lift  is 
unusually  high  or  suction  pipe  long,  or  when  the  pump  takes 
its  suction  under  a  head,  no  pump  can  be  run  so  fast  as 
on,  for  instance,  a  5-foot  lift.  A  solid  foundation  is  also 
a  great  aid  in  running  a  pump  fast. 

Standard  500-gallon  pumps  have  often  delivered  800  gal- 
lons, and  1,500-gallon  pumps  have  delivered  2,000  gallons; 
but  some  margin  must  be  allowed  for  unfavorable  condi- 
tions and  for  deterioration  as  pump  grows  old,  or  for 
absence  of  an  expert  to  get  its  utmost  duty. 

5.     Capacity  Plate. 

a.  Every  steam  fire  pump  must  bear  a  conspicuous  state- 
ment of  its  capacity  securely  attached  to  the  inboard  side 
of  air  chamber,  thus: 


NATIONAL  STANDARD  FIRE  PUMP 

16  X  9  X  12 


CAPACITY 

750    GALLONS    PER    MINUTE,    OR 

3  GOOD  IJfc-IN.  SMOOTH  NOZZLE 

FIRE    STREAMS 


FULL    SPEED 

70  REVOLUTIONS   PER  MINUTE 


NEVER    LET    STEAM   GET  BELOW 

50    POUNDS,    NIGHTS,    SUNDAYS 

OR  AT   ANY   OTHER  TIME 


The  name  "Underwriter"  has  been  largely  used  for  a 
considerable  time  to  designate  the  type  of  pump  covered 
by  the  principal  features  of  these  specifications.  While  our 
preferences  are  against  the  use  of  this  word  as  designating 


118  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

any  piece  of  apparatus  objections  will  not  be  raised  at 
the  present  time  to  its  being  continued  on  name  plates  in 
place  of  the  words  "National  Standard,"  if  manufacturers 
so  desire. 

&.  This  plate  must  have  an  area  of  not  less  than  one 
square  foot,  and  must  be  made  of  an  alloy  at  least  two-thirds 
aluminum  and  the  remainder  zinc.  The  letters  must  be 
at  least  one-half  inch  in  height,  plain  and  distinct,  with 
their  surfaces  raised  on  a  black  background  and  buffed  off 
to  a  dead  smooth  finish. 

The  name  of  pump  manufacturer  may  also  be  placed  on 
this  plate,  if  desired. 

c.  A  smaller  plate  of  composition  must  be  attached  to 
steam  chest  bearing  the  size  of  pump,  the  shop  number,  and 
the  name  of  shop  in  which  the  pump  was  built. 

6.  Strength  of  Parts. 

a.  The  maker  must  warrant  each  pump  built  under  these 
specifications  to  be  at  time  of  delivery,  in  all  its  parts,  strong 
enough  to  admit  of  closing  all  valves  on  water  outlet  pipes 
while  steam  valve  is  wide  open  and  steam  pressure  eighty 
pounds,  and  agree  to  so  test  it  before  shipment  from  his 
works. 

b.  The  pump   must  be  warranted   so   designed  and  with 
such  arrangement  of  thickness  of  metal  that  it  shall  be  safe 
to  instantly  turn  a  full  head  of  steam  on  to  a  cold  pump 
without  cracking  or  breaking  the  same  by  unequal  expansion. 

7.  Shop  Inspection. 

A  systematic  shop  inspection  must  be  given  to  each  pump 
to  ensure  completed  workmanship,  and  to  prevent  the  use 
of  defective  parts,  improper  materials,  or  the  careless  leaving 
of  foreign  matter  in  any  part  of  the  cylinders  or  chests. 

Several  instances  have  occurred  in  which  chisels,  bolts,  or 
core  irons  have  been  found  in  steam  chests  or  steam  cyl- 
inders. This  has  resulted  in  a  serious  crippling  of  the  pump 
and  in  some  cases  requiring  repairs  to  be  made  before  pump 
could  be  used  for  fire  purposes. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  119 

THE   STEAM  END. 

8.     Steam  Cylinders. 

a.  These  must  be  of  hard,  close  iron  with  metal  so  dis- 
tributed as  to  ensure  sound  castings  and  freedom  from 
shrink  cracks.  The  following  are  the  minimum  thicknesses 
acceptable : 


14"  Diam.        %"  thick. 
16"      "        15/16"      " 


1"       thick. 


&.  The  inside  face  of  the  steam  cylinder  heads  and  the 
two  faces  of  the  piston  must  be  smooth  surfaces,  fair 
and  true,  so  that  if  the  piston  should  hit  the  heads  it  will 
strike  uniformly  all  around,  thus  reducing  to  a  minimum  the 
chances  of  cramping  the  piston  rod  or  injuring  the  pump. 

c.  All  flanged  joints  for  steam  must  be  fair  and  true  and 
must  be  steam-tight  under  80  pounds  pressure  if  only  a 
packing  of  oiled  paper  1/100  inch  thick  covered  with  graphite 
were  used.  Jenkins,  "Bainbow"  or  equivalent  packing  of 
not  exceeding  1/32  inch  original  thickness  is  acceptable. 
Oiled  paper  is  not  acceptable  as  a  final  packing,  as  it  burns 
out. 

For  size  of  steam  and  exhaust  pipes,  standard  flanges  and 
bolting,  see  Art.  39. 

The  specifications  originally  required  machine  facing  for 
all  these  surfaces.  The  art  of  machine  molding  from  metal 
patterns  with  draw  plates,  etc.,  has,  however,  attained  such 
excellence  in  certain  shops  that  in  regular  practice  ' '  foundry 
faced"  cylinder  heads  and  piston  faces  can  be  made  true 
and  fair,  and  steam  joints  can  be  made  tight  under  80  Ibs. 
pressure  with  a  packing  of  oiled  paper  only  1/100  inch 
thick. 

Under  proper  assurance  that  this  precision  can  be  obtained 
in  regular  practice  at  the  shop  in  question,  foundry  finish 
may  be  accepted  on  cylinder  heads  and  piston  faces,  steam 
chests  and  steam-chest  covers. 

In  the  case  of  built-up  pistons,  of  separable  form,  it  must 
be  conclusively  shown  that  the  boring  and  finishing  are  car- 
ried on  by  such  methods  as  will  ensure  the  faces  of  pistons 


120  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

being  exactly  square  to  the  piston  rod  and  exactly  parallel  to 
the  cylinder  head. 

In  the  case  of  solid  pistons  the  two  faces  must  be  machine 
faced,  as  proper  parallelism  cannot  well  be  obtained  by 
foundry  methods. 

Ordinary  foundry  finish  secured  by  the  old  methods  and 
wooden  patterns  is  not  acceptable  and  acceptance  of  any 
foundry-finish  can  only  be  secured  after  a  special  investi- 
gation of  shop  practices. 

d.  Heads  at  both  ends  of  cylinder  must  be  beveled  off 
very  slightly  over  a  ring  about  1  inch  wide,  or  equivalent 
means  provided  to  give  steam  a  quick  push  at  piston,  should 
it  stand  at  contact  stroke. 

9.  Bolts  and  Studs. 

a.  The  stress  on  bolts  or  studs  in  connection  with  steam 
cylinders  must  not  exceed  7,500  Ibs.  per  square  inch  under 
a  test  pressure  of  80  Ibs.  steam,  disregarding  such  initial 
strain  as  may  be  due  to  setting  up.  (Compute  pressure 
area  out  to  center  line  of  bolts.) 

.No  stud  or  bolt  smaller  than  f-inch  should  be  used  to 
assemble  parts  subject  to  the  strain  of  steam  pressure  as 
smaller  bolts  are  likely  to  be  twisted  off. 

10.  Yoke. 

a.  The  steam  cylinders  and  water  cylinders  must  be  con- 
nected by  such  a  form  of  yoke  as  requires  no  packing,  a 
metal  to  metal  joint  at  this  connection  being  considered 
necessary.  The  piston  rod  stuffing  box  heads  should  con- 
centrically fit  the  counter -bore  of  the  yoke. 

.  If  packing  is  put  into  these  joints,  there  is  a  chance  of 
the  steam  and  water  ends  getting  out  of  alignment  and 
leaking  at  the  joint  between  cylinders  and  yoke. 

11.  Steam  Ports. 

a.  The  area  of  each  exhaust  steam  passage,  at  its  smallest 
section,  must  not  be  less  than  4  per  cent,  of  the  area  of  the 
piston  from  which  it  leads. 


NOTES   ON  HYDRAULICS.  121 

This  is  a  large  increase  over  the  size  heretofore  common, 
but  indicator  cards  which  we  have  taken  from  pumps  of 
several  different  makes  indicate  this  to  be  one  of  the  points 
in  which  improvement  is  most  needed  to  accommodate  the 
high  speeds  at  which  fire  pumps  are  always  supposed  to 
run,  and  this  unrestricted  exhaust  aids  very  materially  in 
giving  steadiness  to  the  jet  of  water. 

&.  Each  admission  port  must  be  not  less  than  2£  per  cent, 
of  area  of  its  piston,  and  to  avoid  wasteful  excess  of  clear- 
ance, these  passages  should  not  be  bored  out  larger  in  interior 
of  casting  than  at  ends  or  passage. 

c.  The  edges  of  the  steam-valve  ports  must  be  accurately 
milled,  or  chipped  and  exactly  filed  to  templets,  true  to  line, 
and  the  valve   seat   must  be  accurately  fitted   to   a   plane 
surface,   all  in  a  most  thorough   and  workmanlike  manner 
and  equal  to  high-grade  steam-engine  work. 

d.  To  guard  against  a  piston  ring  catching  in  the  large 
exhaust    ports,    these   ports    must    have    a    center    rib    cast 
with  cylinder  at  cylinder  wall.     See  also  Art.  13  d. 

12.     Steam-clearance  Space. 

a.  Clearance  (including  nut-recess,  counter-bore,  and  valve 
passages)  must  not  exceed  5  per  cent,  for  contact  stroke 
or  about  8  per  cent,  for  nominal  stroke  (i.  e.}  contact  stroke 
should  overrun  nominal  stroke  not  more  than  one-half  inch 
or  not  less  than  one-fourth  inch,  at  each  end). 

&.  The  clearance  space  between  face. of  piston  and  cylinder 
head  must  be  reduced  to  smallest  possible  amount,  and  these 
contacting  surfaces  be  fiat,  without  projections  or  recesses 
other  than  the  piston  rod  nut  and  its  recess. 

Some  makers,  with  the  idea  that  a  fire  pump  need  not  be 
economical,  have  not  taken  pains  to  keep  these  waste  spaces 
small. 

Securing  small  clearance  costs  almost  nothing  but  care  in 
design,  and  is  often  of  value,  since  at  many  factories  boiler 
capacity  is  scant  for  the  large  quantity  of  steam  taken  by  a 
fire  pump  of  proper  size. 


122  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

13.  Steam  Pistons. 

a.  May  be  either  built  up  or  solid,  as  maker  thinks  best. 

It  is  believed  that  "  solid "  (cored)  pistons  with  rings 
"sprung  in,"  are  for  fire-pumps  much  preferable  to  built- 
up  pistons,  since  follower  bolts  do  sometimes  get  loose. 

&.  Piston  must  be  not  less  than  four  inches  thick  between 
faces.  If  solid,  walls  should  be  not  less  than  %  inch  thick, 
and  special  care  should  be  given  to  shop  inspection  to 
determine  uniformity  of  thickness. 

c.  If  built-up  pistons  are  used,  involving  follower  bolts, 
such   bolts   must   be   of   best   machinery   steel,   with    screw 
thread  cut  for  about  twice  the  diameter  of  the  bolt  and 
fitting  tightly  its  whole  length. 

d.  The  width  of  each  piston  ring  must  exceed  the  length 
of  the  large  exhaust  port  by  at  least  5  inch. 

This  is  to  avoid  the  possibility  of  piston  ring  catching  in 
the  port. 
See  also  Art.  11,  d. 

14.  Steam  Slide  Valves. 

a.  Slide  valves  must  be  machine  fitted  on  all  four  of  the 
outer  edges,  the  exhaust  port  edges,  and  the  surfaces  in 
contact  with  rod  connections. 

&.  The  slide  valve  itself  must  have  its  steam  and  exhaust 
edges  fitted  up  "line  and  line"  with  their  respective  steam 
and  exhaust  ports. 

The  adding  of  lap  to  these  edges  in  lieu  of  lost  motion 
is  not  acceptable  further  than  a  possible  1/32  of  an  inch  to 
cover  inaccuracies  of  edges. 

c.  The  valves  must  be  guided  laterally  by  guide  strips  cast 
in  steam  chest,  and  these  strips  must  be  machine  fitted.  The 
lateral  play  at  these  surfaces  should  not  exceed  1/16  inch. 
The  height  of  these  guide  strips  should  not  be  less  than  £ 
inch,  measuring  from  valve  seat. 

The  construction  must  be  such  as  to  absolutely  preclude 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS.  123 

the  possibility  of  the  valve  riding  up  on  top  of  this  guide 
strip. 

d.  The  valves  must  be  guided  vertically  by  the  valve-rod 
itself,  the  inside  end  of  which  must  be  kept  in  alignment 
by  the  usual  form  of  tail-rod  guide. 

The  vertical  play  at  these  parts  should  not  exceed  £  of 
an  inch. 

e.  The  surface  of  valves  must  be  machine  faced  and  accu- 
rately fitted  to  a  plane  surface,  and  be  steam-tight  when  in 
contact  with  the  seat  of  steam  valve. 

15.     Steam  Slide  Valve  Adjustment. 

a.  The  lost  motion  at  the  valves  and  the  setting  of  them 
must  be  determined  by  a  solid  hub  on  the  rod,  finished  in  the 
pump  shop  to  standard  dimensions,  so  that  no  adjustment 
is  possible  after  the  pump  is  once  set  up. 

This  hub  may  be  forged  on  the  rod  and  then  lathe-finished 
to  standard  dimensions,  or  it  may  be  made  by  turning  down 
a  rod  of  the  size  of  the  hub.  It  is  believed  that  Tobin 
bronze  can  be  safely  forged  after  a  little  experience,  if  care 
is  taken  to  maintain  the  proper  heat. 

It  is  recognized  that  the  practice  of  making  adjustable 
valve  tappets  located  outside  of  the  steam  ches';  is  a  good 
thing  in  a  large  pump  in  constant  service  and  operated  by  a 
skilled  engineer,  but  for  the  infrequently  used  ordinary  fire 
pump,  the  utmost  simplicity  is  desirable,  and  it  is  best  not  to 
tempt  the  ordinary  man  to  readjust  the  valve  gear. 

The  common  form  of  lost  motion  adjustment  consisting 
of  nut  and  check  nut  at  each  end  of  the  slide  valve  is  not 
acceptable,  as  these  nuts  are  liable  to  become  loose  and  may 
be  incorrectly  reset  by  incompetent  persons.  A  long,  rect- 
angular nut  in  the  center  of  the  valve  is  also  not  acceptable, 
as  it  can  be  moved  out  of  adjustment.  A  solid  hub  made 
as  a  part  of  the  rod  is  required,  as  it  absolutely  avoids  the 
possibility  of  the  hub  becoming  loose,  an  accident  possible 
with  a  separate  hub  attached  to  the  rod. 

The  amount  of  lost  motion  should  generally  be  such  that 
admission  takes  place  at  about  %  of  the  stroke  of  the  piston, 
i.  e.,  for  12-inch  stroke  R.  H.  valve  will  be  about  to  open 
when  L.  H.  piston  has  moved  7%  inches  to  8  inches  from 
the  beginning  of  stroke.  When  piston  is  at  end  cf  stroke 
the  ports  should  be  full  open. 


124  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

16.  EocTc  Shafts,  Cranks,  Links,  Etc. 

a.  Rock  shafts  must  be  either  forged  iron,  forged  steel, 
or  cold  rolled  steel.  Cast-iron  is  not  acceptable.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  minimum  diameters  acceptable: 

500  gallon  pump li  in. 

750  gallon  pump If  in. 

1000  gallon  pump 2  in. 

1500  gallon  pump 2  to  2%  in. 

6.  The  rock  shaft  bearings  must  be  bushed  with  bronze  and 
the  bushings  pinned  firmly  in  place.  The  length  of  each  of 
these  non-corrosive  bearings  must  be  not  less  than  4  inches. 

c.  Rock  shaft  cranks,  valve  rod  heads,  valve  rod  links,  and 
piston  rod  spools  or  crossheads  may  be  wrought  iron  or  steel 
forgings,  or  steel  castings.     If  of  a  heavy,  strong  pattern, 
these  parts,  with  the  exception  of  valve  rod  links,  may  be  of 
semi-steel  or  cast  iron. 

d.  The    sectional    area    of    all    connections    between    rock 
shaft  cranks  and  valve  rod  must  be  such  as  to  give  a  tensile 
or  compressive  strength  substantially  equal  to  that  of  the 
valve  rod. 

17.  Valve  Motion  Levers. 

a.  The  valve  motion  levers  must  be  steel,  wrought  iron, 
or  steel  castings.  Cast  iron  is  not  acceptable.  Steel  cast- 
ings, if  used,  must  be  deeply  stamped  with  the  name  of  the 
makers,  with  letters  one-eighth  inch  high,  near  the  upper 

end  of  each  lever,  where  it  can  easily  be  seen, — thus  " 

Steel  Castings." 

Cast-iron  arms,  if  bulky  enough  to  be  safe  against  exter- 
nal blows,  are  awkward  in  shape.  The  sectional  area  neces- 
sary for  any  arm  depends  upon  the  means  provided  for 
preventing  a  sidewise  strain  on  the  lever,  due  to  rotation  of 
piston  or  friction  of  its  connection  to  piston  rod.  The  spool 
or  crosshead  on  the  piston  rod  should  be  so  designed  that  no 
sidewise  strain  can  be  thus  produced  in  the  lever. 

&.  The  levers  must  have  a  double  or  bifurcated  end  at 
crosshead* 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


125 


The  double  end  is  less  likely  than  a  single  end  to  put  an 
undue  strain  on  the  lever  as  the  rod  turns,  and  is  also  less 
likely  to  give  trouble  from  lack  of  lubrication  or  from  a  loos- 
ening of  any  small  parts,  and  has  proved  to  be  the  most 
satisfactory  arrangement. 

18.  Valve  Motion  Stand. 

a.  The  valve  motion  stand  must  be  securely  dowel-pinned 
to  the  yoke  castings,  to  prevent  any  movement  after  once 
adjusted. 

19.  Cushion  Valves. 

a.  Cushion-release  valves  regulating  the  amount  of  cushion 
steam  retained  at  ends  of  stroke  must  be  provided. 

'b.  The  cushion  release  must  be  through  an  independent 
port  as  shown  in  Pigs.  2  and  3,  so  located  as  to  positively 
retain  a  certain  amount  of  cushion  steam. 


FIG.   2 


FIG.  3 


The  old  form  of  cushion  release  through  bridge  between 
ports  is  not  acceptable.  This  form,  while  leading  into  the 
exhaust  passage  as  formerly,  differs  by  starting  from  a 
small,  independent  port  (about  %  inch  wide  x  21/£  inches 
long)  through  the  cylinder  wall,  located  about  %  or  %  inch 
back  from  the  cylinder  head.  (The  exact  position  for 
affording  the  best  action  has  to  be  determined  by  experi- 
ment with  each  different  make  of  pump,  as  it  depends  some- 
what on  the  extent  of  clearance  space  and  on  the  point  of 
closure  of  exhaust  by  piston  and  somewhat  on  the  weight  of 
reciprocating  parts.) 

This  style  of  cushion  port  makes  the  pump  safer  in  case 


126 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


cushion  valves  are  unskillfully  left  open  too  wide  and  tends 
to  prevent  a  pump  from  pounding  itself  to  pieces  in  case  of 
a  sudden  release  of  load,  as  by  a  break  in  suction  or  deliv- 
ery mains,  or  by  a  temporary  admission  of  air  to  suction 
pipe. 

Pumps  made  with  this  form  of  cushion  release  have  given 
very  satisfactory  results,  and  if  the  ports  are  properly 
located  there  will  be  no  rebound  of  piston. 

c.  Cushion  valves  must  be  al- 
ways provided  with  hand-wheels 
marked  as  per  sketch,  for  the  rea- 
son that  very  few  men  in  charge 
of  fire  pumps  are  found  to  clearly 
understand  or  to  remember  their 
use. 

The  lettering  must  be  very  open, 
clear  and  distinct,  not  liable  to  be 
obscured  by  grease  and  dirt,  and 
of  a  permanent  character. 

It  is  desirable  that  spindle  or  wheel  be  so  formed  that  a 
monkey  wrench  can  get  a  grip  to  open  a  jammed  valve.  Fig. 
5  shows  the  stem  flattened  for  this  purpose. 


FIG.  4 


FIG.  5 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


127 


d.  The  valve  and  stem  of  cushion  valve  must  be  in  one 
piece  without  any  swivel  joint. 

Swivel  joints  are  apt  to  come  apart  and  make  it  impossible 
to  operate  the  valve. 

20.     Piston  Eods. 

a.  Piston  rods  for  their  entire  length  must  be  of  solid 
Tobin  bronze,  and  the  distinguishing  brand  of  the  manu- 
facturers of  this  metal  must  be  visible  on  at  least  one  end 
of  each  rod. 

&.  The  sizes  must  be  not  less  than  in  table  below. 


Size  of  Pump. 

500  Gal. 

750  Gal. 

1,000  Gal. 

1,500  Gal. 

Diameter  of  rod.  .  .  . 

2  Inch. 

2#  Inch. 

2^  Inch. 

2^  Inch. 

c.  The   size    and   form    of    connection    of    rod    to    piston 
plunger  and  cross-head  must  be  such  that  the  "stress  in  pounds 
per  square  inch  at  bottom  of  screw  thread,  or  at  such  other 
point  of  reduced  area  as  receives  the  highest  tensile  strain, 
shall  not  exceed  8,000  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  when  the  steam 
pressure  acting  on  the  piston  is  80  Ibs.  per  square  inch. 

d.  Piston  rod  nuts,  in  both  steam  and  water  ends,  must 
be   tightly   fitted,    and   preferably   of   a   finer   thread   than 
the  United  States  Standard.     This  is  to  avoid  as  much  as 
possible  the  unnecessary  weakening  of  the  rod  at  the  bottom 
of  the  thread,   and  to   reduce  the   tendency  of  the  nut   to 
work  loose. 

In  practice  8  threads  per  inch  has  been  found  to  give  good 
satisfaction. 

e.  In  addition  to  a  tightly  fitting  nut,  some  reliable  device 
must  be  provided,  in  both  steam  and  water  ends,  for  abso- 
lutely preventing  these  nuts  from  working  off. 


128 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


Fig.  6  shows  one  form  of  such  a  locking  device  and  illus- 
trates the  kind  of  security  desired. 


FIG.  6 


This  device  combines  the  advantage  of  a  taper  key  and  a 
split  pin,  and  the  elongated  key-slot  gives  sufficient  leeway 
to  always  insure  that  the  key  can  be  driven  up  tight  against 
the  nut  and  thus  prevent  it  from  even  starting  to  work  off. 
Other  methods  will  be  approved  in  writing,  if  found 
satisfactory. 

21.     Valve  Rods. 

a.  Valve  Eods  for  their  entire  length  must  be  of  solid 
Tobin  Bronze,  with  sizes  not  less  than  in  table  below. 


Size  of  Pump. 

500  Gal. 

750  Gal. 

Diameter  of  rod.  .  .  . 

1  Inch. 

1#  Inch. 

1,000  Gal.    1,500  Gal. 


Inch. 


Inch. 


&.  The  net  area  of  valve-rod  at  its  smallest  section  subject 
to  tensile  stress,  must  not  be  smaller  than  at  bottom  of 
U.  S.  standard  screw  thread  on  rod  of  diameter  given 
above. 

The  construction  of  this  rod  as  affecting  lost  motion  at 
slide  valve  is  specified  under  Article  15. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  129 

22.  Stuffing  Boxes. 

a.  All  six  stuffing  boxes  must  be 
bushed  at  the  bottom  with  a  brass 
ring  with  suitable  neck  and  flange, 
and  the  follower  or  gland  must  be 
either  of  solid  brass,  or  be  lined  with 
a  brass  shell  3/16-inch  thick,  having 
a  flange  next  the  packing,  as  shown  YIG.  7 

in  the  sketch. 

The  bottom  of  stuffing  boxes  and  the  end  of  glands 
should  taper  slightly  towards  the  center  as  per  sketch. 

&.  These  glands  should  be  strong  enough  to  withstand 
considerable  abuse,  so  as  not  to  break  from  the  unfair 
treatment  of  unskilled  men. 

23.  Pressure  Gage. 

a.  A  pressure  gage  of  the  Lane  double  tube  spring  pat- 
tern with  5-inch  case  must  be  provided  and  attached  to 
the  steam  chest  inside  the  throttle  valve. 

The  dial  of  gage  should  be  sealed  to  indicate  pressures 
up  to  120  Ibs.  and  be  marked  ' '  STEAM.  ' ' 

This  kind  of  gage  is  used  on  locomotives  and  is  the  best 
for  withstanding  the  vibration  which  causes  fire  pump 
gages  to  be  often  unreliable.  Moreover,  this  double  spring 
is  safer  against  freezing. 

24.  Drain   Cocks. 

a.  Four  brass  drain  cocks,  each  with  lever  handle  and  of 
one-half  inch  bore,  are  to  be  provided,  and  located  one  on 
each  end  of  each  steam  cylinder. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  select  a  pattern  of  cock  whose 
passageway  is  the  full  equivalent  of  a  ^-inch  hole.  Some 
patterns  of  %-inch  commercial  cocks,  although  threaded  for 
%-inch  pipe  thread,  have  but  a  %-inch  hole  through  them. 
Such  are  not  acceptable. 

25.  Oiling  Devices. 

a.  A  one-pint  hand  oil  pump,  to  be  connected  below  the 
throttle,  and  a  one-pint  sight  feed  lubricator,  to  be  con- 
nected above  the  throttle,  must  be  furnished  with  each 
pump. 


130  NOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS. 

&.  Oiling  holes  must  be  provided  for  all  valve  motion 
pins,  and  for  each  end  of  both  rock  shafts. 

26.  Stroke  Gage. 

a.  A  length-of -stroke-index  must  be  provided  for  each  side 
of  pump.  These  must  be  of  simple  form  for  at  all  times 
rendering  obvious  the  exact  length  of  stroke  which  each 
piston  is  making,  and  thus  calling  attention  to  improper 
adjustments  of  cushion  valves  or  stuffing  boxes. 

Z>.  The  gage  piece  over  which  the  index  slides  must  have 
deep,  conspicuous  marks  at  ends  of  nominal  stroke,  and 
also  light  marks  at  extreme  positions;  it  need  contain  no 
other  graduations. 

c.  This  stroke  index  must  be  rigidly  secured  to  cross-head 
in  such  a  way  that  it  cannot  get  loose  or  out  of  adjustment. 

THE  WATER    END. 

27.  Water  Cylinders. 

a.  These  must  be  of  hard,  close  iron  with  metal  so  dis- 
tributed as  to  ensure  sound  castings,  and  freedom  from 
shrink  cracks. 

&.  The  design  should  be  along  lines  best  calculated  to 
resist  internal  pressures  so  as  to  avoid  as  much  as  possible 
the  need  of  ribs  for  stiffening. 

c.  They  must  be  capable  of  withstanding,  without  showing 
signs  of  weakness,  the  pressures  and  shocks  due  to  running 
under  the  conditions  mentioned  in  Chapter  "  Tests  for 
Acceptance/'  Art.  48-54. 

The  suction  chamber  should  be  able  to  withstand  a  water 
pressure  of  100  Ibs. 

Although  suction  chambers  are  not  regularly  subject  to 
a  pressure,  it  is  sometimes  desired  to  connect  them  to  public 
water  supplies,  and  where  foot  valves  are  used  there  is  a 
chance  of  getting  pressure  on  the  suction,  so  that  ample 
strength  is  necessary. 

Foundry  finish  may  be  permitted  on  the  joints  at  water 
cylinder  heads  and  at  hand-pole  plates,  provided  surfaces 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


131 


are  so  true  that  a  rubber  packing  not  over  l/lt>  of  an  inch 
in  thickness  is  sufficient  to  secure  perfect  tightness. 

d.  Conveniently  placed  hand-holes  of  liberal  size  must  be 
provided  for  the  ready  examination  and  renewal  of  valve 
parts  at  the  yoke  end  of  water  cylinders  and  in  the  delivery 
chamber. 

This  will  necessitate  holes  not  less  than  6x8  inches,  or  its 
equivalent,  for  the  two  largest-size  pumps,  and  holes  propor- 
tionately as  large  for  the  500  and  750-gallon  pumps.  The 
easy  access  to  the  valve  parts  is  of  vital  importance,  and 
must  receive  careful  attention. 

e.  The  thickness  of  metal  for  cylinder  shell,  valve  decks, 
partitions,  ribs,  etc.,  will  depend  largely  upon  the  form  of 
construction,  but,  in  a  general  way,  to  establish  safe  mini- 
mums  for  the  average  water  cylinder,  of  nearly  cylindrical 
form,  whose  flat  surfaces  are  stiffly  ribbed,  we  submit  the 
table  below. 


Size  of 

Pump. 

1 

500  Gal. 

750  Gal. 

1,000  Gal. 

1,500  Gal. 

Thickness 

| 
of   cylin- 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

der  shell  when  of| 
nearly  cylindrical  j 
form 

Thickness  of  valve 
decks  when  well 
ribbed 

Thickness  transverse 
partition,  depend- 
ing on  ribbing  . . . 

Thickness  of  longi- 
tudinal partition, 
depending  on  rib- 
bing   

Thickness  of  ribs.  . . 

Thickness  of  suction 
chamber 

Thickness  of  deliv- 
ery chamber 


IX 


to 


tol# 


{IK  to  2 


>1# 


to  2 


X 
1 


to  2 


1#  to  2 


132  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

Lighter  construction  than  herein  specified  will  not  be 
regarded  as  satisfactory,  and  any  construction  will  be  finally 
passed  upon  on  examination  of  drawings. 

f.  The  bolting  of  all  parts  of  the  water  end  is  to  be  of 
such  strength  that  the  maximum  stress  at  bottom  of  screw 
thread  will  not  exceed  10,000  Ibs.  per  square  inch    (disre- 
garding for  the  moment  the  initial  stress  due  setting  up  nuts) 
for  a  water  pressure  of  200  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  computed 
on  an  area  out  to  center  line  of  bolts. 

No  stud  or  bolt  smaller  than  f-inch  should  be  used  to 
assemble  parts  subject  to  the  strain  of  water  pressure,  as 
smaller  bolts  are  likely  to  be  twisted  off. 

Although  these  pumps  are  not  expected  to  be  designed 
for  a  regular  working  water-pressure  of  240  or  320  Ibs.,  it 
is  expected  that  bolts,  shells,  rods,  etc.,  will  be  figured  to 
stand  this  comparatively  quiet,  temporary  high  pressure, 
exclusive  of  further  allowance  for  initial  strain  due  setting 
up  of  bolts,  with  a  factor  of  safety  of  at  least  four. 

This  high  test  pressure  is  analogous  to  the  custom  of 
proving  all  common  cast-iron  water  pipes  to  300  Ibs.  and  all 
common  lap-welded  steam  pipes  to  500  Ibs.  per  square  inch, 
and  common  water-works  gate  valves  to  400  Ibs.,  even  though 
these  are  to  be  regularly  used  at  much  less  pressure. 

We  are  assured  that  castings  no  heavier  than  at  present 
used  by  the  best  makers  will  stand  this  test,  if  properly 
shaped  and  liberally  bolted. 

g.  For  requirements  for  stuffing  boxes,  see  Art.  22. 

28.     Water  Plungers  and  Bushings. 

a.  The  "inside  plunger  and  bushing "  is  preferred  for  all 
situations  where  the  water  is  free  from  grit  or  mud. 

6.  Water  plungers  must  be  of  solid  brass  or  bronze,  and 
the  bushing  in  which  they  slide  must  also  be  of  brass  or 
bronze.  The  composition  of  the  plunger  and  its  bushing 
should  be  of  very  hard,  though  dissimilar  alloys,  to  ensure 
good  wearing  qualities. 

For  material  and  size  of  piston  rods  and  lock  for  nuts, 
see  Art.  20. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  133 

With  poor  alignment  or  bad  workmanship  or  lack  of  skill 
in  mixing  the  alloys,  brass  plungers  are  liable  to  score  and 
give  trouble;  but  with  proper  selection  of  alloys  and  true 
cylinders  accurately  aligned,  they  can  be  made  to  run  all 
right  wherever  iron  ones  can.  It  is  quite  a  fine  point  to  get 
these  wearing  surfaces  just  right;  and  this  is  wherein  the 
experience,  skill  and  shop  practice  of  one  maker  is  likely 
to  be  much  superior  to  that  of  another  working  under  the 
same  specification. 

c.  The  length  of  machined  cylindrical  bearing  within  the 
partition  must  be  not  less  than  2  inches.     The  plunger  bush- 
ing must  have  a  faced  seat  transverse  to  its  axis  against 
partition,  forming  a  water-tight  ground  joint  not  less  than 
one-half  inch  wide. 

Any  rubber  gasket  or  other  compressible  packing  for 
making  this  joint  water-tight  is  not  acceptable. 

d.  The  construction  of  bushing  and  hole  in  partition  must 
be  such  that  a  cylindrical  shell  for  use  with  a  packed  piston 
can  be  interchangeably  inserted  in  its  place  and  secured  by 
the  same  bolts. 

This  can  readily  be  arranged  and  enables  a  packed  piston 
to  be  inserted  in  place  of  a  plunger  subsequent  to  the  in- 
stallation of  the  pump  with  a  minimum  of  expense,  should 
this  become  desirable  from  change  of  conditions  at  any 
future  time. 

e.  Small  transverse  grooves  cut  within  the  sliding  surface 
of  the  plunger  bushing,  with  a  view  to  lessen  the  leakage, 
are  not  acceptable. 

Although  a  slight  advantage  in  this  respect  for  clean 
water,  they  are  a  disadvantage  on  the  whole,  as  dirt  catches 
in  them  in  the  ordinary  situation  and  cuts  the  plungers. 

29.  Standard  Dimensions  of  Plungers  and  Plunger  Bushings, 
a.  To  bring  all  these  expensive  parts  to  the  same  standard 
of  weight  and  bearing  surface,  the  following  dimensions  are 
specified  as  the  least  that  will  be  acceptable.  These  are 
based  on  a  length  of  plunger  which  uncovers  the  bushings 
one  inch  at  end  of  nominal  stroke, 


134  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

SOLID   BRONZE  PLUNGERS   AND   BUSHINGS. 


Size  of  Pump. 

500  Gal. 

750  Gal. 

1,000  Gal. 

1,500 
Gal. 

Plunger. 
Diameter  

7  or  7^  -in. 

9-in. 

I0orl0^-in. 

12-in 

Length  

17-in. 

17    " 

18-in. 

24    " 

Thickness  of  trans- 
verse petition  .  . 
Thickness  next  to 
partition  

#    " 
V2     " 

H  " 

SA   " 

X    " 
M    " 

^    " 

K   " 

Thickness  next  to 
end 

5/16    " 

3A   " 

3/&      «— 

X  " 

Number  of  ribs  . 
Thickness  of  ribs. 

Bushing. 

Length  

4    " 
5/16    " 

7    " 

4    " 
5/16" 

7    " 

6    « 
H    " 

8    <£ 

6    " 

y*  " 

10    " 

Thickness  at  end  . 
Thence       tapered 
evenlytoathick- 
nessnexttobear- 
ing  of  not   less 
than  

5/16    " 

1A    " 

y*  » 

H  " 

H    gl 
^    " 

^  4< 
^  <f 

Thickness    at    the 
center     bearing 
not  less  than.  .  . 

X. 

X  " 

K    <l 

13/16" 

30.     Water  Pistons  and  Bushings. 

a.  The  " water  piston  with  fibrous  packing"  is  preferred 
for  many  situations  in  the  West  or  South,  or  for  water 
containing  grit  or  mud,  like  that  of  the  Ohio  Eiver;  and, 
for  the  comparatively  few  cases  where  pump  pressure  gov- 
ernors are  used,  the  packed  piston  will  give  better  service 
and  longer  wear. 

6.  The  removable  bushing  or  cylinder  in  which  this  piston 
works  must  be  of  solid  bronze. 

c.  As  stated  in  Art.  28  d,  this  bushing  should  be  so  con- 
structed as  to  be  readily  interchangeable  with  the  bushing 
of  the  inside  plunger  type. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


135 


d.  The  length  of  bushing  must  be  such  that  the  ends  of 
piston  will  barely  come  short  of  the  edges  of  cylinder  at 
contact  stroke  and  not  uncover. 

e.  The  thickness  of  the  cylindrical  bushings  must  be  not 
less  than  as  given  in  the  following  table: 

BUSHINGS   FOR  PACKED  WATER   PISTONS. 


Size  of  Pump. 

500  Gal. 

750  Gal. 

1,000  Gal. 

1,500  Gal. 

Solid  Bronze. 

Thickness  at  ex- 
treme end  

7/16-in. 

>£  in. 

>£-in. 

9/16-in. 

Tapered  evenly 
from  end  to  a 
thickness  next  to 
bearing  of  not 
less  than  ...... 

9/16  " 

$A   " 

11/16   " 

*/    " 

Thickness  at  cen- 
ter bearing,  at 
least  

3/   " 

M'   " 

3/    " 

13/16   " 

f.  In  other  respects,  the  specifications  for  plunger  bushings, 
already  given  in  Art.  28,  will  apply  to  the  above. 

g.  The  water  piston  used  in  the  shell  described  above  must 
expose  not  less  than  2  inches  in  width  of  fibrous  packing,  and 
must  be  of  bronze,  with  disc  and  follower  accurately  turned  to 
a  sliding  fit,  so  that  the  leakage  past  it  will  be  a  minimum, 
even  when  no  fibrous  packing  is  in  place.     There  must  be 
at  least  2  inches  in  length  of  metallic  bearing  on  both  disc 
and  follower. 

The  follower  must  be  accurately  centered  and  fitted  to  hub 
of  piston,  so  that  alignment  will  not  be  disturbed  if  taken 
apart. 

h.  The  water  piston  must  be  of  simple  and  strong  con- 
struction, with  follower  bolts  tightly  fitted,  and  with  fibrous 
packing  so  cut  as  to  prevent  by-passing. 


136  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

i.  All  materials  used  in  construction  of  piston,  except 
packing,  must  be  brass,  bronze  or  other  non-corrosive  metal. 

./.  Bushing  studs  must  be  of  Tobin  Bronze,  and  of  such 
size  and  number  that  the  maximum  stress  at  the  bottom  of 
the  screw  thread  shall  not  exceed  10;000  Ibs.  per  square 
inch,  in  the  event  of  plunger  becoming  fast  in  the  bushing 
with  80  Ibs.  of  steam  in  the  steam  cylinders. 

Tc.  For  each  bushing  stud  there  must  be  provided  a  compo- 
sition nut  and  check  nut. 

I.  All  minor  parts  exposed  to  the  action  of  water  in  water 
cylinder,  that  are  not  herein  specified,  must  be  of  brass, 
bronze  or  other  non-corrosive  material. 

31.     Pump  Valves. 

a.  All  the  suction  and  discharge  valves  in  any  one  pump 
must  be  of  the  same  size  and  interchangeable. 

&.  There  must  be  a  clear  space  around  each  rubber  valve, 
between  it  and  the  nearest  valve,  equal  to  at  least  one- 
fourth  of  the  diameter  of  the  valve,  or  between  it  and  the 
wall  of  the  chamber  of  at  least  one-eighth  of  the  diameter 
of  the  valve. 

c.  These  valves  must  be  of  the  very  best  quality  of  rubber, 
of  medium  temper,  with  a  face  as  soft  as  good  wearing 
quality  will  permit. 

They  must  be  double-faced,  so  they  can  be  reversed  when 
one  face  is  worn. 

The  quality  of  rubber  is  almost  impossible  of  determina- 
tion by  brief  inspecton  or  by  chemical  analysis.  The  rela- 
tive amount  of  pure  gum  and  of  cheaper  composition  may 
vary,  or  good  material  may  be  injured  by  defective  vulcan- 
ization. The  only  safe  way  to  secure  excellence  and  uni- 
formity is  for  the  pump  manufacturer  to  test  samples  of 
each  new  lot  under  severe  duty  (as  by  a  week's  run  in  a 
small  special  pump,  with  say,  150  pounds  pressure  and  heavy 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  137 

water  hammer,  or  by  some  equivalent  means)  and  to  further- 
more require  the  rubber  manufacturer  to  mould  a  date  mark 
as  "  (Name  of  pump  manufacturer,  lot  201 — April  3, 
1904) ' '  on  the  edge  of  every  valve,  by  which  the  pump 
manufacturer  can  keep  track  of  those  which  prove  defective. 

32.     Size  and  Number  of  Pump-Valves. 

a.  The  diameter  of  the  disc  of  rubber  forming  the  valve 
must  not  be  greater  than  4  inches  or  less  than  3  inches. 
Three  and  a  half  inches  diameter  is  probably  the  most  favor- 
able size,  but  is  not  insisted  upon. 

There  is  some  confusion  between  different  shops  about 
designating  size  of  valves.  The  practice  is  here  adopted, 
which  is  much  the  most  widely  used,  of  naming  the  diameter 
of  the  disc  of  rubber  which  covers  the  ports,  and  it  is  hereby 
specified  that  this  shall  be  about  %  inch  greater  than  the 
diameter  of  the  valve-port  circle  which  it  covers,  thus  afford- 
ing about  %  inch  over-lap  or  bearing  for  the  rubber  disc  all 
around  its  edge. 

If  valves  are  larger  than  4-inch  there  is  an  increased  ten- 
dency to  valve-slam  at  the  very  high  speed  at  -which  the  pump 
is  designed  to  run,  and  if  valves  are  smaller  than  3  inches 
diameter  the  greater  number  tends  to  unnecessary  multipli- 
cation of  parts,  and  the  ports  being  so  small  are  a  little  more 
liable  to  become  obstructed  by  rubbish. 

&.  The  thickness  of  the  rubber  valve  must  in  no  cases  be 
less  than  f-inch. 

33.     Suction  Valve  Area. 

a.  The  total  lift  of  suction  valves  must  not  exceed  i-inch. 


138 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


&.  The  net  suction  valve  port  area  and  the  total  suction 
valve  outlet  area  under  valves  lifted  \  inch  high  must  not  be 
smaller  than  the  figures  given  in  the  table  below: 


^ 

* 

** 

Approx. 

giSb     j    ^^ 

<u 

P, 

actual  max. 

tn  ,C     tJO                       ^  -£j 

I 

02 

Piston 

.        S               i          ^'^ 

.2 
.5 

| 

J3 

1 

velocity  at 
full  speed, 
per  column 

a"^ 

<u  cT° 

II 

00 

<u 

u 

1 

s 

(3)  x  2.2. 

K?    Cfl                                 ^ 

1 

»-• 

be 

>  $  <u 

C      _; 

^ 

0 

55 

I. 

6 

1 

0 

£ 

§Sij 

.2  oj.&c 

CO 

'o 

i 
i 

Greatest 
minute. 

Correspol 
per  minute 

1 
A 

Feet  per  < 

IIs 

O  W  ^ 

Discharge 

3 

8 

B              S 

@ 

S 

£       |      § 

12 

70        140 

308 

5.1 

56% 

56% 

Suction 

16 

60 

160  ft. 

352 

5.9 

64% 

-  - 

64% 

Valve. 
Area 

By  ' ' valve-outlet  area/'  we  mean  the  vertical  cylindrical 
surface  over  the  outer  edge  of  the  valve  ports,  i.  e.,  the  dis- 
tance L  multiplied  by  the  circumference  at  the  outer  edge 
of  the  valve  ports  C.  Thus  for  a  4-inch  valve,  with  ports 
inscribed  in  a  3% -inch  circle,  whose  circumference  is 
3.5x3.1416=11  inches;  the  valve  li outlet  area"  for  %-inch 
lift  would  be  5^  inches. 

The  actual  velocity  of  piston 
during  the  middle  portion  of 
stroke  is  from  2.0  to  2.4 
(average  2.2)  times  as  great  as 
the  piston  travel  per  minute 
(as  determined  in  experiments 
by  Mr.  J.  E.  Freeman  on  sev- 
eral duplex  pumps  of  different 
manufacture).  This  is  because 
each  piston  stands  still  nearly 
half  the  time,  or  while  its  mate 
is  working,  and,  moreover, 
moves  more  slowly  near  start 
and  finish  of  stroke.  The  words  FIG.  8 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  139 

"piston  speed "  are  commonly  incorrectly  used,  and  refer  to 
"piston  travel."  A  clear  understanding  that  the  actual 
piston  speed  is  more  than  twice  as  great  leads  to  more 
generous  valve  design. 

Large  aggregate  valve  areas  are  necessary  for  pumps 
designed  to  run  as  fast  as  these,  and  experience  has  shown 
that  to  prevent  valve  slam  at  high  speed  and  to  accommodate 
high  suction  lifts,  it  is  just  as  important  to  have  a  large 
' i  valve  outlet  area "  as  to  have  a  large  area  of  valve  port. 

It  is  valve  slam  or  water  hammer  which  commonly  limits 
the  highest  speed  at  which  a  pump  can  be  run.  This  water 
hammer  may  originate  from  the  pulsations  in  a  long  or  small 
suction  pipe.  The  vacuum  chamber  lessens  it,  but  there  is 
commonly  some  point  of  high  water  in  the  vacuum  chamber 
that  will  give  much  smoother  action  than  any  other. 

Yalve  slam  in  this  style  of  pump  is  caused  chiefly  by  the 
short  rebound  of  the  steam  piston  against  the  elastic  steam 
cushion  at  the  end  of  the  stroke.  This  in  turn  snaps  the 
valves  down  with  a  jump  when  the  speed  is  high.  Dividing 
this  impact  or  slam  on  numerous  valves  of  low  lift,  tends 
to  break  up  and  lessen  the  shock,  therefore  with  valves  of 
the  siz-  and  style  used  in  fire  pumps,  other  things  being 
equal,  the  less  they  have  to  rise  and  drop  to  let  the  water 
through  them,  the  less  will  be  the  valve  slam.  This  height 
of  rise  and  drop  is  governed  by  the  circumference  rather 
than  the  port  area.  Experience  and  practice  has  shown  that 
a  V2-inch  limit  of  lift  is  reasonable  and  does  ensure  a  smooth 
working  pump  under  all  ordinary  conditions. 

c.  The  following  table  gives  minimums  for  aggregate 
valve  port  area  and  aggregate  valve  outlet  area  for  the  dif- 
ferent size  plungers,  figured  on  a  basis  of  56%  of  plunger 
area  for  a  12-inch  stroke,  and  64%  for  a  16-inch  stroke. 


140 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


Size  of  Pump. 

500  Gal. 

750  Gal. 

1,000  Gal. 

1,500  Gal. 

1 

Diameter  of  plunger. 
Inches  

7*/" 

9" 

10" 

12" 

2 

Area  of  plunger  in 
square  inches  .  .  . 

41.28 

63.62 

78.54 

113.10 

3 

56%  of  plunger  area, 
or  minimum  ag- 
gregate valve  port 
area  allowed  per 
section.  Square 
inches  

23.11 

35.63 

43.98 

64%  = 
72.38 

4 

Minimum  aggregate 
valve  port  circum- 
ference, allowed 
per  section.  Inches 

46.22 

71.26 

87.96 

144.76 

5 

Minimum  aggregate 
valve  outlet  area 
allowed  per  sec- 
tion for  valves  lift- 
ed ^-inch  high. 
Square  inches.  .  .  . 

23.11 

35.63 

43.98 

72.38 

d.  If  we  consider  using  any  one  of  the  three  sizes  of  valves 
below,  whose  port  areas  may  be  assumed  approximately  as 


.~.         ,T  ,              Diam.  of  Valve 
Diam.  Valve.             port  circ 

Circ.  of 
V.  C.  Circle. 

Valve  Port 
Area  (Net). 
Square  Inches. 

3"                        2^" 

7.85" 

3.5 

0^2                       3 

9.42" 

4.7 

4"                         3/^" 

10.99" 

6.3 

given,    then    the    necessary    number    of    valves   per    section 
will  be  as  in  the  table  following: 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


141 


Size  of  Pump. 

500  Gal. 

750  Gal. 

It 

3" 

MM)  Gal. 

1,500  Gal. 

Sizes  of  Valves. 

3" 

3'/2" 

4" 

3" 

3^" 

4" 

3^" 

4" 

8" 

w 

4" 

Necessary  number  of 
valves  to  satisfy 
(4)  under  c 

6 

5 

5 

9 

8 

7 

11 

10 

8 

19 

16 

14 

Necessary  number  of 
valves  to  satisfy 
(3)  under  c 

7 

5 

4 

10 

8 

6 

13 

10 

w 

1 

21 

16 

12 

The  exact  number  and  size  of  valves  will,  however,  not  be 
insisted  upon  provided  the  aggregate  valve  area  and  the 
aggregate  valve  outlet  area  for  each  section  is  not  less  than 
that  given  in  the  table  under  c  for  the  limiting  lift  of  3 
inch. 

Manufacturers  will  note  that  with  the  established  lift  of 
1/2  inch,  the  3% -inch  valve  will  permit  a  valve  outlet  area 
more  nearly  equal  to  its  port  area  than  will  either  the  3-inch 
or  4-inch  valves,  and  a  relatively  less  number  of  valves  will 
satisfy  the  specifications. 

34.     Delivery  Valves. 

a.  The  total  lift  of  delivery  valves  must  not  exceed  one- 
half  inch. 

This  is  to  avoid  valve-slam,  as  explained  in  Art.  33. 

&.  The  aggregate  valve-port  area  should  be  restricted  to 
about  two-thirds  the  suction-valve  area. 

A  small  restriction  of  water-way  through  the  delivery 
valves  steadies  the  action  of  the  pump  and  tends  to  prevent 
undue  pulsations  of  pressure  in  the  delivery  pipe  or  fire  hose. 
Fewer  delivery  valves  than  suction  valves  are,  therefore,  pre- 
ferred, and  if  extra  holes  in  the  delivery  deck  are  cast  for 
shop  purposes  these  had  better  be  plugged  than  fitted  with 
valves. 


142  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

The  suction  valves  require  more  generous  port-circumfer- 
ence and  port-area  than  delivery  valves,  because  when  a  pump 
has  to  suck  its  supply  through  a  considerable  height  or 
through  a  long  pipe  there  should  be  the  least  practicable 
waste  of  the  atmospheric  pressure  in  getting  the  water  into 
the  plunger  chamber,  or  in  retarding  it  from  following  the 
plunger  in  full  contact.  With  the  water  once  into  the 
plunger  chamber  there  is  plenty  of  steam  pressure  available 
to  force  it  out  through  the  delivery  valves. 

35.     Valve  Springs,  Guards  and  Covers. 

a.  All  valve  springs  must  be  of  the  best  spring  brass 
wire,  and  must  be  coiled  on  a  cylindrical  arbor. 

Conical  valve  springs  are  not  approved  because  the 
strain  is  not  uniform  throughout  spring,  thereby  increasing 
the  liability  to  breakage  and  the  chance  of  their  getting  out 
of  center  and  becoming  " hooked  up." 

&.  The  valve  spring  must  be  held  centrally  at  its  top  by 
resting  in  a  groove  in  valve  guard,  substantially  as  shown  in 
Fig.  9. 

c.  A  light,  rustless  metallic  plate  must  be  interposed  be- 
tween the  bottom  of  the  spring  and  the  rubber  valve,  and 
must  be  the  full  area  of  the  valve.     This  plate  must  also  be 
formed  with  a  raised  bead  to  guide  the  spring  at  the  bottom. 

The  weight  of  this  plate  should  be  small,  for  the  inertia 
of  the  lifting  parts  of  the  valves  should  be  the  least  possible, 
to  permit  quick  action  and  to  avoid  pounding. 

d.  For  the  average  condition  of  a  10  or  15-foot  lift,  the 
stiffness  of  suction  valve  springs  should  be  such  that  -a  force 
of  about  one  pound  per  square  inch  of  net  port  area  will  lift 
valve  £-inch  off  its  seat. 

The  springs  on  the  delivery  valves  should  ordinarily  be 
from  two  to  three  times  as  stiff  as  just  specified,  but  any 
other  reasonable  degree  of  stiffness  which  is  proved  to  work 
well  in  practice  will  not  be  objected  to. 

For  suction  under  a  head,  the  greater  snap  with  which 
water  enters  the  plunger  chamber  when  thus  pushed  in  by 
say  twice  the  atmospheric  pressure,  renders  it  difficult  to 
avoid  water  hammer  at  high  speed.  Extra  stiff  suction  valve 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  143 

springs  will  commonly  aid  in  controlling  this  and  should  be 
used  wherever  pumps  are  to  work  under  a  head. 

An  approved  type  of  indicator  water  gate  on  the  suction 
pipe  near  the  pump,  which  can  be  partly  closed,  will  enable 
the  pump  to  run  quietly  at  high  speed.  Such  a  gate  is  an 
extra  not  included  in  price  of  the  pump. 

36.  Sticking  of  Valves, 

a.  Steam  fire  pumps  should  be  started  to  limber  them  up 
at  least  once  a  week. 

Although  vulcanized  India-rubber  is  much  the  best  material 
yet  used  for  fire-pump  valves,  unfortunately  the  brass  is 
sometimes  corroded  by  the  free  sulphur  contained  in  the  rub- 
ber, so  that  if  the  pump  is  left  standing  for  several  weeks 
the  rubber  valve  discs  may  become  stuck  to  their  brass 
seats,  and,  if  suction  has  a  high  lift,  there  may  not  be 
vacuum  enough  to  tear  all  the  suction  valves  open  when  pump 
is  started. 

37.  Valve  Seats. 

a.  All  water  valve  seats  must  be  of  bronze  composition. 
They  may  be  either  screwed  into  the  deck  on  a  taper  or 
forced  in  on  a  smooth  taper  fit.  With  either  arrangement, 
the  seat  must  be  either  flanged  out  on  the  under  side  all  the 
wall  round  or  be  provided  with  a  substantial  lug  opposite 
each  rib,  these  lugs  being  expanded  out  after  the  valve  is 
inserted. 

If  the  valve  seats  are  not  expanded  after  being  put  in 
place,  there  is  a  possibility  that  now  and  then  a  valve  seat 
will  work  loose  and  come  out,  thus  crippling  the  pump. 

&.  The  under  side  of  the  valve  deck  must  be  rounded  over 
to  give  good  bearing  for  the  expanded  part  of  the  seat. 

c.  Three-inch  valves  must  have  four   or  five  ribs,   three- 
and-a-half -inch  valves  five  or  six  ribs,  and  four-inch  valves 
six  ribs. 

Enough  ribs  must  be  provided  to  give  proper  support  to 
the  rubber  valve,  but  too  many  are  objectionable,  as  small 
ports  would  be  liable  to  obstruction  by  refuse. 

d.  The  edges  of  the  valve-seat  ports  must  be  moderately 


144  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

rounded  over  to  remove  such  sharp  edges  and  points  as 
would  be  liable  to  cut  or  damage  the  rubber  valve  when 
under  pressure. 

38.     Valve  Sterns. 

a.  All  valve  stems  must  be  of  f-inch  Tobin  bronze  and 
of  the  fixed  type,  and  must  have  the  guard  fastened  on  by 
one  of  the  methods  shown  by  Figs.  9  and  10. 


FIG.  9  FIG.  10 

Other  methods  may  be  approved,  in  writing,  if  found  by 
test  and  experience  to  have  especial  merit. 

&.  These  stems  must  be  screwed  into  the  seats  on  a 
straight,  tightly  fitting  thread,  and  the  lower  end  then  well 
headed  over  into  a  countersink.  The  valve  guard  and  nut 
must  be  of  composition. 

In  Fig.  9  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  is  slabbed  off  on 
two  opposite  sides  and  fits  a  corresponding  hole  in  the  guard. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  145 

The  guard;  therefore,  cannot  turn  The  outside  of  the 
special  nut  is  fitted  on  a  taper  to  the  inside  of  the  guard, 
and  the  nut  tapped  out  to  fit  the  %  U.  S.  thread  on  the  stem. 

The  action  of  the  valve,  whether  with  the  spring  or  with- 
out, tends  to  drive  these  taper  fits  together,  producing  a 
frictional  lock  similar  to  that  of  a  friction  clutch;  and 
although  the  nut  may  be  loose  on  the  thread,  it  cannot  pos- 
sibly work  off. 

It  will  be  apparent  that  the  taper  fit  on  the  nut  must  be 
so  made  as  to  always  bear  on  the  taper  fit  in  the  guard,  and 
not  bottom  in  the  guard. 

It  is  believed  that  with  the  present  screw  machine  practice 
in  shops  of  to-day  these  small  parts  can  readily  be  turned 
out  accurately  and  cheaply  in  large  quantities.  The  nuts 
and  guards  made  in  any  one  shop  must  be  exactly  of  stand- 
ard dimensions,  so  that  the  product  of  different  periods  will 
be  interchangeable. 

The  taper  should  be  about  one  inch  to  one  foot.  With 
this  taper  the  nut  can  be  readily  turned  in  or  out,  but  there 
is  friction  enough  to  hold  the  guard  and  nut  together  even  if 
the  spring  is  off. 

In  Fig.  10  the  top  of  the  guard  is  recessed  in  the  form 
of  a  hollow  inverted  pryamid  of  six  sides,  to  correspond  to  a 
hexagonal  nut.  The  angle  of  two  opposite  sides  of  this 
recess,  which  should  be  about  75  degrees,  will  both  surely  lock 
the  nut  and  still  permit  of  its  being  turned  with  a  wrench. 

The  guard  is  kept  from  turning  by  slabbing  off  the  stem, 
in  the  same  manner  as  described  and  shown  in  Fig.  9. 

To  facilitate  the  removal  of  the  nut,  the  edges  should 
be  slightly  champfered.  An  unfinished  nut  simply  drilled 
and  tapped  is  all  that  is  desired.  Any  hexagonal  or  square 
nut  within  the  size  of  the  tapered  recess  will  be  locked. 

With  this  construction,  the  nut  cannot  turn  in  either  di- 
rection without  compressing  the  spring  and  is  therefore 
locked,  and  in  the  event  of  the  spring  breaking  or  being  left 
off,  the  nut  is  well  protected  in  its  recess  from  the  possible 
turning  effects  of  water  currents,  and  experiments  have 
shown  that  it  will  still  stay  in  place. 

With  machine  molding  it  will  be  possible  to  make  these 
guards  complete  in  foundry,  requiring  no  machine  work  fur- 
ther than  a  possible  broaching  out  of  hole  to  fit  the  stem, 
as  a  fairly  good  fit  is  necessary. 

While  both  of  these  devices  are  effective,  even  though  not 


146 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


tightened  down  to  a  shoulder,  they  should  be  so  tightened 
for  greater  safety  and  to  fix  the  lift  at  the  half -inch  limit. 

39.    Pipe  Sizes. 

a.  Water  and  steam  pipe  connections  must  have  standard 
flanges  to  connect  with  pipes  of  the  sizes  given  below. 


i 

Size  of  Pump.    ! 
Gals,  per  Min. 

Diameter  of 
Suction  Pipe. 
Inches. 

Diameter 
Discharge  Pipe 
Inches. 

Steam 
Pipe. 

Exhaust 
Pipe. 

500 

8 

6 

3 

4 

750 

10 

7  or  8*             3^ 

4 

1,000 

12 

8                 4 

5 

1,500 

14 

10                  5 

6 

*Eight-inch  preferred,  this  being  the  more  common  size 
for  valves,  fittings  and  pipes. 

These  suction  pipe  sizes,  although  larger  than  common  for 
trade  pumps  of  the  same  size,  are  believed  to  be  amply 
justified  by  experience,  and  exert  a  powerful  influence  to- 
ward enabling  the  pump  to  run  smoothly  at  high  speed  with 
water  cylinders  filling  perfectly  at  each  stroke.  No  defect 
is  more  common  than  restricted  suction  pipes. 

&.  A  single  suction  entrance  at  the  end  of  the  pump  is  to 
be  provided  unless  otherwise  specified  by  the  purchaser. 

Some  situations  render  desirable  side  suction  entrances, 
for  permitting  drafting  water  from  two  different  sources 
of  supply.  These  additional  openings  are  to  be  considered  as 
extras.  Ordinarily,  the  purchaser  can  provide  for  such  situa- 
tions by  proper  piping  at  the  single  end  suction  entrance. 

If  there  is  to  be  but  one  suction  opening  on  casting,  this 
had  best  be  at  centre,  for  the  reason  that,  if  suction  pipe 
ever  gets  to  leaking  air,  this  aid  stands  a  better  chance  of 
being  distributed  equally  to  the  two  plungers,  and  has  less 
tendency  to  make  the  pump  run  unevenly. 

c.  Standard  flanges  and  standard  bolt  layouts  as  adopted 
by  the  Master  Steam  Fitters,  July  18,  1894,  must  be  used 
on  all  the  above  pipe  connections,  as  per  table. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


147 


SCHEDULE  OF  STANDARD   FLANGES. 


Size  of  Pipe  x 
Diameter 

Diameter 
of  Bolt 

Number 
of 

Size  of 

Flange 
Thickness 

of  Flange. 

Circle. 

Bolts. 

Bolts. 

at  Kdge. 

Inches. 

Iiicnes. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

3x7^ 

6 

4 

#X2# 

13/16 

3^x    8/2 

7 

4 

^x2K 

% 

4x9 

1/2 

4 

^x2^ 

15/16 

4^x    9^ 

iy4 

8 

^x3 

15/16 

5      x  10 

sy2 

8 

^x3 

15/16 

6      x  11 

9^ 

8 

^x3 

1 

7      x  12^ 

10# 

8 

M'xSX 

1  1/16 

8      x!3^ 

11  % 

8 

^x3j^ 

1% 

9      x!5 

18* 

12 

M'xS^ 

iX 

10      x!6 

14X 

12 

^x3^ 

1  3/16 

12      x  19 

17 

12 

JfxW 

i^: 

14      x21 

183^ 

12 

1      x4X 

i^ 

Do  not  drill  bolt  holes  on  center  line,  but  symmetrically 
each  side  of  it. 

On  steam  and  exhaust  openings  loose  flanges  threaded  for 
wrought  iron  pipe  must  be  provided. 

Where  the  situation  will  not  permit  of  a  standard  flange 
on  exhaust  opening  for  lack  of  room,  a  special  flange  thread- 
ed to  fit  the  proper  size  wrought-iron  pipe  may  be  used. 

40.     Air  and  Vacuum  Chambers. 

a.  Air  and  vacuum  chambers  in  accordance  with  the 
sizes  given  in  the  following  table  must  be  provided  with  all 
pumps.  If  the  air  chamber  is  cast  iron,  the  pump  manu- 
facturers must  warrant  that  it  has  been  subjected  to  a 
hydraulic  test  of  400  Ibs.  per  square  inch  before  it  is  con- 
nected to  pump. 

It  is  to  be  thoroughly  painted  inside  and  out  to  diminish 
its  porosity. 


148  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

SIZE   OF  VACUUM  AND   AIR  CHAMBERS. 


Vacuum  Chamber 
is  to  contain  :  — 

Air  Chamber 
is  to  contain  :  — 

500-Gallon  Pump. 
750       " 
1,000       " 
1,500       " 

13  Gallons. 
18 
24 
30 

17  Gallons. 
25 
30 
40 

The  air  chamber,  combined  with  connections  for  discharge 
pipe,  relief  valve,  and  hose  valves,  should  be  carefully  de- 
signed to  make  the  whole  weight  as  small  as  possible.  Keep- 
ing this  weight  down  makes  the  pump  run  steadier  and  brings 
less  strain  on  the  flanges  at  high  speeds. 

An  air  chamber  of  hammered  copper  and  warranted  tested 
under  a  hydraulic  pressure  not  less  than  300  Ibs.  per  square 
inch  is  a  little  better  than  cast-iron,  as  it  holds  air  better, 
and,  being  lighter,  it  wrenches  and  strains  the  pump  less 
when  running  fast  and  shaking,  but  because  it  costs  from  $25 
to  $50  more  than  cast-iron,  it  is  not  often  adopted. 

&.  The  vacuum  chamber  must  be  attached  to  the  pump 
in  the  most  direct  way  practicable,  but  provision  must  be 
made  for  attaching  it  in  such  manner  as  not  to  prevent 
readily  taking  off  the  piston  heads. 

c.  Every  vacuum  chamber  should  be  provided  on  one  side 
near  the  top  with  a  ^-inch  pipe  tap  plugged.  This  to  be 
used  for  attaching  a  vacuum  gage  if  desired. 

41.     Pressure  Gage. 

a.  A  pressure  gage  of  the  Lane  double  tube  spring  pattern 
with  5-inch  case,  must  be  provided  with  the  pump,  and  con- 
nected near  to  inboard  side  of  air  chamber,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
12,  by  a  ^-inch  cock,  with  lever  handle. 

The  dial  of  this  gage  should  be  scaled  to  indicate  pressures 
up  to  240  Ibs.  and  be  marked  ' l  WATEK. ' ' 

This  kind  of  gage  is  used  on  locomotives  and  is  the  best 
for  withstanding  the  vibration,  which  causes  fire-pump 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  149 

gages  to  be  often  unreliable.     Moreover,  this  double  spring 
form  is  safer  against  freezing. 

42.  Hose  Valves. 

a.  Hose  valves  must  be  attached  to  the  pump  (and  included 
in  its  price)  as  follows: 

For  the  2  stream  or      500-gal.  pump,  2  hose  valves. 
For  the  3  stream  or      750-gal.  pump,  3  hose  valves. 
For  the  4  stream  or  1,000-gal.  pump,  4  hose  valves. 
For  the  6  stream  or  1,500-gal.  pump,  6  hose  valves. 
These  are  to  be  2  %  -inch  straightway  brass  valves,  with- 
out cap,  and  similar  and  equal  in  quality  to  those  made  by 
the  Chapman  Valve  Company,  the  Ludlow  Valve  Company, 
or  the  Lunkenheimer  Company. 

The  hose-screw  at  end  of  these  valves  is  to  be  fitted  to 
a  hose  coupling  furnished  by  the  customer,  or  where  this 
cannot  be  procured  may  be  left  with  the  thread  uncut. 

To  accommodate  locations  where  all  the  lines  of  hose  must 
lead  off  from  one  side  of  the  pump — makers  can  furnish  a 
spool  piece  or  special  casting  to  which  the  hose  valves  can 
be  attached — but  this  is  an  extra  not  included  in  the  regular 
price. 

43.  Safety  Valve. 

a.  A  safety  or  relief  valve  of  the  Ashton,  Crosby,  Ameri- 
can or  other  make  agreed  upon  in  writing  with  this  office,  is 
to  be  regularly  included  in  the  price,  and  is  to  be  attached 
to  each  pump;  preferably  extending  horizontally  inboard 
from  base  of  air  chamber,  as  shown  in  Fig.  12,  so  that  its 
hand-wheel  for  regulating  pressure  is  within  easy  reach. 
This  hand-wheel  must  be  marked  very  conspicuously,  as 
shown  in  sketch. 

&.  This  valve  is  to  be  set  ordinarily  at 
a  working  pressure  of  100  pounds  to  the 
square  inch,  and  is  to  be  of  such  ca- 
pacity that  when  set  at  100  pounds  it 
can  pass  all  the  water  discharged  by  the 
pump  at  full  speed;  at  a  pump  pressure 
not  exceeding  125  pounds  per  square 
inch.  FIG.  11 


150 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


For      500-gallon   pump,   a   3     inch   valve. 
For      750-gallon  pump,        3^   inch  valve. 
For   1,000-gallon  pump,        4     inch   valve. 
For   1,500-gallon   pump,   a   5'     inch  valve. 
The  relief  valve  must  discharge  in  a  vertical  downward 
direction  into  a  cone  or  funnel  secured  to  the  outlet  of  the 
valve.     (See  Art.  44.) 

The  valve  must  be  so  attached  to  the  delivery  elbow  and 
discharge   cone  by  flange  connections   as   to   permit   of  its 


FIG.  12 

ready   removal    for    repairs    without    disturbing    the    waste 
piping. 
44.     Discharge  Cone. 

a.  This  cone  should  be  so  constructed  that  the  pump  oper- 
ator can  easily  see  any  water  wasting  through  the  relief 
valve,  and  its  passages  should  be  of  such  design  and  size  as 
to  avoid  splashing  water  over  into  the  pump  room. 

&.  The  cone  must  also  have  a  one-inch  tapped  connection 
for  the  air  vent  pipe  required  by  Art.  45,  and  the  arrange- 
ment must  be  such  that  the  pump  operator  can  easily  tell 
whether  water  is  coming  from  the  air  pipe  or  is  wasting 
through  the  relief  valve. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


151 


c.  The  cone  should  be  piped  to  some  point  outside  of  the 
pump  house  where  water  can  be  wasted  freely,  the  waste 
pipes  being  as  below. 


Size  of  Pump. 


500-Gallon. 

750  " 
1,000  " 
1,500  " 


Diameter  of  Waste  Pipe  from  Cone. 

5  Inches. 
6 

7 

8       " 


The  waste  pipe  can  pass  down  to  floor  between  the  yokes 
at  middle  of  pump.  It  should  be  piped  in  such  a  way  that 
steam  and  gases  from  other  drains  or  waste  pipes  will  not 
work  back  through  it,  and,  by  being  troublesome  in  the 
pump  room,  suggest  the  covering  of  the  cone  in  any  way, 
as  it  is  desirable  that  the  pump  operator  should  always  be 
able  to  see  instantly  any  waste  from  the  relief  valve  or  air 
vent. 

This   cast-iron   cone,   connected   to   the   safety   valve   and 
air  vent,  is  included  in  price  of  pump,  but  the  waste  pipe 
beyond  it  is  not. 
45.     Air*  Valve. 

a.  An  air  vent  with  a  brass  gate  valve  and  brass  pipe  for 
connecting  up  must  be  provided  and  connected  with  delivery 
elbow  and  discharge  cone. 

&.  The  size  of  this  air  vent  should  be  one  inch  for  500- 
gallon  and  750-gallon  pumps,  and  one  and  one-fourth  inches 
for  the  1000-gallon  and  1500-gallon  sizes. 

c.  The  hand  wheel  of  this  valve 
must  be  marked  as  per  sketch.  The 
lettering  must  be  very  open,  clear 
and  distinct,  not  liable  to  be  ob- 
structed by  grease  and  dirt,  and  of  a 
permanent  character. 

The  object  of  this  valve  is  to  reduce 
the  pressure  above  force  valves  and 
secure  a  prompt  riddance  of  all  air 
that  may  come  through  the  water  cyl- 
inders when  first  starting  up. 


FIG.  13 


15'2 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


This  valve,  of  course,  should  be  closed  when  once  pump  is 
under  way,  to  prevent  waste  of  water. 
46.     Priming. 

a.  Each  pump  must  be  fitted  with  a  set  of  brass  priming 
pipes  and  valves,  according  to  either  one  or  the  other  of 
the  following  methods. 

&.  For  1,000  and  1,500  gallon  pumps,  the  priming  pipes 
must  be  li  inch.  For  the  500  and  750  gallon  pumps,  the 
pipes  must  be  1  inch.  Pump-makers  are  to  furnish  these 
pipes  and  the  fittings  called  for  below,  and  are  to  connect 
them  up  providing  a  2-inch  outlet,  looking  upwards,  ready 
for  the  supply  from  the  priming  tank. 

The  pipe  from  the  priming  tank  to  this  outlet  should 
be  at  least  2-inch,  and  may  be  of  iron,  and  is  to  be  furnished 


FIG.  14 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


by  the  purchaser.  All  parts  furnished  by  the  pump-maker 
are  to  be  of  brass,  and  are  to  be  included  in  the  price  of 
the  pump. 

Controllable  Valve  Arrangement. 

d.  Four  2-seat  controllable  valves,  one  for  each  pulsation 
chamber,  and  of  the  general  type  illustrated  in  Fig.  14,  must 
be  provided.  In  these  the  inlet  of  water  and  the  outlet  of  air 
are  simultaneously  opened  and  closed  by  the  pump  operator. 

Objection  has  been  raised  to  this  double-seated  valve  from 
the  possible  difficulty  of  keeping  both  seats  tight.  If  de- 
sired, the  valve  may  be  fitted  with  a  flange  instead  of  a 
screw  connection,  and  the  stem  between  the  two  seats  some- 
what enlarged  and  provided  with  a  suitable  spring,  thus 
giving  flexibility  between  the  two  seats  and  preventing  all 
trouble  from  uneven  wear. 

d.  The  hand-wheel  of  each  of  these 
valves  must  be  marked  as  per  sketch, 
so     that     the     pump     operator     may 
clearly    understand    their    use.      The 
lettering  must  be  very  open,  clear  and 
distinct,  not  liable  to  be  obscured  by 
grease  and  dirt,  and  of  a  permanent 
character. 

e.  There  must  be  provided   and  fitted  to   each   combined 
valve  a  check  and  umbrella-top  air  vent,  as  shown  in  Fig.  16. 
This  fitting  must  have  a  clear  passageway  through  it,  the 
full  equivalent  of  a  ^-inch  bore. 

The  check-valve  is  to  permit  the  outflow 
of  air,  but  to  prevent  the  influx  when  the 
plunger  is  sucking. 

This  method  is  preferred  to  the  one 
using  rubber  priming  checks,  as  now  and 
then  a  rubber  valve  will  stick  on  its  seat 
and  thus  prevent  priming  of  one  of  the 
chambers.  In  this  arrangement  the  pump 
operator  has  absolute  control  over  the 
priming  water  into  each  chamber.  An- 
other advantage  is  that  the  connection  of 
the  air-vent  with  the  priming  valve  ensures 
that  the  air-vents  will  be  opened;  and  fur- 
FIG.  16  ther,  by  the  vigorous  spurting  out  of  water 


FIG.  15 


154  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

with  the  priming  valve  ensures  that  the  air-vents  will  be 
as  soon  as  the  pump  is  primed,  the  pump  operator  is  reminded 
that  the  priming  valve  should  be  closed. 

Should  the  pump  operator,  however,  through  a  mistaken 
idea  of  the  proper  method  of  operation,  think  that  the  prim- 
ing should  be  continued  until  all  air  was  exhausted  from  the 
suction  pipe  and  the  pump  running  in  normal  condition,  there 
would  be  some  by-passing  between  chambers,  but  as  there 
is  a  free  vent  for  the  air,  the  main  result  would  be  simply 
to  limit  the  amount  of  air  exhausted  per  stroke,  from  the 
main  suction,  by  the  amount  of  water  which  entered  a 
chamber  in  this  way.  The  amount  of  water  thus  entering, 
however,  would  not  be  appreciably  greater  than  that  which 
would  enter  from  the  priming  tank  with  the  check-valve 
arrangement. 

If,  even  in  spite  of  the  warning  given  by  the  spurting 
air-vents,  the  pump  operator  should  neglect  to  close  the 
priming  valves  when  the  pump  was  running  normally,  the 
priming  tank  would  eventually  be  overflowed;  but  this  would 
not  be  as  serious  as  the  drawing  in  of  air  from  an  ex- 
hausted priming  tank,  which  would  result  with  the  check- 
valve  method,  were  the  main  2-inch  valve  similarly  neglected. 

Rubber  Check  Valves. 

f.  Four  rubber  check  valves,  one  for  each  pulsation  cham- 
ber, and  similar  to  ordinary  pump  valves,  must  be  provided. 
The  chambers  for  these  should  preferably  be  made  as   a 
part    of    the    pump    cylinder,    thus    securing    a    compact 
arrangement. 

Figure  12  shows  this  arrangement  in  outline. 

g.  The  valve  seat  should  have  three  ribs  to  the  central 
hub,  supporting  the  rubber  valve.     The  net  port  area  through 
the  valve  should  be  not  less  than  If  square  inches. 

This  valve  seat  should  rest  in  an  inverted  position,  and  can 
be  so  fitted  up  as  to  be  readily  removed.  The  valve  stems 
can  be  of  the  removable  type  screwing  into  the  seat,  but 
must  be  made  long  enough  to  receive  a  check  nut  on  the 
opposite  side  of  seat.  This  will  effectually  lock  the  stem 
in  place. 

h.  Care  must  be  taken  to  arrange  the  water  passages 
through  and  about  these  priming  checks,  so  as  to  avoid  all 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


155 


air  pockets  and  so  as  to  reduce  to  a  minimum  the  possibility 
of  the  valves  becoming  choked  up  by  refuse. 

i.  The  valve  seats,  stems  and  all  parts  must  be  of  compo- 
sition and  of  strong,  rugged  design,  so  fitted  up  that  there 
is  the  least  chance  for  the  rubber  valves  to  stick,  and  with 
all  parts  securely  put  together  the  valves  must  be  readily 
accessible. 

,;".  The  valve  springs  must  have  only  sufficient  strength  to 
keep  the  valves  on  their  seats,  so  that  they  will  freely  open 
even  with  the  low  head  of  priming  water  often  existing. 

~k.  There  must  be  provided,  and 
attached  to  the  top  of  each  plunger 
chamber,  a  brass  check  valve  and  air 
cock  with  umbrella  top,  as  shown  by 
Fig.  17.  This  cock  and  valve  must 
have  a  clear  passageway  through 
them — the  full  equivalent  of  a  %-inch 
bore. 

The  check-valve  is  to  permit  the 
outflow  of  air,  but  to  prevent  the 
influx  when  the  plunger  is  sucking. 
Cocks  with  lever  handles  are  used,  as 
these  show  clearly  whether  they  are 
open  or  shut.  FIG.  17 

I.  There  must  also  be  provided  a  2-inch  brass  gate  valve 
for  the  general  control  of  the  water  to  the  four  check  valves. 
The  hand-wheel  of  this  valve  must  be  marked  as  per  Fig.  15. 
The  lettering  must  be  very  clear,  open  and  distinct,  not 
liable  to  be  obscured  by  grease,  and  of  a  permanent 
character. 

It  is  essential  for  a  properly  working  pump  that  the  main 
2-incn  priming  valve  should  be  closed  as  soon  as  the  pump 
is  primed.  Otherwise,  water  will  be  drawn  from  the  priming 
tank,  lessening  the  lifting  power  of  the  pump  through  the 
main  suction,  and  if  this  is  continued  the  priming  tank  will 
often  be  exhausted  and  air  drawn  into  the  pump,  interfering 
with  its  proper  action.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  mark- 
ing on  the  priming  valve  is  required. 


For  all  average  situations,  either  method  of  priming 
permits  of  getting  the  pump  under  way  in  a  very  few  min- 
utes, but,  for  cases  where  the  suction  pipe  is  over  300  or 
400  feet  in  length,  or  sometimes  where  the  lift  is  over 
18  feet,  or  where  there  is  a  combination  of  long  length  and 
lift  within  these  limits,  so  much  time  is  consumed  in 
exhausting  the  air  from  the  suction  pipe  that  it  becomes 
desirable  to  supplement  this  method. 

For  such  situations,  a  steam  ejector  connected  to  the 
suction  pipe  near  the  pump  is  advised,  and  may  be  required 
in  addition  to  the  regular  priming  pipes  and  tank.  The  size 
of  the  ejector  should  be  sufficient  to  exhaust  the  suction  pipe 
within  about  three  minutes.  Such  ejectors  will  be  consid- 
ered as  extras  not  included  in  the  ordinary  pump  fittings. 

For  cases  where  pump  can  only  take  its  suction  under  a 
head,  if  absolutely  certain  that  the  level  of  the  suction 
water  will  never  fall  below  level  of  center  of  pump,  these 
priming  pipes  may  be  omitted,  but  openings  for  them  into 
the  pump  shell  must  be  provided  and  capped  or  plugged. 

A  foot  valve  on  a  -fire-pump  suction  is  not  advised  except 
in  very  rare  cases,  as  with  a  lift  of  18  feet  or  a  suction 
pipe  500  feet  or  more  long.  A  foot  valve  is  not  needed  when 
there  is  a  good  efficient  set  of  priming  arrangements  as 
described  above  and  it  is  commonly  found  it  gives  a  false 
sense  of  security,  and  that  with  a  fire-pump  left  standing 
several  days  the  water  will  often  be  found  to  have  leaked 
bacK,  so  that  it  is  no  better  than  if  no  foot  valve  had  been 
used. 

A  foot  valve  must  of  necessity  generally  be  losated  where 
it  is  inaccessible  for  quick  repairs,  and  as  they  grow  old, 
foot  valves  are  often  a  source  of  trouble.  Where  a  suction 
pipe  is  exposed  even  slightly  to  frost,  a  foot  valve  is  specially 
objectionable. 

A  priming  tank  is  provided  by  the  purchaser  in  all  cases 
where  there  is  ever  to  be  any  lift  on  the  suction.  It  is 
generally  advised  that  this  tank  have  a  capacity  of  one-half 
of  what  the  pump  can  throw  at  full  speed  in  a  minute.  This 
means  250  gallons  for  a  5'00-gallon  pump  and  500  gallons  for 
a  1,000-gallon  pump,  etc.  It  is  the  intention  to  make  the 
pump  a  truly  "independent  source "  of  supply,  therefore 
the  need  of  a  special  priming  tank. 

Older  Priming  Arrangements. 

The  form  of  priming  arrangement  heretofore  used,  with 
metal  check  valves,  one  main  2-inch  priming  valve,  and 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  157 

1-inch  priming  pipes,  separate  controllable  air  cocks,  may 
be  retained  on  all  pumps  at  present  in  service,  and  will  be 
considered  satisfactory,  if  kept  in  good  order. 

If  in  any  case  such  checks  give  trouble  the  priming 
arrangement  may  be  changed  and  valves  like  Fig.  14  or 
rubber  checks  as  described  in  sections  f-j,  made  up  in  detach- 
able form,*  may  be  put  on  if  desired,  where  the  connections 
on  the  pump  permit  them. 

Where  neither  method  is  desired  or  where  neither  is 
feasible  the  faulty  checks  may  be  replaced  by  a  special  type 
such  as  are  now  made  for  this  use,  by  the  Locke  Eegulator 
Company,  of  Salem,  Mass.  These  are  1-inch  check  valves, 
adapted  to  use  a  small  disc  of  medium  hard  rubber,  similar 
to  a  pump  valve. 

These  fittings  are  very  near  the  dimensions  of  the  com- 
mercial check  valve,  so  that  with  slight  shortening  of  piping 
connections  they  will  fit  into  the  present  arrangements,  and 
give  satisfaction. 

47.  Drain  Cocks. 

a.  Five  brass  drain  cocks,  each  with  a  lever  handle  and  of 
2-inch  bore,  are  to  be  provided,  and  located  one  on  each 
end  of  each  water  cylinder,  and  one  above  the  upper  valve 
deck. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  select  a  pattern  of  cock  whose 
passageway  is  the  practical  equivalent  of  a  %-inch  hole. 
Some  patterns  of  %-inch  commercial  cocks,  although  threaded 
for  %-inch  pipe  thread,  have  but  a  ^-inch  hole  through 
them.  Such  are  not  acceptable. 

TESTS   FOR  ACCEPTANCE. 

48.  Test  for  Smoothness  of  Action. 

a.  Provide  outlets  for  the  water;  start  the  pump  slowly, 
gradually  open  steam-throttle  to  bring  the  pump  to  full 

*Such  detachable  rubber  check  valves  are  now  made  up 
in  regular  form  by  the  George  F.  Blake  Mfg.  Co.,  East 
Cambridge,  Mass. 


IDS  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

speed.  The  pump  should  run  smoothly  at  the  rated  full 
speed  of  70  revolutions  per  minute  (or  60  revolutions  if  a 
1,500-gallon  pump)  with  full  length  of  stroke,  and  mean- 
while maintain  a  water  pressure  of  100  pounds  per  square 
inch. 

If  the  hose  lines  are  short,  or  discharge  is  too  free,  partly 
close  the  water  outlet  valves,  thus  throwing  an  extra  back 
pressure  on  the  pump  equivalent  to  that  which  would  be 
produced  through  a  greater  length  of  hose. 

During  this  trial  it  is  preferable  to  discharge  the  water 
through  lines  of  2% -inch  cotton  rubber-lined  hose,  prefer- 
ably each  150  feet  long,  each  connected  directly  to  the  hose 
outlets  on  the  pump,  and  each  line  having  a  1%-inch  smooth 
nozzle  at  its  outer  end.  Two  lines  should  be  connected  for 
a  500-gallon  pump,  three  for  a  750,  and  so  on,  having  as 
many  lines  as  rating  of  pump  requires. 

A  hose  line  150  feet  long,  with  an  inside  surface  of 
average  smoothness,  and  with  a  1%-inch  nozzle  attached,  will 
require  about  80  pounds  pressure  at  the  pump  to  discharge 
250  gallons  per  minute,  and  the  nozzle  pressure  will  be  about 
45  pounds.  Therefore,  with  lines  attached  as  above,  a  pres- 
sure at  the  pump  of  about  80  pounds  should  represent  a  dis- 
charge about  equal  to  the  rated  capacity  of  the  pump,  and 
would  ordinarily  correspond  with  the  rated  full  speed 
revolutions. 

If  the  pump  runs  smoothly  under  these  conditions,  it  is 
well  to  open  the  throttle  somewhat  further,  and  bring  the 
pressure  at  the  pump  up  to  100  pounds.  This  will  give  a 
discharge  of  about  280  gallons  per  stream,  or  about  12  per 
cent,  in  excess  of  the  rated  capacity.  The  revolutions  will, 
of  course,  correspondingly  increase,  and  under  all  ordinary 
conditions  a  pump  should  run  smoothly  at  this  higher  capac- 
ity, though  a  little  more  vibration  and  pounding  would  be 
expected  than  when  running  simply  at  its  rated  speed. 

After  cushion  valves  are  adjusted  there  should  be  no 
noteworthy  water  hammer  or  valve-slam.  Sometimes  valve- 
slam  is  not  the  fault  of  the  pump,  but  arises  from  an  ob- 
structed suction  pipe.  It  is  objectionable  to  doctor  water 
hammer  in  a  pump  by  snifting  air  into  the  suction,  as  this 
cuts  down  the  efficiency  and  is  a  poor  expedient. 

The  quietness  of  that  part  of  the  hose  near  the  pump,  or 
its  freedom  from  rubbing  back  and  forth  crosswise  an  inch 
or  more  with  each  pulsation  of  the  pump,  is  a  good  index 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


159 


of  the  pump-maker 'a  skill  in  securing  uniform  delivery.  Bad 
pulsation  quickly  wears  holes  in  the  hose,  and  to  reveal  this 
is  the  object  of  testing  with  hose  connected  directly  to  the 
pump. 

49.     Test  of  the  Internal  Friction. 

a.  This  is  shown  by  the  reading  of  steam  gage  compared 
with  water  pressure  gage  at  air  chamber. 

Tests  have  generally  run  about  as  follows,  for  pumps 
running  at  full  rated  speed: 


§                  «  . 

£d 

!?    rfo 

8 

Size  Gallons 
Per 
Minute  Capacity 

atio  of  Steam  Pis 
Area  to  Water 
Piston  Area. 

Vater  Pressure  I, 
Per  Square  Inche 

Steam  Pressure 
eoretically  Necess 
isregarding  Fricti 

xcess  of  Steam  Pi 
sure  Needed  to 
Overcome  Frictio 
Back  Pressure,  Et 

ffi 

ir 

o 

M 

HQ 

« 

500 

4  Times 

100 

25 

15 

40 

750 

3      " 

100 

33 

12 

45 

1,000 

3      " 

100 

33 

12 

45 

1,500 

W- 

100 

36.5 

13.5 

50 

&.  The  steam  pressure  needed  will  vary  slightly  with  the 
freedom  of  the  exhaust  pipe  and  with  the  tightness  of  the 
packings,  etc.,  but  a  steam  pressure  of  45  pounds  at  the 
steam  chest  should  suffice  for  100  pounds  water  pressure  on 
pump  in  proper  adjustment. 

50.     Test  of  Strength  and  Tightness. 

a.  First,  shut  the  main  valve  between  the  pump  and  the 
fire  system  lest  a  sprinkler  head  be  burst,  then  shut  all  water 
outlets  nearly,  but  not  quite,  tight,  so  pump  will  move  very 
slowly.  Screw  safety  valve  down  hard.  Slowly  and  care- 
fully admit  steam  pressure  sufficient  to  give  240  pounds  per 
square  inch  water  pressure. 


160  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

ft.  With  this  extreme  pressure  all  joints  should  remain 
substantially  tight,  and  the  slow  motion  of  the  pump  should 
be  tolerably  smooth  and  uniform.  (The  leakage  of  a  few 
drops  here  and  there  and  a  little  unsteadiness  of  motion 
are  to  be  expected.) 

c.  If  boiler  pressure  is  above  85  pounds,  the  safety  valve 
on  pump  should  be  attached  and  screwed  down  only  enough 
to  hold  the  required  pressure.  For  with  100  pounds  or 
more  of  steam  the  water  pressure  might  be  carried  too  high. 

After  completing  the  above  test  slack  off  on  safety  valve, 
setting  it  so  that  it  will  begin  to  open  at  about  100  pounds 
pressure 

51.  Test  of  Capacity  of  Safety  Valve. 

a.  The  relief  vaive  may  next  be  tested  by  first  adjusting 
it  to  pop  at  100  pounds,  then  shut  the  main  outlet  to  pump, 
and  then  shut  the  hose  gates  one  by  one,  and  thus  force 
all  the  discharge  through  the  relief  valve,  meanwhile  opening 
steam  throttle,  so  as  to  run  pump  -first  at  two-thirds  speed 
or  about  50  revolutions  per  minute,  and  finally  at  full  speed 
(70  revolutions).  The  safety  valve  (relief  valve)  should 
carry  all  this  and  not  let  the  pressure  rise  above  125  pounds. 

The  pressure  in  a  quick-moving  fire  pump  necessarily  fluc- 
tuates 5  to  15  pounds  at  different  points  in  stroke,  and  an  air 
chamber  of  reasonable  size  cannot  wholly  remove  this. 
Therefore,  the  safety  valve  must  be  set  at  about  15  pounds 
higher  than  the  intended  average  working  pressure;  other- 
wise it  will  get  to  jumping  with  almost  every  stroke. 

52.  Test  of  Internal  Leakage  or  Slip. 

a.  Set  safety  valves  at  115'  Ibs.,  shut  all  water  outlets, 
admit  steam  enough  to  give  100  pounds  water  pressure,  then 
pump  will  move  very  slowly  under  the  influence  of  the  leak- 
age past  plungers,  about  one  revolution  of  pump  per  min- 
ute shows  a  proper  accuracy  of  fit.  Anywhere  from  £  to  2 
revolutions  per  minute  is  satisfactory. 

Too  tight  a  fit  is  ~bad,  as  if  not  exceedingly  uniform  it 
induces  scoring  or  fretting  of  the  metals.  Moreover,  should 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  161 

pump  happen  to  be  run  dry  for  a  few  minutes  before  catch- 
ing its  suction  a  slight  warming  and  expansion  of  the 
plunger  may  cause  it  to  stick  and  fret. 

53.  Test  With  Maximum  Working  Pressure. 

a.  For  this,  alternately  shut  down  the  main  outlet  gate  and 
adjust  the  hand-wheel  of  the  safety  valve,  and  open  up  on 
the  throttle  as  may  be  required,  running  pump  at  say,  one- 
half  speed  (or,  in  experienced  hands,  at  full  rated  speed), 
and  note  the  greatest  water  pressure  which  the  full  boiler 
pressure  (unless  boiler  pressure  is  above  85  Ibs.)  will  yield 
with  pump  at  full  speed. 

Sometimes  it  may  be  necessary  to  force  water  through 
very  long  lines  of  hose,  or  to  an  unusual  height. 

Steam  fire  engines  are  not  infrequently  called  on  to  give 
200  pounds  per  square  inch  water  pressure. 

To  test  short  hose  lines  with  anywhere  near  so  high  a  pump 
pressure  is  dangerous,  lest  nozzle  kick  and  pull  itself  away 
from  the  man  holding  it  and  thresh  around;  but  the  ability 
of  the  pump  may  be  tested  by  putting  this  high  pressure 
delivery  mainly  through  the  safety  valve,  or  in  part  through 
the  partially  closed  main  outlet  gate. 

It  is  not  advisable  to  carry  this  water  pressure  above  200 
pounds  in  this  test  at  the  factory,  although  in  the  shop  test 
the  water  pressure  is  carried  to  240  pounds,  and  engine  driver 
should  stand  with  his  hand  on  the  throttle. 

54.  Test  for  Maximum  Delivery. 

a.  This  can  best  be  tried  by  adding  one,  or,  in  some  cases, 
two  more  streams  than  the  pump  is  rated  to  deliver  by 
attaching  the  extra  lines  of  hose  to  some  hydrant  near, 
and  then  speed  up  the  pump  gradually,  to  see  how  fast 
it  may  be  run  before  violent  pounding  or  slamming  of  valves 
begins. 

Sometimes  the  increased  delivery  can  be  drawn  off  through 
an  open  hydrant-butt  meanwhile  holding  sufficient  back  pres- 
sure to  show  100  pounds  on  the  water  gage  by  partly  closing 
the  discharge  valve. 

The  engine  driver  should  stand  with  his  hand  on  or  near 
the  throttle  when  thus  speeding  the  pump. 


162  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

It  is  all  right  to  run  a  fire  pump  up  to  the  utmost  speed 
possible  before  water  hammer  begins,  and  very  often  a 
pump,  while  new  and  if  favorably  set  up,  can  deliver  25  to  50 
per  cent,  more  than  rated  capacity;  nevertheless,  although 
expert  treatment  can  force  1,000  gallons  from  a  16x9x12 
pump,  we  can  rate  it  as  only  a  750-gallon  pump.  There 
must  be  some  margin  to  allow  for  wear  and  for  the  possible 
absence  of  the  expert  at  time  of  fire. 

The  main  points  of  difference  between  the  "National 
Standard"  and  the  "Trade  Pump"  are: 

Brass  plungers  instead  of  cast  iron  plungers. 

Wrought  iron  side  levers  instead  of  cast  iron. 

Bronze  piston  rods  and  valve  rods  instead  of  iron  or 
steel. 

Pump  has  brass-lined  stuffing  boxes  instead  of  cast  iron. 

Eock  shafts  are  brass  bushed. 

Area  of  water  valves  is  25  to  50  per  cent,  greater. 

Steam  and  exhaust  passages  20  to  50  per  cent,  greater. 

Suction  pipe  connections  two  to  four  inches  greater 
diameter. 

Cushion  valves  better  arranged. 

Air  chamber  is  made  much  larger. 

Shells   and  bolting   are   warranted   especially   strong. 

The  following  necessary  fittings  are  included  in  the  price, 
and  regularly  furnished  as  a  part  of  this  pump,  viz. : 
A  capacity  plate. 
A  stroke  gage. 
A  yacuum  chamber. 
Two  best  quality  pressure  gages. 
A    water  relief  valve  of  large  capacity. 
A  cast  iron  relief  valve  discharge  cone. 
A  set  of  brass  priming  pipes  and  special  priming  valves. 
From  two  to  six  hose  valves. 

A  sight  feed  cylinder  lubricator  connected  above  throttle. 
A  one-pint  hand  oil  pump  connected  below  throttle. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  163 

INDEX  TO   PUMP  SPECIFICATIONS. 

Article  No. 
and  section. 

Acceptance,  tests  for 48  to  54 

Air   chamber 40 

Air  valve 45 

Automatic'  sprinklers,  discharge  of 3  c 

Boiler  power  required  for  driving  pumps 3  a 

Bolts,  allowable  stress  and  size 9,  27  f 

Bolting  standards  required 39  c 

Bushings  for  packed  water  pistons 30 

Bushings  for  plungers 28,  29 

Capacity  of  pumps,  method  of  computing 4 

Capacity   plate 5 

Chambers,  air  and  vacuum 40 

Clearance  in  steam  cylinders 12 

Cone,    discharge 44 

Cover  plates  for  water  valves. 35 

Cranks 16 

Crossheads   16  c 

Cushion  valves 19 

Cylinders,  steam 8 

Cylinders,  water 27 

Delivery,  test  of  maximum 54 

Discharge  cone 44 

Drain  cocks 24,  47 

Duplex  pumps  required 2 

Fire  stream,  standard 3  c 

Flanges,  standards  required 39  c 

Friction,  internal,   tests  for 49 

Guards  for  valves 35 

Gages,   pressure 23,  41 

Gages,   stroke 26 

Hose    valves 42 

Inspection  at  shop 7 

Leakage,  test  of  internal 52 


164  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

Levers,  valve  motion 17 

Links 16 

Name  plates 5 

Oiling  devices 25 

Pipe,  sizes,  steam  and  water 39 

Piston  areas,  ratio 3  a 

Pistons,   packed  water 30 

Piston  rods  and  nuts 20 

Pistons,    steam 13 

Plunger    bushings 28,  29 

Plunger,  water. 44^  28,  29 

Pressure,  maximum,  working  tests  for.  . 53 

Priming,  methods  required 46 

Kock    shafts 16 

Kods,   piston 20 

Eods,  valve 21 

Safety  valves 48 

Safety  valve,  test  of  capacity 51 

Shop   inspection 7 

Single  pumps  not  acceptable 2 

Sizes  of  pumps,  standards 3  a 

Slip 4  / 

Slip,  test  of  internal.  . 52 

Smoothness  of  action,  test  for 48 

Speed  of  pumps 3  a,  33  p 

Speed  of  pumps,  revolutions  per  minute 3  and  4 

Springs,  valve 35 

Steam  cylinders 8 

Steam,  clearance  space. 12 

Steam  joints 8  c 

Steam  pistons 13 

Steam  ports 11 

Steam  slide  valves 14, 15 

Strength  of  parts 6 

Strength,  tests  for 50 

Stuffing   box •. 22 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  165 

Tests  for  acceptance 48  to  54 

Tightness,   tests  for 50 

Vacuum  chamber 40 

Valves,  water  valve  areas 33-34 

Valve,    air 45 

Valve,  cover  plates '. . .  35 

Valves,   delivery 34 

Valve  guards 35 

Valves,   hose 42 

Valve  motion  stand 18 

Valves,  pump,  general  requirements 31 

Valves,  pump,  size  and  number 32 

Valve  rods 21 

Valve  rod  heads 16  c 

Valves,    safety 43 

Valve  seats,  water,  construction  of 37 

Valve  springs 35 

Valve,  steam  slide 14 

Valves,  steam  slide  adjustment.  ........: 15 

Valve  stems,  types  required 38 

Valves,  sticking  of  water  valves 36 

Valve,  suction  valve  area 33 

Water  cylinders 27 

Workmanship,    character   of 1 

Yoke   10 

For  amendments  to  National  Board  Rules  adopted  by  the 
National  Fire  Protection  Association,  since  the  foregoing 
rules  were  promulgated,  see  page  360. 


166  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

STEAM  PUMP  TABLES. 

The  following  data,  including  capacities,   etc.,   are   from 
catalogues  furnished  by  the  makers: 

WHEELER  UNDERWRITER  FIRE  PUMP. 

Formerly  known  as  the  Barr  Underwriter  Pump. 

Manufactured  by  C.  H.  Wheeler  Manufacturing  Co., 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Maker's        Mam.       Diam.        Length 
Rated         Steam      Water          of  Size  of  Pipes 

Capacity       Cylinder   Cylinder      Stroke     Steam    Exhanst        Suet.       Disch. 


500 

14 

U 

12 

3 

4 

8 

6 

750 

16 

9 

12 

3* 

4 

10 

7 

1000 

18 

10 

12 

4 

5 

12 

8 

1500 

20 

12 

16 

5 

6 

14 

10 

FAIRBANKS-MORSE  UNDERWRITER  FIRE  PUMP. 

Manufactured  by  Fairbanks-Morse  &  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

500  14  7  12  3  4  86 

750  16  9  12  31  4  10           7 

1000  18  10  12  4  5  12           8 

1500  20  12  16  5  6  14         10 

FAIRBANKS-MORSE  DUPLEX  FIRE  PIMP. 


204-  306 

10 

5 

12 

2 

21 

6 

5 

294-  441 

12 

6 

12 

21 

3 

6 

5 

400-  600 

14 

7 

12 

21 

3 

8 

6 

522-  783 

16 

8 

12 

21 

3 

8 

6 

660-  990 

16 

8 

12 

21 

3 

8 

6 

816-1224 

18 

10 

12 

3 

31 

10 

8 

816-1224 

18 

10 

18 

3 

31 

10 

8 

816-1224 

20 

10 

18 

3 

31 

10 

8 

1174-1761 

20 

12 

18 

4 

5 

10 

8 

NOTES    Otf    HYDRAULICS* 

GARDNER  REGILAR  FIRE  PUMP. 

Manufactured  by  the  Gardner  Governor  Co.,  Quincy,  111. 


Maker's 
Rated 

Diam. 
Steam 

Diam. 
Water 

Length 
of 

Size  of  Pipes 

Capacity 

Cylinder 

Cylinder 

Stroke     Steam    Exhaust 

Suet. 

Disch. 

25'0 

10 

5 

10 

2 

21 

5 

4 

350 

12 

6 

12 

21 

3 

7 

6 

500 

14 

7 

12 

21 

3 

7 

6 

750 

16 

8 

12 

21 

3 

7 

6 

900 

16 

9 

12 

21 

3 

8 

7 

1000 

18 

9 

12 

3 

4 

9 

7 

1200 

18 

10 

12 

3 

4 

10 

8 

1200 

20 

10 

12 

4 

5 

10 

8 

1500 

20 

12 

12 

4 

4 

1 

g 

8 

GARDNER  STANDARD 

FIRE  PUMP. 

Maker's 

Diam. 

Diam. 

Length 

Handbook 

Rated 

Steam 

Water 

of 

Size  of 

Pipes 

Rated 

Capacity 

Cylinder 

Cylinder 

Stroke 

Steam    Exhaust 

Suet. 

Disch 

Capacity 

550 

12 

7 

12 

21 

3 

7 

6 

550 

14 

7 

12 

21 

3 

7 

6 

700 

14 

8 

12 

21 

3 

7 

6 

750 

16 

8 

12 

21 

3 

8 

6 

900 

16 

9 

12 

3 

4 

8 

7 

900 

18 

9 

12 

31 

4 

8 

7 

1200 

18 

10 

12 

31 

4 

10. 

8 

1200 

20 

10 

12 

aj 

4 

10 

8 

SMITH-VAILE  UNDERWRITER  FIRE  PUMP. 

Manufactured  by  The  Platt  Iron  Works  Co.,  Dayton,  Ohio. 

320         12         6           12         2^         3           6  5           359 

500          14          7            12          3            4           8  6            484 

750         16         9           12         31         4         10  7           807 

1000         18       10           12         4           5         12  8           990 

1000         20       12           16         5           6         14  10         1650 


168  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

THE  SNIDER-HIGHES  DIPLEX  PIMP. 

Manufactured  by  The  Snider-Hughes  Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


Maker's 
Rated 
Capacity 

200 

Riam. 
Steam 
Cylinder 

8 

Riam. 
Water 
Cylinder 

5 

Length 
of 
Stroke 

12 

Steam 

H 

Size  of  Pipes 
Exhaust     Suet. 

2            4 

Handbook 
Rated 
Risrh.       Capacity 

3          .... 

200 

10 

5 

12 

2 

21 

4 

3          

292 

10 

6 

12 

2 

21 

5 

4          

292 

12 

6 

12 

2 

21 

5 

4          

398 

10 

7 

12 

2 

21 

6 

5          

398 

12 

7 

12 

2 

21 

6 

5          

398 

14 

7 

12 

21 

•3 

6 

5          

550 

12 

81 

12 

2 

21 

8 

6          

550 

14 

81 

12 

21 

3 

8 

6          

550 

16 

81 

12 

3 

31 

8 

6          

816 

14 

10 

12 

21 

3 

10 

8          .... 

816 

16 

It) 

12 

3 

31 

10 

8 

816 

18 

10 

12 

31 

4 

10 

8         

1174 

16 

12 

12 

3 

31 

12 

10         

1174 

18 

12 

12 

31 

4 

12 

10         

1550 

18 

14 

12 

31 

4 

12 

10         

SNOW  UNDERWRITER  FIRE  PUMP. 

Manufactured  by  the  Snow  Steam  Pump  Works,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


Maker's 

Riam. 

Riam. 

Length 

Rated 

Steam 

Water 

of 

Size  of  Pipps 

Capacity 

Cylinder 

Cylinder 

Stroke 

Steam 

Exhaust 

Suet. 

360 

12 

6 

12 

21 

3 

6 

520 

14 

71 

12 

3 

4 

8 

800 

16 

9 

12 

31 

4 

10 

1000 

18 

10 

12 

4 

5 

12 

1650 

20 

12 

16 

5 

6 

14 

liivh. 


30 

BLAKE  UNDERWRITER  FIRE  PUMP. 

Manufactured  by  the  Geo.  F.  Blake  Manufacturing  Company. 

500         14  7^         12  3  4  8  6 

750         16  9  12  3)         4  10  8 

1000         18         10  12  4  5  12  8 

1500         20         12  16  5  6  14         10 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


169 


SNOW  DUPLEX  FIRE  PUMP. 


Maker's 
Rated 
Capacity 

IMam. 
Steam 
Cylinder 

Diam.       Length 
Water           of 
Cylinder      Stroke 

Size  of  Pipes 
Steam    Exhaust        Suet. 

Disih. 

115-  167 

8 

4 

10 

11 

2 

4 

0 

179-  261 

10 

5 

10 

2 

21 

5 

4 

196-  294 

10 

5 

12 

2 

21 

5 

4 

196-  294 

12 

5 

12 

21 

3 

5 

4 

282-  423 

12 

6 

12 

21 

3 

5 

4 

282-  423 

14 

6 

12 

21 

3 

5 

4 

384-  576 

14 

7 

12 

21 

3 

6 

5 

384-  576 

16 

7 

12 

3 

4 

6 

5 

500-  750 

16 

8 

12 

3 

4 

8 

6 

565-  847 

18 

81 

12 

3 

4 

8 

6 

633-  949 

18 

9 

12 

3 

4 

8 

t 

633-  949 

20 

9 

12 

4 

5 

8 

7 

782-1173 

18 

10 

12 

3 

4 

8 

7 

782-1173 

20 

10 

12 

4 

5 

8 

7 

1122-1683 

20 

12 

12 

4 

5 

10 

8 

HENRY  R. 

WORTHINGTON 

UNDERWRITER 

FIRE 

PUMP. 

Manufactured  by 

Henry  R. 

Worthington, 

New 

York, 

N.  Y. 

500 

14 

7i 

12 

3 

4 

8 

6 

750 

16 

9 

12 

31 

4 

10 

8 

1000 

18 

10 

12 

4 

5 

12 

8 

1500 

20 

12 

16 

5 

6 

14 

10 

170  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

RULES  AND  REQUIREMENTS 

For  the  Construction  and  Installation  of 

STEAM  PUMP  GOVERNORS  AND  AUXILIARY  PIMPS. 

NOTE.— Pages    170   to    177   are    a    reprint   of   the    Rules    and 
Requirements  of  the  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters   (1904.) 

Automatically  controlled  pumps  are  not  advised  as  a 
primary  water  supply  wherever  it  is  possible  to  get  a  satisfac- 
tory gravity  supply. 

Whenever  it  is  necessary  to  put  in  an  automatically 
controlled  pump  an  auxiliary  pump  should  always  be  used 
to  maintain  the  pressure  and  supply  leakage. 

The  reason  for  the  auxiliary  pump  is  first  that  it  permits 
the  large  pump  to  remain  at  rest,  thus  saving  excessive  wear, 
and,  second,  it  is  much  more  economical  of  steam.  Excessive 
wear  is  objectionable,  as  it  means  a  large  slip,  thus  reduc- 
ing the  capacity  of  the  pump,  and  further,  because  the  wear 
under  those  conditions  of  running  is  apt  to  be  in  the  middle 
of  the  travel  of  the  rods  and  plungers,  with  the  danger  that 
the  rods  will  stick  in  the  stuffing  boxes  when  the  pump  is  put 
up  to  full  stroke. 

Construction  of  the   Governor. 

Successful  governors  vary  too  greatly  in  type  to  admit  of 
uniform  mechanical  construction.  The  following  require- 
ments cover  general  points  necessary  in  governors  of  all 
types.  A  searching  test  under  practical  working  condi- 
tions must  be  the  main  criterion  for  acceptance  and  for 
the  listing  of  a  governor  as  an  approved  device. 

1.  The  governor  to  be  controlled  by  the  water  pressure 
in  the  fire  system. 

2.  To  be  adjustable  to  maintain  any  desired  pressure  be- 
tween 75  and  125  Ibs.,  using  steam  at  any  pressure  from 
50  to  150  Ibs. 

3.  To  be  capable  of  governing  the  pump  from  slow  speed 
to  full  speed  without  more  than  about  5  Ibs.  variation  above 
or  below  the  intended  water  pressure. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  171 

4.  To  not  show  distress  under  steam  pressure  at  200  Ibs. 

5.  To   be   capable   of    enduring    240    Ibs.   water    pressure 
without  injury. 

6.  Must  be  rustproofed  throughout  by  making  all  working 
parts    of    brass,    bronze,    or    other    suitable    non-corrosive 
material. 

7.  It  is  preferable  that  valve  close  by  abutment  contact 
on  valve  seat. 

8.  Valve  and  valve  seat  must  be  removable  without  remov- 
ing governor  from  piping. 

9.  Maximum  working  lift  of  valve  must  afford  practically 
same  steam  passage  area  as  that  of  the  steam  pipe  controlled 
by  governor. 

10.  To  have  screwed  connections  for  attachment  to  ordi- 
nary pipe  fittings. 

11.  To  have  no  internal  stuffing  box  or  gland. 

12.  Should  preferably  admit  of  full  manual  movement  on 
inspection,  as  a  proof  of  working  freedom  of  parts. 

13.  Should  have  a  tendency  to  increase  rather   than   de- 
crease the  water  pressure  as  the  speed  of  the  pump  increases. 

14.  Should    respond    slowly    to    any    sudden    lowering    of 
water  pressure  and  thus  start  the  pump  gradually. 

15.  Concealed  mechanism  should  be  kept  at  a  minimum. 

16.  Should  avoid  internal  steam  joints  capable  of  leaking 
and  passing  unregulated  steam  to  the  pump. 

Auxiliary   Pumps. 

1.  Auxiliary  pump  should  be  of  duplex  type,  brass  fitted 
and  with  packed  pistons  or  exterior  packed  plungers. 

2.  The  ratio  of  steam  and  water  piston  areas  should  be 
about  the  same  as  for  the  main  pump. 

For  Plan  A  (see  cuts)  it  is  advised  that  auxiliary  pump  be 
about  a  41/£"x2"x4".  For  Plans  B  and  C  a  larger  water 
cylinder  is  generally  necessary  to  get  the  lifting  power 
needed  and  about  a  5*4"x3}£"x5"  pump  is  advised.  These 
pumps  are  large  enough  to  take  care  of  the  leaks  and  wastes 
in  the  ordinary  fire  system. 


172        .  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

In  special  cases  where  a  larger  amount  of  water  must  be 
more  or  less  continuously  supplied  from  a  fire  system,  the 
auxiliary  pump  must  be  larger  and  may  be  of  any  size 
desired. 

The  auxiliary  pump  is  of  value  to  keep  the  main  fire  pump 
primed,  as  well  as  to  maintain  the  pressure  and  waste  in  the 
fire  system. 

Installation  of  Governors  and  Auxiliary  Pumps. 

1.  Auxiliary  pump  and  connections  are  recommended  to 
be  arranged  as  shown  in  Plan  A  or  as  in  Plan  B  for  lifts  up 
to  12  or  15  feet.     For  higher  lifts  Plan  C  is  suggested.     (See 
cuts.) 

This  applies  to  the  scheme  of  connections  and  number  and 
location  of  valves,  but  not  to  the  exact  location  of  the 
auxiliary  pump. 

With  plan  A  the  question  has  been  raised  that  the  main 
pump  may  not  be  primed  at  all  times.  This  method  has, 
however,  been  considerably  used  and  has  so  far  given  satis- 
faction under  all  conditions. 

Plan  B  insures  that  main  pump  will  always  be  primed,  but 
can  generally  not  be  successfully  maintained  unless  the 
auxiliary  pump  has  a  considerable  lifting  ability. 

For  lifts  over  12  to  15  feet  it  may  be  difficult  to  make  an 
auxiliary  pump  as  per  plan  B  work  satisfactorily,  and  the 
possible  danger  from  imperfect  priming  in  Plan  A  becomes 
greater.  The  arrangement  of  Plan  C  insures  that  pump  and 
suction  pipe  are  solid  full  of  water  at  all  times  and  is 
therefore  considered  safer.  A  metal  seat  foot  valve  is  re- 
quired, as  a  soft  seat  might  cause  sticking  after  long 
subjection  to  the  auxiliary  pump  pressure. 

2.  The  main  pump  and  the  auxiliary  pump  to  have  sep- 
arate governors  made  entirely  independent  by  a  valve  on  the 
water  connection  of  each. 

3.  The  size  of  governors  for  the  main  pump  should  be  as 
follows : 

For  500-gallon  pump,  1£"  governor. 

For  700-gallon  pump,  1£"  governor. 

For  1,000-gallon  pump,  2"  governor   (possibly  IV'). 

For  1,500-gallon  pump,  2"  governor. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  173 

4.  The  governor  for  the  auxiliary  pump  should  be  f "  con- 
nected into  a  \"  steam  pipe. 

A  pipe  larger  than  %"  is  undesirable,  as  it  would  permit 
excessive  racing  of  the  small  pump  if  the  pressure  in  the 
main  system  were  low.  A  %"  governor  is  required  to  get 
the  working  parts  large  enough  to  be  reliable. 

5.  The  auxiliary  pump   should  have  a  separate  exhaust 
entirely  independent  of  the  large  pump. 

If  the  auxiliary  pump  exhaust  is  connected  into  the 
exhaust  of  the  main  pump  there  is  danger  of  water  collecting 
in  the  large  pump  pipe  and  making  trouble. 

6.  The    water    pressure    pipe    controlling    the    governors 
must  be  of  brass.     It  must  connect  beyond  the  main  pump 
discharge  check  and  must  have  control  gates  as  called  for 
in  Art.  2. 

7.  Lubricant   to   be   applied   so   as   not   to   pass   through 
governors    before    entering    pumps,    unless    manufacturers 
specify  otherwise. 

8.  The  governor  for  large  pump  to  be  installed  on  usual 
1  i  three  valve ' '  by-pass  arrangement  of  steam  piping. 

9.  The  auxiliary  pump  should  have  relief  valve  capable 
of  discharging  full  capacity  of  pump  without  letting  pressure 
rise  more  than  25  Ibs.  above  that  at  which  governor  is  set. 

10.  Duplicate  governors,   or   duplicates  of  wearing  parts 
should  be  kept  on  hand  in  all  important  installations. 

11.  The  governor   on  the  auxiliary  pump  should  usually 
be  set  at  about  10  Ibs.  higher  water  pressure  than  the  gov- 
ernor of  the  main  pump. 

12.  An    auxiliary    pump    will    not    operate    successfully 
unless  the  water  end  stuffing  boxes  and  joints  and  suction 
fittings  complete  of  the  main  fire  pump  are  in  good  condi- 
tion.    Further,  there  should  be  no  serious  leaks  in  any  part 
of  the  fire  system. 

Under  proper  conditions  the  small  pump  will  move  slowly 
all  the  time,  making  just  enough  strokes  to  maintain  the 
small  leakage  which  exists  in  any  considerable  equipment. 
The  large  pump  will  remain  quiet  until  there  is  a  demand 
for  water  by  sprinklers  or  hose  streams. 


174 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  175 

PLAN  A— For  Lifts  Up  to  12  or  15  Feet. 

The  auxiliary  pump  is  placed  under  the  main  pump  at  one 

side. 

GG — Automatic   governors. 
EV — Eelief  valve  on  auxiliary  pump. 
H — Connection  to  hose  valves. 
T— Steam  trap. 

Sight  feed  lubricators  are  shown  for  both  the  large  and 
the  small  pump. 

A  forced  feed  lubricator  could  be  used  as  shown  in  Plan 
C,  if  desired. 

PLAN  B-For  Lifts  Up  to  12  or  15  Feet. 

The  auxiliary  pump  is  shown  on  a  shelf  on  the  side  wrall 
of  the  Pump  House.  If  desired  the  auxiliary  pump  can  be 
placed  on  brackets  on  top  of  the  main  pump.  If  on  the 
wall  the  auxiliary  pump  should  be  set  high  enough  so  that 
men  can  walk  under  the  steam  and  suction  pipe  without 
stooping.  The  check  on  main  pump  discharge  is  shown 
just  outside  of  the  pump  house  in  a  brick  well. 

GG — Pump  governors. 

KV — Eelief  valve  on  auxiliary  pump. 

T— Steam  trap. 

The  suction  of  the  auxiliary  pump  would  connect  into  a 
tee  attached  to  one  of  the  hose  outlets  on  main  pump 
discharge. 

Sight  feed  lubricators  are  shown  on  both  the  large  and 
the  small  pumps.  A  forced  feed  lubricator  could  be  used 
as  shown  in  Plan  C,  if  desired. 

PLAN  C  -For  Lifts  Over  15  Feet,  but  Suitable  for 
Use  with  Lesser  Lifts. 

The  auxiliary  pump  is  shown  on  the  floor  of  pump  house 
over  against  one  of  the  side  walls.  The  suction  pipe  S  for 
the  auxiliary  pump  is  carried  independently  of  the  suction 
of  the  main  pump  to  some  reliable  water  supply,  either  that 
from  which  the  main  pump  draws  or  from  any  other  source. 

A  check  valve  should  be  provided  at  the  end  of  this  pipe 
to  act  as  a  rpot  valve. 


176 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


O 
LL 


The  discharge  of  the  auxiliary  pump  is  carried  into  the 
suction  of  the  large  pump  and  the  large  pump  suction  is 
provided  with  a  metal  seat  for  valve.  With  this  arrange- 
ment the  auxiliary  pump  keeps  all  connections  on  the  large 
pump  full  of  water. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


177 


PLANC 

For  Lifts  Over  15  Ft.,  but  Suit 
able  for  Use  with  Lesser  Lifts. 


A  foot  valve  with  metal  seat  is  required,  as  there  would 
be  danger  of  a  soft  seat  sticking  due  to  the  constant  pressure 
maintained  by  the  small  pump. 

The  steam  and  pressure  pipe  connections  are  carried  up 
the  side  wall  and  thence  over  to  the  main  pump  at  a  height 
above  a  man's  head.  The  discharge  pipe  should  be  carried 
just  below  the  floor  in  a  trench  covered  with  a  plate. 

GG — Automatic  governors. 

T — Steam  trap. 

L — Forced  feed  lubricator  operated  by  connection  to  lever 
arm. 

For  amended  Eules  and  Eequirements  adopted  by  the 
National  Fire  Protection  Association,  since  the  foregoing 
rules  were  promulgated  by  the  National  Board  of  Fire 
Underwriters,  see  page  363. 


178 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


National  Standard  Rotary  Fire  Pump. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  .171) 


SPECIFICATIONS 

OF  THE 

NATIONAL  BOARD  OF  FIRE  UNDERWRITERS 

FOR  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF 

ROTARY  FIRE  PUMPS 

AS  RECOMMENDED  BY  THE 

NATIONAL  FIRE  PROTECTION  ASSOCIATION. 

EDITION    OF    1905. 


UNIFORM    REQUIREMENTS. 

These  specifications  for  Rotary  Fire  Pumps  are  now  used 
throughout  the  whole  country,  having  been  agreed  upon  in  joint 
conference  by  representatives  of  the  different  organizations  in- 
terested in  this  class  of  work.  They  will  be  known  as  "The 
National  Standard "  and  have  been,  up  to  this  time,  adopted  by 
the  following  Associations: 

Associated  Factory  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Companies. 

National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters. 

National  Fire  Protection  Association. 

NOTE.— Pages  178  to  215  are  a  reprint  of  the  pamphlet  on 
Rotary  Fire  Pumps  of  the  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters. 


180  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

RULES  AND  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  ROTARY  FIRE  PUMPS. 

These  specifications  have  been  drawn  up  with  the  idea 
of  improving  the  present  type  of  rotary  pump  as  far  as 
possible  without  requiring  an  entirely  new  line  of  patterns, 
as  it  is  believed  that  centrifugal  pumps  are  likely  to 
replace  rotary  pumps  for  fire  purposes  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent. 

Many  of  the  rotary  pumps  now  in  use  have  too  small 
pipe  connections  for  good  results,  sticking  often  occurs 
after  disuse  (due  to  rusting),  there  are  weak  details  in 
construction  of  some  makes,  relief  valves  and  hose  connec- 
tions are  frequently  absent;  so  that  some  general  improve- 
ments are  essential  if  rotary  pumps  are  to  be  considered 
satisfactory  fire  pumps  and  comparable  with  steam  pumps 
built  in  accordance  with  the  National  Standard. 

Pumps  built  according  to  these  specifications  will  differ 
from  the  present  types  principally  in  the  following  points: 

1.  Larger  water  passages  at   the  suction   and   discharge 
ends. 

2.  Less   chance   of   corrosion,   the   body   and   cams   being 
entirely  of  bronze. 

3.  The  introduction  of  a  special  discharge  casting  similar 
to  that  used  with  steam  pumps  and  including  an  air  chamber, 
hose  connections,  relief  valve,  starting  valve,  priming  pipe, 
capacity  plate,  pressure  gages,  etc. 

THE   PUMP. 

1.     Workmanship. 

a.  The  general  character  and  accuracy  of  foundry  and 
machine  work  must  be  in  line  with  good  machine  shop 
practice. 

This  refers  to  strength  of  detail,  accuracy  of  foundry  work, 
accuracy  of  alignment,  accuracy  of  fits,  etc.,  and  does  not 
aPPty  particularly  to  exterior  finish. 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS.  181 

2.  Type. 

a.  Pump  to  be  of  the  double  rotary  type  with  two  main 
shafts. 

3.  Capacity. 

a.  Pumps  to  be  classed  and  rated  in  the  following  sizes, 
and  to  discharge  these  quantities  under  100  Ibs.  pressure 
at  pump: 

Gallons  No.  of  !£" 

per  minute.         hose  streams.  Speed. 

500  2  250  to  300 

750  3 

-J^QQQ  4  (Preferably  an  even  number, 

such  as  25'0,  275  or  300.) 

loUU  O 

Manufacturers  may  use  present  patterns,  taking  the 
smallest  pump  that  will  give  the  necessary  discharge  and 
rating  it  at  one  of  the  above  figures. 

&.  Pump  must  discharge  at  least  20%  in  excess  of  its 
rated  capacity  when  new. 

4.  Power. 

a.  General  practice  shows  that  as  ordinarily  constructed 
and  connected  with  friction  gears,  rotary  pumps  require  about 
30  H.  P.  for  every  250  gallons  delivered,  with  100  Ibs.  pres- 
sure maintained  at  pump.  Where  driven  by  spur  gear,  con- 
siderably less  power  may  be  required.  It  is  desirable  that 
pumps  be  so  constructed  that  they  will  be  economical  of 
power. 

5.  Capacity  Plate. 

a.  Pump  to  have  a  capacity  plate  securely  fastened  to  air 
chamber,  containing  the  following  information: 


182  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


ROTARY  FIRE  PUMP. 

NATIONAL  STANDARD. 


CAPACITY. 


750  Gallons  per   Minute,   or 

3  Good  l!-inch  Smooth  Nozzle 

Fire   Streams. 


3  Gallons  per  Kevolution. 

Full    Speed   250   Kevolutions   per   Minute. 

Never  fail  to  have  ample  power  to  drive 

pump  at  full  speed. 


*Name  of  pump  manufacturer  to  be  placed  here. 

This  plate  must  have  an  area  of  not  less  than  one  square 
foot  and  must  be  of  an  alloy  at  least  §  aluminum,  the  remain- 
der being  zinc.  The  letters  must  be  at  least  ^  inch  in  height, 
plain  and  distinct,  with  their  surface  raised  on  a  black  back- 
ground and  buffed  off  to  a  smooth  finish. 

&.  A  small  plate  of  composition  giving  size  of  pump,  shop 
number  and  name  of  shop  in  which  pump  was  built  must 
also  be  attached  to  or  cast  onto  the  pump  in  some  conspicu- 
ous place. 

6.     Strength. 

a.  The  maker  must  warrant  the  pump  to  safely  withstand 
and  be  substantially  tight  under  240  Ibs.  pressure. 

&.  Bolts  may  be  of  steel,  iron  or  Tobin  bronze  and  the 
bolting  of  all  parts  subject  to  water  pressure,  to  be  of  such 
strength  that  the  maximum  stress  at  bottom  of  screw  thread 
will  not  exceed  10,000  Ibs.  per  square  inch  (disregarding 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  183 

for  the  moment  the  initial  stress  due  to  setting  up  nuts)  for 
a  water  pressure  of  200  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  computed  on 
an  area  out  to  center  line  of  bolts. 

c.  No  steel  or  iron  stud  or  bolt  smaller  than  f  inch  and 
no   Tobin   bronze   smaller   than   f   inch   should   be   used   to 
assemble  parts  subject  to  strain  of  water  pressure. 

Although  these  pumps  are  not  expected  to  be  designed  for 
a  regular  working  pressure  of  240  pounds,  it  is  expected 
that  bolts,  shells,  etc.,  will  be  figured  to  stand  this  com- 
paratively quiet,  temporary  high  pressure,  exclusive  of  fur- 
ther allowance  for  initial  strain  due  to  setting  up  of  bolts, 
with  a  factor  of  safety  of  at  least  four. 

d.  Pump  must  be  able  to  run  safe  at.  25%   excess  speed 
with    100  Ibs.  pressure,   or  at   §  rated  speed  with  150  Ibs. 
pressure    for    two    hours    without    overheating    or    requiring 
tigthening  of  bolts. 

7.  Khop  Inspection. 

a.  A  systematic  shop  inspection  must  be  given  to  each 
pump  to  ensure  complete  workmanship  and "  to  prevent  the 
use  of  defective  parts,  improper  materials,  or  the  careless 
leaving  of  foreign  matter  in  any  part  of  the  pump. 

8.  Body  of  Pump. 

a.  The   cylindrical  portions  and  the   ends   to   be  of   cast 
bronze  at  least   f  inches   thick  for  the  smallest   size  when 
finished.     All  sizes  to  be  of  sufficient  thickness  to  withstand 
the  pressure  specified  in  section  No.  6. 

It  is  generally  believed  that  careful  ribbing  is  preferable 
to  excessive  thickness  in  metal. 

In  pumps  where  cams  or  pistons  have  a  bearing  adjust- 
able abutments  only,  it  may  be  sufficient  to  have  the  body 
of  pump  of  iron  and  the  abutments  of  bronze. 

b.  These  parts  to  be  hard  and  close  grained  with  metal 
so  distributed  as  to  ensure  sound  casting  and  freedom  from 
shrink  cracks. 


184  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

c.  Ends  of  pump  to  have  arrows  cast  on  the  metal,  show- 
ing direction  which  shaft  is  designed  to  turn.  Arrows  to  be 
at  least  4  inches  long  and  raised  at  least  |"  above  surface. 

9.  Bed  Plate. 

a.  Pump  to  have  a  heavy  bed  plate  to  which  bearings  and 
pump  must  be  firmly  secured.  Bed  plate  to  have  four  anvl 
preferably  six  bolt  holes  for  securing  it  to  foundation.  No 
bolt  to  be  less  than  f  inch  in  diameter. 

10.  Cams. 

a.  To  be  cast  in  one  piece  of  hard,  close-grained  bronze; 
to  be  secured  to  shaft  by  standard  key  running  the  entire 
width  of  cam.  Blades  or  buckets  to  be  designed  so  as  to 
give  ample  strength.  Bronze  packing  or  adjustable  slides 
are  not  advised,  but  will  be  allowed  if  found  satisfactory 
after  special  examination.  The  fit  of  cams  to  be  as  close 
as  practicable,  but  not  so  close  as  to  allow  for  any  chance 
of  sticking. 

&.  Cams  to  be  so  designed  that  pump  will  run  smoothly 
without  pounding.  This  frequently  requires  properly  de- 
signed cavities  in  pump  ends  to  prevent  undue  pressure 
from  water  which  may  be  pocketed  by  cams. 

11.  Shafts. 

a.  To  be  of  best  forged  steel  of  ample  strength.  Shafts 
to  be  bronze  covered  from  ends  of  cam  to  outside  of  stuffing 
boxes.  The  bronze  cover  must  fit  the  shaft  closely  and 
must  be  forced  on  making  a  tight  joint  with  the  cam. 

12.  Bearings. 

a.  Main  bearings  to  be  lined  with  best  babbitt  and  to  be 
located  as  near  ends  of  pump  as  possible.  Babbitt  to  be 
hammered  in  and  then  bored  out  to  the  necessary  size. 
Length  of  main  bearings  to  be  at  least  three  times  the 
diameter  of  shaft. 


NOTES    ON   HYDRAULICS* 


185 


13.     Pipe   Sizes. 

a.  Inlet  and  discharge   openings  to  be   of   not  less  than 
the  following  diameter: 


Size. 

500  gals. 

750  gals. 
1000  gals. 
1500  gals. 


Suction. 

6" 

8" 

8" 

10" 


Discharge. 
6" 
8" 


10" 


&.  Suction  pipe  to  be  of  the  same  size  as  flange  opening 
except  that  when  pump  takes  suction  under  lift  and  where 
suction  is  over  15  feet  long  or  has  over  two  elbows,  the 
suction  pipe  must  be  of  the  following  sizes:  500  gal.,  8"; 
750  gal.,  10";  1000  gal.,  10";  1500  gal.,  12".  The  increase 
in  size  to  be  made  by  a  fitting  of  long  taper. 

c.  Standard  flanges  and  standard  bolt  layouts  as  adopted 
by  the  Master  Steam  Fitters,  July  18th,  1894,  must  be  used 
on  all  the  above  pipe  connections,  as  per  table  given  below : 

SCHEDULE  OF  STANDARD   FLANGES. 


Size  of  Pipe 
x  Diam.  of 
Flange. 

Diameter  of 
Bolt  Circle. 

Number 
of 
Bolts. 

Size 
of 
Bolts. 

Mange 
Thickness 
at  Edge. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

3      x    7^ 

6 

4 

H  x2^ 

13/10 

%l/2  x    8*4 

7 

4 

^x2j^ 

7/8 

4x9 

1/2 

4 

^x23/ 

15/16 

4^x    9^ 

7^ 

8 

3^X3 

15/16 

5      x  10 

8^ 

8 

U  x3 

15/16 

6      xll 

9^ 

8 

3/X3 

1 

7      x!2K 

103/ 

8 

3^X3^ 

1     1/16 

8      x!3^ 

n# 

8 

^/x3^ 

1     1/8 

9      xlo 

18# 

12             ?/  x  3/2 

1     1/8 

10      x!6 

u% 

12 

^x3^ 

1     3/16 

12      x!9 

17 

12 

%  x3^ 

1     1/4 

14      x21 

183^ 

12 

1      x4X 

1     3/8 

186  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

14.  Gears. 

a.  Pump  to  have  a  pair  of  outside  cut  gears  at  each  end 
of  shafts  with  an  outside  bearing  for  each  gear.  Gears  to 
be  of  forged  steel  or  iron,  steel  casting  or  cast  iron,  and 
designed  to  transmit  the  necessary  power  with  a  liberal 
factor  ot  safety.  Gears  to  be  located  close  to  main  bearings, 
and  to  be  protected  by  cast  iron  shields  securely  fastened  in 
place. 

15.  Couplings. 

a.  One  shaft  to  be  fitted  with  a  machine  faced  jaw 
coupling  of  ample  strength. 

16.  Discharge  Casting. 

a.  Pump  to  have  a  discharge  casting  to  which  is  attached 
main  discharge  pipe,  hose  connections,  relief  valve,  starting 
valve,  priming  pipe  and  air  chamber.  It  is  advised  that  air 
chamber  be  part  of  same  casting,  but  if  this  is  not  done  the 
air  chamber  to  be  bolted  to  the  upper  side  of  the  discharge 
casting. 

These  outlets  to  be  the  following  sizes: 

Size  of  Pump—  5'00  750  1000  1500 
On  two  opposite  sides  for  Hose 

Connection   5"  6"           7"-            8" 

For  Main  Discharge 6"  8"           8"           10" 

For  Belief  Valve 3"  3*"         4"             5" 

Priming    Connections 2"  2"           2"             2" 

Starting  Valve 2"  21" 

Air   Chamber   Neck 5"  6" 

&.  All  of  the  above  outlets  except  those  for  starting  valve 
and  priming  connection  to  be.  flanged.  Standard  flanges 
and  standard  bolt  layouts  as  given  in  Section  No.  13  to  be 
used.  Blank  flange  to  be  supplied  for  hose  outlet  that  is 
not  used. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  187 

17.  Hose   Connections. 

a.  A    casting    to    be    furnished    with    flange    connection 
drilled  to  fit  one  of  the  outlets  of  the  discharge  casting  as 
mentioned  in  Section  No.  16.     This  casting  to  be  fitted  with 
two  or  more  hose  connections  according  to  the  capacity  of 
the  pump,   each  hose   outlet  being  fitted  with   an  approved 
gate  valve. 

Size  of  Pump.  No.  of  Connections. 

500  gals.  2 

750  gals.  3 

1000  gals.  4 

1500  gals.  6 

b.  Where  hose  cannot  be  carried  direct  to  pump  the  hose 
connection  casting  to  be  placed  at  any  convenient  point  and 
connected    to    pump    by   pipe    of    same    size    as   hose    outlet 
connection   (see  Section  16). 

18.  Air  Chamber. 

a.  To  be  properly  designed  to  provide  a  smooth,  even  dis- 
charge. Capacity  to  be  at  least  two  gallons  for  every  hun- 
dred gallon  capacity  of  pump.  To  be  of  as  little  height  as 
feasible.  Where  not  a  part  of  discharge  casting  to  have 
a  flanged  connection  arranged  to  fit  the  top  of  discharge 
casting  (see  schedule  of  standard  flanges).  To  be  tested 
under  400  Ibs.  and  to  be  painted  inside  and  out. 

19.  Safety  Valve. 

a.  A  spring  pattern  safety  or  relief  valve  of  any  make 
agreed  upon  in  writing  with  the  Underwriters  having  juris- 
diction is  to  be  included  in  the  price.     To  be  attached  to 
each  pump,  extending  horizontally  so  that  its  hand-wheel  for 
regulating  pressure  is  within  easy  reach.     This  hand-wheel 
must  be  marked  very  conspicuously  with  the  word  ' '  open ' ' 
and  an  arrow  showing  in  which  direction  the  valve  is  opened. 

b.  This  valve  is  to  be  set  ordinarily  at  a  working  pressure 


188  NOTES    ON     HYDRAULICS. 

of  100  Ibs.  to  the  square  inch,  and  to  be  of  such  capacity 
that  when  set  at  100  Ibs.  it  can  pass  all  the  water  dis- 
charged by  the  pump  at  full  speed,  at  a  pump  pressure  not 
exceeding  125  Ibs.  per  square  inch. 

Size  of  Pump.  Size  of  Relief  Valve. 

500  gal.  3" 

750  gal.  3*" 

1000  gal.  4" 

1500  gal.  5" 

c.  Where  relief  valve  does  not  discharge  into  an  open  pipe 
in  plain  sight  near  pump  it  should  discharge  with  a  cone  or 
funnel  secured  to  outlet  of  valve.     This  cone  should  be  so 
constructed  that  pump   operator  can  easily  see  any  water 
wasting  through  relief  valve,  and  its  passages  should  be  of 
such  design  and  size  as  to  avoid  splashing  water  into  the 
pump    room.     To   be   piped   off   to   some  point   outside   of 
pump  house  where  water  can  be  wasted  freely. 

d.  When  the  supply  of  water  is  limited,  as  from  a  special 
suction  reservoir  or  cistern,  the  waste  pipe  must  drain  into 
such   reservoir   or  cistern  entering   as  far   from  the  pump 
suction  as  is  necessary  to  prevent  the  pump  from  draughting 
air  which  may  be  carried  down  into  the  cistern  by  the  dis- 
charge from  the  waste  pipe. 

e.  Size  of  waste  pipes  to  be  as  follows: 

Size  of  Pump.  Size  of  Waste  Pipe. 

500  gal.  5" 

750  gal.  6" 

1000  gal.  7" 

1500  gal.  8" 

f.  Relief  valve  to  be  so  attached  to  delivery  elbow  and 
discharge   cone   by   flange   connections   as   to   permit   of  its 
ready    removal    for    repairs    without    disturbing    the    waste 
piping. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  189 

20.  Starting   Valve. 

a.  Pump  to  have  a  starting  valve  of  a  size  determined  by 
the  following  table: 

Size  of  Pump.  Size    of    Starting 

Valve  and  Pipe. 

500  gal.  2" 

750  gal.  2i" 

1000  gal.  2*" 

1500  gal.  3" 

&.  Valve  to  be  of  approved  indicator  pattern,  to  connect 
with  discharge  casting  at  some  convenient  point,  preferably 
at  relief  valve,  and  to  be  arranged  so  that  discharge  may  be 
plainly  seen  by  the  man  in  charge.  In  locations  where  a 
discharge  cone  is  needed  for  relief  valve,  the  starting  valve 
pipe  should  be  run  into  this  cone. 

The  object  of  this  valve  is  to  afford  a  ready  relief  for 
air  in  the  discharge  pipe  and  also  to  give  a  means  of  regu- 
lating the  pressure  with  pump  running  at  full  speed. 

21.  Pressure  Gage. 

a.  A  pressure  gage  of  the  Lane  double  tube  spring  pat- 
tern with  5"  case,  must  be  provided  with  the  pump,  and 
connected  to  air  chamber  by  a  \"  cock  with  lever  handle,  as 
shown  in  sketch. 

The  dial  of  this  gage  should  be  scaled  to  indicate  pres- 
sures up  to  240  Ibs.  and  be  marked  "WATEB." 

"22.     Oil  and  Grease  Cups. 

a.  Each  of  the  babbitted  bearings  and  each  of  the  bronze 
bearings  to  have  a  compression  grease  cup.  Top  plate  of 
pump  to  have  four  oil  holes  at  least  ?  inch  in  diameter 
fitted  with  brass  thumb  screw  plugs. 

CONNECTION   AND   SETTING. 

23.     Driving  Gearing. 

a.  The  best  method  of  driving  any  rotary  pump  depends 


190  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

largely  upon  circumstances  and  no  definite  rules  governing 
this  can  be  laid  down.  The  following  methods  are  recom- 
mended in  the  order  given: 

1 — Direct   from   independent   source   of   power. 

2 — Spur  gearing  from  independent  source  of  power.  In 
this  case  the  pump  should  be  kept  in  gear  at  all  times. 

3 — Spur  gearing  from  main  shaft  with  a  satisfactory 
clutch.  Clutch  should  be  operated  from  pump  room  and 
only  such  clutches  should  be  used  as  are  approved  by  the 
Underwriters  having  jurdisdiction. 

4 — Grooved  friction  gearing  from  main  shaft.  Gears  to 
comply  with  rules  given  in  Section  No.  24. 

24.     Grooved  Friction  Gears. 

a.  There  must  be  a  pair  of  friction  driving  gears,  one 
being  fastened  direct  to  driving  shaft  and  the  other  con- 
nected to  pump  shaft  through  jaw  coupling.  There  should 
be  enough  play  in  this  coupling  to  allow  gear  to  slide  a 
trifle  and  thus  mesh  properly  with  driving  gear. 

ft.  Friction  gears  to  have  bearings  at  both  ends.  Length 
of  bearings  to  be  at  least  three  times  the  diameter  of 
shaft. 

c.  Friction  gears  to  be  properly  designed  to  transmit  the 
necessary  power  and  give  the  required  speed  with  a  surface 
velocity  that  is  not  excessive. 

d.  Grooves  to  be  recessed  at  bottom  and  to  be  properly 
designed  to  grip  tightly  without  undue  slip. 

e.  Gears   to   be   set    on   rugged   framework   amply   strong 
to  sustain  any  strain  that  is  liable  to  be  put  upon  it.     Care 
should  be  taken  in  setting  to  ensure  that  shaft  alignment  is 
perfect  when  gears  are  in  mesh. 

It  is  recommended  that  pump  and  gears  be  set  up  with 


NOTES    ON     HYDRAULICS. 

shafts  in  line  and  gears  in  mesh  and  then  bolted  to  their 
foundations. 

In  some  eases  one  or  more  heavy  springs  have  been 
inserted  to  hold  gears  in  mesh  and  to  prevent  undue  stress 
being  placed  on  driving  gear.  It  is  believed  that  this  is 
a  desirable  feature  and  it  is  recommended  for  all  cases. 

f.  The  following  sizes  of  gears  are  recommended: 

Size  of  Pump.  Minimum  Diameter  of    Gears. 

7"  face  9"  face  12"  face 

500  gal.  24"  21"  18" 

750  gal.  30"  24"  21" 

1000  gal.  36"  30"  24" 

1500  gal.  36"  30" 

cj.  Friction  gears  to  be  protected  by  a  strong  sheet  metal 
casing  or  cover  securely  fastened  to  the  bed  plate. 

This  to  prevent  grease  and  oil  from  getting  into  tna 
grooves. 

25.  Setting. 

a.  Bed  plate  and  supports  for  gearing  to  be  of  heavy  con- 
struction, well  bolted  down,  and  capable  of  withstanding 
any  strain  that  is  liable  to  be  put  upon  them.  Pump  must 
be  securely  fastened  to  firm  foundation  so  as  to  be  prac- 
tically free  from  vibration.  Good  brick,  concrete  or  ma- 
sonry foundations  are  the  best.  Heavy  I  beams  or  wooden 
beams  may  be  employed.  No  bolts  to  be  used  less  than  \" 
in  diameter. 

26.  Clutch. 

a.  Except  where  there  is  an  independent  wheel  for  pump 
alone,  a  reliable  clutch  should  be  provided  so  that  main 
shafting  beyond  the  pump  can  be  thrown  out  of  operation 
when  pump  is  running.  This  to  be  located  near  pump  or  to 
be  otherwise  arranged  so  as  to  be  readily  accessible  in  case 
of  fire. 


192  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

27.  Priming  Tank. 

a.  "If  rotary  pump  takes  water  under  lift,  there  must  be 
a  priming  tank  of  at  least  the  following  capacity: 

Size  of  Pump.  Size   of  Priming   Tank. 

500  gals.  200  gals.  ' 

750  gals.  300  gals. 

1000  gals.  400  gals. 

1500  gals.  500  gals. 

~b.  This  tank  to  be  kept  full  of  water  at  all  times.  To  be 
connected  with  main  casting  over  pump  by  at  least  a  2" 
pipe,  preferably  of  non-corrosive  material.  This  pipe  to 
contain  a  straightway  brass  check  valve  located  close  to 
pump  and  an  approved  indicator  gate  valve  located  so  as 
to  be  readily  accessible. 

NOTE. — Priming  tank  should  be  located  so  that  both  tank 
and  connections  are  as  free  from  danger  of  damage  by  fire 
as  is  the  pump,  and  preferably  in  the  pump  room. 

28.  Location. 

a.  Pump  should  be  located  in  respect  to  its  water  supply, 
so  that  lift  is  not  over  6  feet  where  possible.  Where  lift 
is  over  15  feet  or  suction  is  over  250  feet  in  length  a  foot 
valve  to  be  placed  on  end  of  suction  pipe.  Only  such 
valves  to  be  used  as  are  approved  by  the  Underwriters 
having  jurisdiction. 

~b.  Suction  pipe  to  be  provided  with  a  strainer  in  all  cases 
where  there  is  liable  to  be  foreign  matter  in  the  water. 
Strainer  to  be  of  brass  or  copper  wire  %  to  \"  mesh,  with  an 
area  at  least  five  times  that  of  the  suction  pipe. 

c.  Pump  to  be  located  where  easy  of  access  and  as  free 
as  possible  from  danger  by  fire.  The  following  locations 
are  recomended  in  the  order  given: 

1 — Detached  pump  house  well  isolated  from  other 
buildings. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  193 

2 — Pump  room  of  ample  size  with  standard  fire  cut-off 
from  all  adjoining  buildings. 

3 — Inside  main  building  enclosed  in  a  room  of  fire  resist- 
ing construction  with  passageway  of  similar  construction  to 
outside  of  building. 

Where  brick  or  terra  cotta  are  not  feasible  expanded 
metal  and  cement  is  recommended  as  an  inexpensive  and 
desirable  construction  for  such  a  room. 

The  method  of  locating  rotary  pumps  in  basements  not 
cut  off,  but  with  pump  arranged  to  start  from  outside  of 
building,  is  not  desirable,  and  if  used  great  care  must  be 
taken  that  starting  valve  and  priming  valve  and  all  other 
similar  valves  as  well  as  wheels  or  other  source  of  power 
be  arranged  to  be  operated  from  the  same  point. 

Where  there  are  several  pumps  in  different  buildings  not 
all  subject  to  one  fire  the  requirement  concerning  cutting 
off  of  pump  may  be  sometimes  waived. 

d.  Pump  room  to  be  heated  or  pump  and  connections  to 
be  otherwise  arranged  so  that  there  will  be  no  danger  of 
freezing  in  cold  weather. 

Where  pump  is  not  properly  enclosed  it  may  be  some- 
times satisfactory  to  tap  a  1-inch  steam  pipe  into  suction 
pipe  with  a  gate  valve  located  close  to  suction  pipe. 

TESTS   FOR   ACCEPTANCE. 

29.  Test  for  Smoothness  of  Action. 

Provide  outlets  for  the  water,  start  the  pump,  bringing 
up  the  pressure  gradually  to  100  pounds  by  controlling  the 
speed  where  feasible  or  by  aid  of  the  starting  valve  where 
the  speed  is  constant.  The  pump  should  run  smoothly  at 
its  full  rated  speed,  without  considerable  pounding  or  jar. 

30.  Test  with  Maximum  Working  Pressure. 

With  care  in  handling,  shut  off  first  one  stream  and  adjust 
the  safety  valve  so  that  it  does  not  waste,  letting  the  pres- 
sure increase;  in  this  way  shut  off  streams  enough  to  cut  the 
discharge  down  to  about  half  the  normal  and  see  if  the 


194  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

pressure  can  be  maintained  at  150  pounds,  or,  under  some 
conditions  and  with  careful  handling,  at  175  or  200  pounds. 

31.  Test  for  Maximum  Delivery. 

Where  speed  can  be  increased,  add  additional  streams 
and  increase  the  speed  until  the  pump  is  running  at  least 
25  per  cent,  above  the  normal,  and  see  how  fast  the  pump 
can  run,  maintaining  serviceable  fire  pressure,  before  objec- 
tionable pounding  and  vibration  occur. 

32.  Test  of  Capacity  of  Eelief  Valve. 

Adjust  the  relief  valve  so  that  it  will  open  at  100  pounds; 
shut  the  main  outlet  valve  and  the  hose  gates,  discharging 
all  the  water  through  the  relief  valve  and  the  starting  valve; 
then,  with  the  pump  at  full  speed,  close  the  starting  valve 
slowly.  The  relief  valve  should  carry  the  total  discharge 
of  the  pump  at  its  full  rated  speed  and  not  let  the  pressure 
rise  above  125  pounds. 

In  general,  where  a  pump  is  properly  set  up  and  handled 
it  should  be  able  to  satisfactorily  perform  all  of  these  tests. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


195 


APPENDIX. 


NOTE.— Appendix  to  Rules  of  National  Board  of  Fire  Under- 
writers for  Rotary  Fire  Pumps. 


196 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  197 

Specifications  for  a  Type   of  Rotary  Pump  Differing 
Radically  From  Present  Types  and  Called  Type  B. 

THESE  SPECIFICATIONS  ARE  RECOMMENDED,  BUT  NOT  REQUIRED. 


The  rotary  pump  which  these  specifications  would  require 
is  merely  a  pump  of  the  well-known  "twin  rotary"  type, 
built  in  a  very  substantial  manner  and  with  certain  improve- 
ments suggested  by  the  experience  of  inspectors  in  the  field. 

The  principal  points  of  difference  between  a  rotary  pump 
so  built  and  the  ordinary  commercial  pump  are: 

1st.  The  water  passages  are  made  larger  than  in  pumps 
hitherto  built,  so  that  there  is  less  loss  of  pressure  in  getting 
water  to  and  from  the  pump. 

2nd.  The  pump  is  t{  rust-proof ed"  so  that  it  may  start 
instantly  after  disuse,  by  making  its  working  cams  and  water 
casing  of  solid  composition  instead  of  cast  iron. 

3rd.  The  shafts  are  made  heavier  and  the  bearings  more 
liberal,  with  special  arrangements  for  keeping  these  bear- 
ings oiled  and  in  readiness  for  instant  use. 

4th.  The  gears  are  made  of  forged  steel,  are  supported  on 
each  side,  are  accurately  cut,  and  run  in  a  bath  of  oil. 

5th.  A  special  discharge  casting  and  air  chamber  with 
certain  fittings  is  furnished  with  each  pump.  These  fittings 
include  a  pressure  gage,  a  relief  valve  and  cone,  a  priming 
pipe  and  valve,  a  starting  valve,  two  to  six  hose  valves  and 
a  capacity  plate. 

By  reason  of  the  larger  passageways  and  pipes,  heavier 
construction,  better  material  used,  superior  design,  and 
added  attachments,  a  pump  so  built  will  cost  more  than  the 
usual  rotary  pump,  but  the  increased  efficiency  and  relia- 
bility of  the  improved  pump  when  suddenly  called  upon 
for  fire  service  will,  it  is  believed,  fully  warrant  this  extra 


198 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


Finally,  it  should  be  remembered  that  these  specifications 
cover  only  the  outlines  of  the  design,  and  that  all  pumps 
built  under  them  will  not  be  of  equal  merit,  for  certain  of 
the  pump  factories  possess  a  broader  experience  and  better 
shop  facilities  than  others;  and  that  the  responsibility  for 
first-class  workmanship  and  strength  of  materials  rests  on 
the  pump  manufacturers  and  not  on  the  insurance 
companies. 

1.  Workmanship. 

a.  The  general  character  and  accuracy  of  foundry  and 
machine  work  must  throughout  equal  the  best  practice  of 
the  times  as  illustrated  in  geared  machinery  of  similar  horse 
power  and  rotative  speed. 

This  refers  to  strength  of  details,  accuracy  of  foundry 
work,  accuracy  of  fits,  construction  and  alignment  of  shaft 
bearings,  character  of  gear  cutting,  and  does  not  apply 
particularly  to  exterior  finish. 

2.  Twin  Eotary  Pumps  Only. 

a.  Only  twin  rotary  pumps  having  two  shafts  and  positive 
displacement  cams  are  acceptable. 

3.  Sizes  of  Pumps. 

a.  Only  the  four  different  sizes  given  in  the  following 
table  will  be  recognized  as  approved  rotary  fire  pumps. 

STANDARD  SIZES  FOR  ROTARY  FIRE  PUMPS. 


A 

<u 

0.^ 

03     . 

o  g 

rtn-    . 
£°«> 

V  53  «5 

<U  53* 

kd 

IN 

1* 

'*££ 

rt  ^-M 

JS 

^  s 

'5  PH.^ 

gsl 

gfc* 

sS« 

<LI  a^ 

o'l 

e{l 

55 

^ 

<ja 

500 

8" 

7"_  8" 

275 

2 

60 

750 

9"  or  10" 

8"-  9" 

275 

3 

90 

1000 

10" 

9"-10" 

250 

4 

120 

1500 

12" 

10"-12" 

250 

6 

180 

NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  199 

The  multiplicity  of  odd  sizes  of  rotary  pumps  is  confusing 
and  undesirable,  and  in  the  past  different  makers  have 
rated  their  pumps  arbitrarily  as  to  their  capacity,  giving 
to  purchasers  an  incorrect  idea  as  to  their  actual  possibili- 
ties for  fire  service. 

The  above  dimensions  for  buckets  or  cams  and  the  distance 
between  centers  are,  as  stated,  only  approximate.  ^  The  use, 
however,  of  short  centers  and  wide  cams  is  undesirable  and 
should  be  avoided,  as  it  unnecessarily  lengthens  the  shafting 
and  pump.  On  the  other  hand,  the  use  of  a  narrow  bucket — 
narrower  than  the  usual  centers — makes  it  difficult  to  provide 
ample  suction  and  discharge  openings  in  the  pump  casing. 

The  theoretical  amount  of  power  necessary  to  give  a  pres- 
sure of  100  pounds  per  square  inch  with  a  delivery  of  100 
gallons  per  minute  is  5.34  H.  P.  This  includes  no  allowance 
whatever  for  friction  of  water,  for  slip,  and  for  friction  in 
the  pump  itself  and  in  the  driving  gear.  Experience  with 
the  pumps  now  in  use  shows  that  those  losses,  as  pumps  are 
ordinarily  found  set  up,  about  double  the  power  necessary, 
so  that  12  H.  P.  is  usually  required  for  each  100  gallons  per 
minute  delivered  at  100  pounds  pressure,  and  30  H.  P.  is  the 
usual  allowance  for  each  good  1^-inch  stream. 

It  is  desirable  to  keep  the  power  required  as  small  as 
possible,  as  there  is  often  a  limited  power  available  where  it 
is  desired  to  place  a  rotary  pump.  It  is  hoped  that  with  an 
improved  pump  and  better  method  of  driving,  the  total 
power  required  may  be  materially  less  than  in  the  average 
pump  found  to-day. 

b.  The  standard  allowance  for  a  good  1J  (smooth  nozzle) 
fire  stream  is  250  gallons  per  minute. 

A  so-called  "ring  nozzle "  discharges  only  three-fourths 
as  much  water  as  a  smooth  nozzle  of  the  same  bore,  and  is 
not  recommended. 

From  fifteen  to  twenty  automatic  sprinklers  may  be  reck- 
oned as  discharging  about  the  same  quantity  as  a  1%-inch 
hose  stream  under  ordinary  practical  conditions  as  to  pipes 
supplying  sprinkler  and  hose  systems  respectively. 

4.     Capacity. 

a.  The  displacement  of  the  rotating  cams  in  a  rotary 
pump  will  not  alone  tell  how  many  gallons  per  minute  a  pump 
can  deliver,  and  it  is  not  reasonable  to  estimate  capacity  on 


200  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

the  basis  of  the  displacement  of  the  cams  per  revolution 
multiplied  by  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute.  A  lib- 
eral allowance  must  be  made  for  slip  and  for  by-passing  back 
into  suction  at  the  point  where  cams  mesh  together. 

&.  The  capacity  of  a  rotary  pump  depends  as  well  upon 
the  speed  at  which  it  can  be  run,  and  the  speed  depends 
largely  upon  the  size  and  arrangement  of  its  water  passages 
and  upon  the  manner  in  which  its  power-drive,  gearing  and 
shafting  have  been  fitted  up. 

c.  It  is  all  right  to  run  rotary  fire  pumps  at  the  highest 
speed  that  is  possible  without  causing  violent  vibration  or 
hammering  in  the  pipe  system.     Considerations  of  wear  do 
not  affect  the  brief  periods  of  fire  service  or  test. 

d.  Pumps  must  deliver  when  new  20%   more  water  than 
called  for  by  preceding  table. 

e.  Pumps  must  be  so  built  that  they  can  be  safely  run  at 
a   speed  25%    higher   than   that  given   in   the   table  at   100 
pounds  water  pressure. 

Twenty  per  cent,  margin  is  to  allow  for  some  wear  and 
still  have  pumps  which  will  deliver  their  full  rated  capacity. 
The  requirement  for  ability  to  withstand  25  per  cent,  excess 
speed  is  comparable  with  the  possibility  ordinarily  existing 
in  steam  pumps  to  run  them  above  the  rated  speed.  It  is 
desirable  that  a  rotary  pump  should  have  practically  the 
same  discharging  capacity  as  a  steam  pump  of  equivalent 
rating. 

5.     Capacity  Plate. 

a.  Every  rotary  fire  pump  must  bear  a  conspicuous  state- 
ment of  its  capacity  securely  attached  to  the  inboard  side  of 
air  chamber,  thus: 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  201 


ROTARY  FIRE  PUMP. 

NATIONAL   STANDARD — TYPE  B. 


CAPACITY. 


750  Gallons  per  Minute,  or 

3  Good  1^-inch  Smooth  Nozzle 

Fire   Streams. 


Full  Speed. 

275  Revolutions  per  Minute. 

Never  fail  to  have  ample  power  to  drive  pump 

at   full  speed. 


*Name  of  pump  manufacturer  to  go  here. 


b.  This   plate  must   have   an   area   of   not   less   than   one 
square  foot  and  must  be  of  an  alloy  at  least  §  aluminum, 
the  remainder  being  zinc.     The  letters  must  be  at  least   £ 
inch  in  height,  plain  and  distinct,  with  their  surface  raised 
on  a   black  background  and  buffed   off   to   a   dead  smooth 
finish. 

c.  A   smaller   plate   of   composition   must  be   attached   to 
casing  head,  bearing  the  size  of  pump,  shop  number,  and  the 
name  of  shop  in  which  the  pump  was  built. 

This  plate  may  be  cast  on  the  bronze  head  where  desired. 


6.     Strength. 

a.  Maker  must  warrant  each  pump  built  under  these 
specifications  to  be  at  time  of  delivery  in  all  its  parts 
strong  enough  to  safely  withstand  and  be  substantially  tight 
under  240  pounds  water  pressure,  and  must  agree  to  so  test 
it  before  shipment  from  his  works. 


202  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

7.  Shop  Inspection. 

A  systematic  shop  inspection  must  be  given  to  each  pump, 
to  insure  complete  workmanship  and  to  prevent  the  use  of 
defective  parts,  improper  materials,  or  the  careless  leaving 
of  foreign  matter  in  any  part  of  the  pump. 

THE  PUMP. 

8.  Style  of  Pump. 

a.  The  general  arrangement  of  gears,  shaft  bearings,  and 
pump  casing  required  is  shown  in  Figure  1.  Pumps  must 
have  their  two  shafts  geared  together  with  one  set  of 
gears,  each  gear  being  supported  by  two  bearings  placed 
close  up  to  the  gears  on  either  side.  A  third  bearing  sup- 
porting the  tail  end  of  each  shaft  must  be  provided  at  the 
other  end  of  pump  casing. 

6.  The  span  between  this  third  bearing  and  the  inboard 
bearing  next  to  gear  must  be  as  short  as  possible,  to  avoid 
any  deflection  of  the  shaft. 

c.  The  power-drive  must  in  every  case  be  connected  to  the 
gear  end  of  the  shaft. 

d.  These  three  bearings  must  form  a  part  of  a  substan- 
tial bed  plate,  rigidly  supporting  the  pump  casing  in  perfect 
alignment  with  the  bearings. 

e.  The  pump  casing  must  be  surmounted  by  a  special  dis- 
charge casting  with  openings  arranged  as  in  Figure  1. 

9.  Pump  Casing. 

a.  The  pump  casing  and  casing  heads  must  be  of  solid 
bronze  composition,  made  from  new  stock.  The  thickness 
of  this  shell  and  heads  must  not  be  less  than  in  the  fol- 
lowing table: 

Size  of  Pump.  500         750  1000  1500 

Thickness    of    shell 9/16"         %"         11/16"         %" 

Thickness  of  head %"         %"  %"         %" 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  203 

The  shell  and  heads  should  be  ribbed  sufficiently  to  prevent 
any  destruction  of  pump  casing  when  working  against  the 
most  severe  conditions  noted  in  Articles  29,  30,  31  and  32, 
pages  19  and  20,  under  Tests  of  Acceptance. 

&.  The  bolting  of  the  several  parts  of  casing,  heads  and 
suction  and  discharge  pieces  must  be  such  that  the  maxi- 
mum stress  at  bottom  of  screw  thread  will  not  exceed  10,000 
pounds  per  square  inch  (disregarding  for  the  moment  the 
initial  stress  due  to  setting  up  nuts)  for  a  water  pressure 
of  200  pounds  per  square  inch  figured  out  to  the  center  line 
of  the  bolts. 

No  bolt  or  stud  less  than  f"  should  be  used  to  assemble 
parts  of  casing  subject  to  the  strain  of  water  pressure.  All 
such  bolts  or  studs  must  be  of  Tobin  bronze. 

10.     Case. 

a.  The  rotating  cams  must  be  cast  in  one  piece,  of  solid 
bronze  composition.  Their  working  surfaces  must  be  accu- 
rately machined  to  fit  the  casing  in  which  they  revolve,  and 
properly  mesh  into  each  other. 

&.  Each  cam  must  be  secured  to  its  shaft  by  a  standard- 
sized  key  running  the  entire  width  of  cam. 

The  cams  must  be  forced  onto  their  respective  shafts 
under  heavy  pressure,  so  that  the  subsequent  keying  will 
not  throw  them  out  of  center. 

c.  The  number  of  teeth  or  buckets  in  each  cam  should  not 
exceed  six  or  seven,  nor  is  it  desirable  to  use  so  few  as  to 
fail  to  secure  smooth  running. 

A  large  number  of  buckets  is  likely  to  result  in  a  weak 
form  of  tooth,  or,  if  the  tooth  is  made  strong,  the  capacity 
of  the  pump  is  cut  down.  On  the  other  hand,  there  is  some 
evidence  that  too  few  buckets  are  likely  to  result  in  a  pump 
which  will  not  work  without  objectionable  noise  and  vibra- 
tion. It  is  important  that  there  be  no  space  in  the  buckets 
in  which  water  may  be  trapped  and  squeezed,  as  this  tends 
to  make  the  pump  pound. 

While  not  desiring  to  restrict  manufacturers,  we  advise 
not  less  than  five  and  not  more  than  seven  buckets  on  each 


204  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

cam,  although  strength  of  design  and  smoothness  in  running 
will  be  the  main  guiding  features  in  determining  final 
acceptance. 

The  use  of  packing  strips  to  insure  tightness  of  cam  in 
casing  is  not  desired.  While  in  clear  water  such  construc- 
tion may  be  satisfactory,  for  the  rough  and  only  occasional 
use  of  the  average  fire  pump  the  simpler  form  of  construc- 
tion is  believed  safer. 

11.  Shafts. 

a.  The  shafts  carrying  the  gears  and  cams  must  be  of  the 
best  forged  steel,  and  to  be  of  a  diameter  at  gear  bearings 
not  less  than  as  given  in  the  following  table: 

Size  of  Pump.  500  750  1000  1500 
Distance  between  inner  edges 

of  the  cam  bearings 17"  18"  20"           2< 

Diameter  of  shaft  at  bearing  2f  3             3£ 

These  sizes  are  larger  than  necessary  to  simply  resist 
torsional  strain,  as  they  must  be  sufficiently  stiff  to  prevent 
much  deflection  for  water  pressures  of  200  pounds  which 
might  occasionally  be  needed. 

6.  The  shafts  between  the  bearings  and  the  cams  must 
be  protected  from  corrosion  by  a  covering  of  bronze  com- 
position forced  on  into  place. 

c.  The  two  shafts  must  extend  beyond  the  bearings  at 
the  gear  end  a  sufficient  distance  to  permit  keying  on  a 
driving  coupling.  One  such  coupling  must  be  furnished  with 
each  pump. 

12.  Stuffing  Boxes. 

a.  Stuffing  boxes  must  be  of  a  special  and  compact  de- 
sign, so  as  to  prevent  an  excessive  distance  between  main 
bearings. 

To  avoid  the  use  of  very  large  shafts,  the  distance  between 
bearings  must  be  kept  as  small  as  possible.  The  special 
type  of  stuffing  box  shown  in  Figure  2  suggests  one  method 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


205 


206  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

of  saving  space  at  this  point.     Any  other  reliable  arrange- 
ment accomplishing  the  same  results  would  be  acceptable. 

&.  If  a  stuffing  box  of  ordinary  type  is  used,  the  gland 
must  be  of  solid  composition,  and  sufficient  space  provided 
for  inserting  the  packing. 

c.  The  shaft  must  not  have  any  bearing  at  the  stuffing 
box  or  casing  head. 

Such  bearings  are  difficult  to  keep  lubricated  and  are  sub- 
ject to  rapid  wear  due  to  grit  in  the  water. 

13.     Gearing. 

a.  Each  pump  gear  must  be  of  forged  steel,  preferably 
forged  in  one  piece  with  the  shaft. 

Manufacturers  preferring  to  make  these  gears  separate 
from  the  shaft,  fitting  and  keying  them  on  afterward,  may 
do  so.  There  is,  however,  no  difficulty  in  getting  rough- 
turned  f  orgings  of  this  character  at  a  reasonable  price,  and 
the  work  of  fitting  and  keying  to  shaft  is  thereby  saved. 

Steel  castings  have  been  proposed  for  this  work,  but  the 
uncertainty  of  obtaining  sound  castings  free  from  blow  holes 
or  porosity  of  any  kind  renders  this  material  of  doubtful 
reliability. 

&.  The  teeth  of  gears  must  be  accurately  cut  to  insure 
smooth  running.  The  use  of  the  involute  tooth  is  advised. 

c.  The  gears  must  have  their  edges  beveled  off  as  shown 
in  Figure  1.     This  reduces  to  a  minimum  the  possibility  of 
teeth  corners  breaking  off,  and  does  not  materially  reduce 
the  working  face  of  gear. 

It  is  advised  that  not  less  than  20  teeth  nor  more  than  30 
teeth  be  used,  employing  a  circular  pitch  of  from  1 14 -inch 
to  1%-inch. 

d.  The  face  of  gears,  made  from  forged  steel,  must  not 
be  less  for  the  approximate  pitch  diameters  given  than  as 
in  table  below,  measuring  on  the  pitch  surface: 

Size  of  Pump.  500       750       1000      1500 

Approximate   pitch    diameter....     8"         9"         10"         12" 
Face   of   gears 4"         5"          6"           7" 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  207 

14.     Bearings. 

a.  Each  of  the  three  bearings  supporting  each  shaft  must 
have  a  bearing  length  at  least  three  times  the  diameter 
of  the  shaft  which  it  supports. 

&.  Each  bearing  must  be  lined  throughout  its  entire  length 
with  the  best  babbitt  metal,  finished  to  at  least  §-inch  thick. 

The  babbitt  after  being  cast  into  place  must  be  thor- 
oughly hammered  and  then  all  three  boxes  bored  out  at  one 
setting  in  the  boring  machine. 

c.  The  use  of  removable  boxes  is  acceptable  only  when  they 
are  so  fitted  up  with  cylindrical  machined  fits  as  to  be  inter- 
changeable,  thereby  maintaining  perfect  alignment   of   the 
shafts  and  pump  casing. 

d.  Liberal-sized  oil  grooves  must  be  provided,  so  as  to  in- 
sure lubrication  over  the  entire  bearing. 

e.  Each  bearing  must  be  provided  with  an  endless  chain 
oiler  of  durable  construction,  its  lower  part  running  in  a 
chamber  cast  under  the  bearings  filled  with  oil. 

f.  Each  bearing  cap  must  be  provided  with  a  hinged  lid 
large  enough  to  permit  of  inspection  of  the  bearing  and  the 
application  of  oil. 

15'.     Bed  Plate. 

a.  A  substantial  cast  iron  bed  plate  rigidly  supporting 
the  bearings  and  pump  casing  must  be  provided. 

&.  The  shaft  bearings  should  preferably  form  a  part  of 
this  casting,  as  shown  in  Figure  1. 

c.  There  must  be  provided  a  chamber  or  basin  cast  in  this 
bed  plate  directly  under  the  gears  and  the  several  bearings, 
for  the  holding  of  a  quantity  of  oil  in  which  the  gears 
and  chain  oilers  will  run.  It  will  be  desirable  to  connect 
all  of  these  oil  basins  together,  so  as  to  equally  distribute  the 
oil  to  all  basins  as  long  as  any  remains  in  the  bed  plate. 


208  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

d.  A   cast   iron   hood  must   be   provided   and   fitted   over 
the  gears  in  such  a  manner  as  to  entirely  enclose  them  and 
also  prevent  the  escape  of   oil   from  the  gears  during  the 
operation  of  the  pump. 

This  hood  should  be  secured  to  the  bed  plate  by  several 
small  bolts. 

e.  From  four  to  six  bolt  holes,  V  to   li",  varying  with 
the  size  of   the  pump,  must  be  provided  in  bed  plate,   so 
arranged  as  to  properly  secure  it  to  foundation. 

16.     Suction  and  Discharge  Openings. 

a.  The  openings  in  pump  casing  for  suction  and  discharge 
must  not  be  less  than  as  given  below: 

Size  of  Pump.  500       750      1000     1500 

Suction     inlet 6"         8"         8"         10" 

Discharge    outlet 6"         8"         8"         10" 

5.  Where  pump  takes  its  water  under  a  head,  suction 
pipe  may  be  of  the  same  size,  but  with  a  suction  lift  of  10 
f e'et  or  more  and  a  length  of  pipe  exceeding  20  feet,  or  with 
more  than  two  elbows,  suction  pipe  2  inches  larger  must 
be  used,  and  a  special  reducing  casting  must  be  provided  to 
connect  this  pipe  with  the  pump. 

c.  A  special  discharge  casting  must  be  furnished  and 
bolted  to  the  top  of  pump  casing.  This  discharge  piece 
and  air  chamber  should  preferably  be  cast  in  one  piece. 

Openings  must  be  provided  in  this  discharge  casting  of 
such  sizes  as  are  given  in  table  below  for  the  purposes 
specified. 

Of  the  two  openings  on  opposite  sides,  one  must  be  pro- 
vided with  blank  flange  and  the  other  left  for  attaching  a 
hose  connection  piece.  At  right  angles  to  these  two  open- 
ings there  must  be  provided  the  main  discharge  outlet  and 
the  relief  valve  outlet,  all  shown  in  Figure  1. 

Conveniently  arranged  openings  must  be  provided  for 
priming  connection  and  for  a  starting  or  air  valve  pipe. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  209 

Size  of  Openings  in  Discharge  Casting. 

Size  of  Pump.                               500  750  1000        1500 

For  main  discharge 6"  8"  8"           10" 

The  two  opposite  sides  for  hose 

connection    5"  6"  7"              8" 

For  relief  valve 3"  3£"  4"             5" 

Priming   connections .2"  2"  2"             2" 

Air  valve 2"  2$"  .  2£" 

Air  chamber  neck .5"  6"  6" 

17.  Standard  Flanges. 

a.  Standard  flanges  and  bolt  lay-outs,  as  adopted  by  the 
Master  Steam  Fitters  July  18,  1894,  must  be  used  on  all 
of  the  above  pipe  connections. 

Do  not  drill  bolt  holes  on  center  line,  but  symmetrically 
each  side  of  it. 

18.  Air  Chamber. 

a.  An  air  chamber  in  accordance  with  the  sizes  given  in  the 
following  table  must  be  provided  with  all-  pumps.  If  the 
air  chamber  is  cast  iron  the  pump  manufacturers  must 
warrant  that  it  has  been  subject  to  a  hydraulic  test  of  400 
pounds  per  square  inch  before  it  is  connected  to  pump. 

It  is  to  be  thoroughly  painted  inside  and  outside  to 
diminish  its  porosity. 

Size  of  Air  Chamber. 

Air  Chamber  is  to  contain 

500-gallon    pump ' 15  gallons 

750-gallon  pump 20  gallons 

1000-gallon   pump 25  gallons 

1500-gallon  pump 35  gallons 

The  exact  shape  of  air  chamber  is  not  important.  The 
design  illustrated  in  Figure  1  saves  height  and  makes  the 
pump  run  more  steadily  by  keeping  the  whole  weight  lower. 


210  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

19.  Pressure  Gage. 

a.  A  pressure  gage  of  the  Lane  double-tube  spring  pat- 
tern with  5-inch  case  must  be  provided  with  the  pump  and 
connected  near  to  inboard  side  of  air  chamber,  as  shown  in 
Figure  1,  by  a  i-inch  cock  with  lever  handle. 

The  dial  of  this  gage  should  be  scaled  to  indicate  pres- 
sures up  to  240  pounds,  and  marked  "WATEB." 

This  kind  of  gage  is  used  on  locomotives  and  is  the  best 
for  withstanding  the  vibration  which  causes  fire  pump  gages 
to  be  often  unreliable.  Moreover,  this  double  spring  form 
is  safer  against  freezing. 

20.  Hose  Valves. 

a.  Hose  valves  must  be  provided  and  included  in  price  of 
pump  as  follows: 

For     500-gallon  pump,  2  hose  valves. 

For     750-gallon  pump,  3  hose  valves. 

For  1000-gallon  pump,  4  hose  valves. 

For  1500-gallon  pump,  6  hose  valves. 

These  are  to  be  2% -inch  straightway  brass  valves,  with- 
out cap,  and  of  heavy  pattern,  good  design  and  workmanship. 

The  hose  screw  at  end  of  these  valves  is  to  be  fitted  to 
a  hose  coupling  furnished  by  the  customer,  or,  where  this 
cannot  be  procured,  may  be  left  with  the  thread  uncut. 

&.  A  hose  connection  casting  must  be  provided  and  de- 
signed to  bolt  to  the  pump  discharge  casting  or  to  a  pipe 
flange  where  it  is  desired  to  locate  the  hose  connections  away 
from  the  pump.  This  casting  must  be  fitted  with  such  a 
number  of  2^-inch  pipe  openings  as  the  size  of  the  pump 
demands.  See  Figure  1. 

21.  Safety  Valve. 

a.  A  safety  or  relief  valve  of  approved  make  is  to  b'e  regu- 
larly included  in  the  price,  and  is  to  be  attached  to  each 
pump  preferably  extending  horizontally  to  one  side  of 
pump,  as  shown  in  Figure  1;  so  that  its  hand-wheel  for 
regulating  pressure  is  within  easy  reach.  This  hand-wheel 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  211 

must  be  marked  very  conspicuously  with  word   "OPEN" 
and  arrow  to  show  the  direction. 

&.  This  valve  is  to  be  set  ordinarily  at  a  working  pressure 
of  100  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  and  is  to  be  of  such 
capacity  that  when  set  at  100  pounds  it  can  pass  all  the 
water  discharged  by  the  pump  at  full  speed  at  a  pump  pres- 
sure not  exceeding  125  pounds  per  square  inch. 

For    500-gallon  pump,  a  3-inch    valve. 

For    750-gallon  pump,  a  3i-inch  valve. 

For  1000-gallon  pump,  a  4-inch    valve. 

For  1500-gallon  pump,  a  5-inch    valve. 
c.  The  relief  valve  must  discharge  in  a  vertical  downward 
direction  into  a  cone  or  funnel  secured  to  the  outlet  of  the 
valve. 

The  valve  must  be  so  attached  to  the  delivery  casting  and 
discharge  cone  by  flange  connections  as  to  permit  of  its 
ready  removal  for  repairs  without  disturbing  the  waste 
piping. 

22.     Discharge  Cone. 

a.  This  cone  should  be  so  constructed  that  the  pump  oper- 
ator can  easily  see  any  water  wasting  through  the  relief 
valve,  and  its  passages  should  be  of  such  design  and  size 
as  to  avoid  splashing  water  over  into  the  pump  room. 

&.  The  cone  must  also  have  a  tapped  connection  for  the 
air-vent  pipe,  and  the  arrangement  must  be  such  that  the 
pump  operator  can  easily  tell  whether  water  is  coming 
from  the  air  pipe  or  is  wasting  through  the  relief  valve. 

c.  The  cone  should  be  piped  to  some  point  where  water 
can  be  wasted  freely,  the  waste  pipes  being  as  below: 

Size  of  Pump.  Diameter  of  Waste 

Pipe  from  Cone. 

500-gallon  5  inches. 

750-gallon,  6  inches. 

1000-gallon,  7  inches. 

1500-gallon,  8  inches. 


212  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

The  waste  pipe  can  pass  down  to  floor  at  side  01  pump, 
as  in  Figure  1.  It  should  be  piped  in  such  a  way  that  steam 
and  gases  from  other  drains  or  waste  pipes  will  not  work 
back  through  it  and  by  being  troublesome  in  the  pump  room 
suggest  the  covering  of  the  cone  in  any  way,  as  it  is  desir- 
able that  the  pump  operator  should  always  be  able  to  see 
instantly  any  waste  from  the  relief  valve  or  air  vent. 

This  cast-iron  cone,  connected  to  the  safety  valve  and 
air  vent,  is  included  in  price  of  pump,  but  the  waste  pipe 
beyond  it  is  not. 

23.     Starting  Valve. 

a.  There  must  be  a  tapped  pipe  connection  at  some  con- 
venient point  on  discharge  casting,  of  such  size  as  given  in 
table  below,  to  which  must  be  fitted  a  straightway  valve  of 
the  outside  screw  and  yoke  pattern.  This  must  be  connected 
to  the  discharge  cone  in  such  a  manner  that  the  discharge 
of  water  at  this  point  can  be  plainly  seen  by  any  one  in 
attendance. 

Size  of  Pump.  500         750        1000      1500 

Size  of  starting  valve. 2"         2*"         2£"         3" 

The  object  of  this  valve  is  two-fold:  It  first  relieves  the 
pump  of  any  air  discharged  in  starting  up;  and,  second,  it 
affords  the  attendant  a  means  of  gradually  raising  the 
pressure  in  the  pipe  system  and  avoiding  any  water  hammer 
and  the  possible  blowing  out  of  a  joint. 

It  is  generally  impractical  to  control  the  speed  of  a  rotary 
pump,  as  it  can  be  controlled  in  a  steam  pump.  The 
rotary  pump  discharges  its  full  quota  of  water  as  soon  as  it 
picks  it  up,  and  the  starting  valve  herein  specified  will  dis- 
charge most  of  it  until  the  attendant  closes  it,  thereby  grad- 
ually bringing  the  pressure  up  to  maximum  in  the  pipes 
beyond  it.  The  starting  valve  answers  in  a  rotary  pump  the 
same  purpose  as  the  throttle  valve  in  a  steam  pump — to 
control  the  water  pressure. 

CONNECTION  TO   POWER. 

(The  suggestions  here  made  are  preliminary,  and  it  is 
expected  that  eventually  more  details  as  to  size  of  gears, 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  213 

shafts,  frames,  etc.,  will  be  given;  the  following  is,  how- 
ever, sufficient  to  show  the  general  character  of  the  design 
desired.) 

24.     Direct  Connection. 

a.  The  best  arrangement  is  a  permanent  and  direct  con- 
nection between  the  pump  and  the  source  of  power.  In  a 
few  cases  this  is  possible,  as  where  a  special  water-wheel 
with  head  sufficient  to  give  proper  pump  speed  is  provided. 
Again,  gas  engines  in  the  future  may  under  some  circum- 
stances be  used  for  this  work  and  make  direct  connection 
possible. 

&.  Where  the  speed  of  the  motive  power  is  not  right  for 
the  pump,  but  where  there  is  a  special  wheel,  electric  motor, 
or  other  power  for  the  pump,  direct  connection  may  still  be 
provided  through  spur  gears. 

25'.     Grooved  Friction  Gears. 

a.  Grooved  friction  gears  which  give  •  the  speed  increase 
generally  necessary  where  driving  from  water  powers,  and 
at  the  same  time  furnish  a  friction  coupling  which  can  ue 
thrown  in  without  shutting  down  the  wheel,  are  the  most . 
common  arrangement  at  present.  Such  gears  waste  power, 
and,  due  to  the  heavy  pressure  with  which  they  must  be 
forced  together,  often  cause  heating  of  the  bearings.  Again, 
they  not  uncommonly  get  out  of  line,  so  that  as  found  they 
are  frequently  not  a  satisfactory  means  of  transmitting 
power. 

&.  The  convenience  and  cheapness  of  such  gears  will  prob- 
ably always  make  them  desirable  to  some  extent.  It  is  be- 
lieved that  where  properly  designed,  set  up  and  maintained, 
such  gears  will  do  good  work  and  could  satisfactorily  be 
used  where  there  is  ample  power  or  where  other  methods 
are  not  available. 


214  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

26.     Spur  Gears  and  Clutch. 

a.  The  speed  change  often  needed  may  be  secured  by  a 
pair  of  spur  gears  and  the  power  thus  transmitted  with  mod- 
erate loss.  With  this  arrangement  some  form  of  clutch  must 
be  used  to  connect  the  driving  gear  to  the  source  of  power, 
except  in  cases  where  the  wheel  or  other  power  is  used 
exclusively  for  the  pump.  A  simple,  inexpensive,  but  relia- 
ble clutch  of  rugged  construction  is  desirable  for  this  work, 
and  the  clutch  would  have  to  be  so  designed  that  it  would 
not  become  inoperative  should  it  by  neglect  be  allowed  to 
rust. 

&.  Under  some  conditions  a  plain,  square  jawed  clutch 
which  requires  the  stopping  of  the  power  before  it  is 
thrown  in  can  be  used.  Some  provision  is  then  desirable  to 
prevent  such  a  clutch  being  thrown  in  while  running,  in  a 
way  to  do  harm. 

c.  Spur  gears,  one  of  which  slides,  have  been  used  in  the 
past,  but  there  is  always  the  danger  that  in  the  excitement 
of  a  fire  the  gears  will  be  thrown  in  while  the  power  is  run- 
ning, thus  stripping  the  teeth,  so  that  this  method,  without 
some  guard  which  would  absolutely  prevent  this  accident, 
is  not  generally  desirable. 


27.     Design  and  Strength  of  Construction. 

a.  Whatever  method  of  construction  is  adopted,  it  is 
essential  that  the  design  be  simple,  rugged  and  with  a 
good  margin  of  strength  at  all  points. 

&.  Bearings  for  friction  gears  must  be  especially  liberal, 
as  the  pressure  required  causes  heating.  Simple  and  posi- 
tive means  of  lubrication  should  always  exist. 

c.  Gears,  clutches  and  all  other  parts  should  be  designed 
in  accordance  with  the  best  established  practice  and  with 
large  factors  of  safety,  as  in  rotary  pump  driving  there 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  215 

are  likely  to  be  severe  shocks  and  the  service  is  generally 
hard. 

d.  Any  spur  gears  used  should  have  cut  teeth,  as,  for  the 
power  to  be  carried  and  the  speeds  which  are  run,  a  cast 
tooth  is  not  safe. 

TESTS   FOR   ACCEPTANCE. 

See  !3ecs.  29,  30,  31,  32. 


For  amendments  to  National  Board  Eules  adopted  by  the 
National  Fire  Protection  Association  since  the  foregoing 
rules  were  promulgated,  see  page  376. 


216 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


Type  "A"  National  Standard  Rotary  Fire  Pump. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


217 


Centrifugal  Fire  Pump. 


218 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


Single-Power  Fire  Pump. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


219 


Type  "A"  National  Standard  Rotary  Fire  Pump. 


220 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


Type  "A"  National  Standard  Rotary  Fire  Pump. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


221 


Triplex-Power  Fire  Pump. 


222 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


Type  "B"  National  Standard  Rotary  Fire  Pump. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


223 


Centrifugal  Fire  Pump. 


Underwriter  Turbine  Fire  Pump-Direct  Electric  Drive. 


224  NOTES    OX    HYDRAULICS. 

ROTARY  PUMP  TABLES. 

{The    following   data   is  from   catalogues   as   furnished   by 
the   makers.) 

CROCKER  TWIN  ROTARY  PIMP. 

Manufactured  by  E.  D.  Jones  &  Sons  Co.,  Pittsfield,  Mass. 


.a           Width  of      n  £«£  w* 
g        Bucket  Face  3  £  5  g  g| 
-         in  Inches     •$  tin  JV  M 

Diam. 
of 
Suet. 

Diam. 
of 
Disch. 

Makers' 
Gals.      Kst.  Gals, 
per        per  Minute 
Rev.         Moderate 

* 

w«     U.S 

Speed 

1 

54 

5| 

3 

2$ 

3/5 

210 

2 

6 

6 

4 

3 

1__ 

300 

3 

7 

7 

5 

4 

1* 

400 

4 

8 

8 

5 

5 

o 

500 

5 

9 

9 

6 

6 

3 

800 

6 

11 

9 

7 

6 

.     4 

1000 

7 

10 

10 

8 

8 

5 

1250 

FALES  &  JENKS  ROTARY  PUMP. 

Manufactured  by  Fales  &  Jenks  Machine  Co.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 


4 

9 

9 

6 

5 

31 

1000 

5 

9 

8 

6 

5 

21 

750 

6 

8* 

7 

4 

4 

If 

500 

7 

8 

64 

4 

3 

li 

400 

7§ 

6| 

5 

3 

3 

j 

200 

GOILD  ROTARY  PUMP. 

Manufactured  by  Gould  Manufacturing  Co.,  Seneca  Falls,  N..Y. 

2  3*  45/16      24  2  *  225 

3  4f  5i  3  24  1  400 

4  4£  6  7/16      5  4  I§  500 

5  6  713/16    6  5  2£  (550 

6  7£  91/5        8  6  4  1000 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  225 

HOLLY  ROTARY  PIMP. 

Formerly  Manufactured  by  Holly  Manufacturing  Company, 
Lockport,  N.  Y. 


IH 

<U     £                        « 

Makers' 

V 

,0 

Width  of 

C  oj£  oi^ 

Diam. 

Diam. 

Gals. 

Est.  Gals. 

Bucket  Face 

03    £    CO  •£    ^ 

of 

of 

per 

per  Minute 

3 

in  Inches 

sS§5.s 

Suet. 

Disch. 

Rev. 

Moderate 
Speed 

2 

2 

5 

2 

o 

i 

100 

3 

4 

5 

3 

3 

1 

200 

4 

5 

7i 

4 

4 

1J 

400 

5 

7 

101 

5 

5 

2^ 

650 

6 

9 

ibi 

6 

6 

44 

900 

7 

7 

12 

8  or  10 

8  or  10 

7 

1400 

HOLLY  SILSBY  ROTARY  PUMP. 

Manufactured  by  American  Fire  Engine  Co.,  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y. 


2 

21 

3  13/16 

24 

24 

1/5 

110 

24 

34 

5 

3i 

N 

4 

250 

3 

4| 

6 

4 

4 

5'/6 

350 

4 

6i 

6 

44 

44 

u 

450 

5 

64 

74 

6 

6 

2 

600 

54 

7i 

9 

8 

6 

31 

1000 

6 

9 

94 

8 

8 

54 

1200 

7 

9 

10| 

9 

9 

74 

1500 

! 


HOLYOKE  ROTARY  PUMP. 

Manufactured  by  Holyoke  Machine  Company,  Holyoke,  Mass. 

^^      10  8£  8  8  4  1000 

2  9  8  65.3  825 

3  8£  71/5        5  4  2  600 


226  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

HIMPHREY  ROTARY  PIMP. 

Manufactured  by  Humphrey  Machine  Company,  Keene,  N.  H 

Makers' 

Gals.         Kst.  Gals, 
per         per  Minute 
Rev.          Moderate 
Speed 

I  300 

II  400 
IS  500 
2§  600 
3 1/5  800 

1000 
1200 

HUNT  ROTARY  PUMP. 

Manufactured  by  Rodney  Hunt  Machine  Company,  Orange,  Mass: 
4  9  9  6  5  3|  850 

59865  2|  700 

6  81  7    3/16    5  4  Ig  500 

7  8  613/32    4  3  11  400 

NONESUCH  ROTARY  PUMP. 

Manufactured  by  Clark  Machine  Company,  Turners  Falls,  Mass. 


.0          Width  of       c£££, 
g       Bucket  Face  .2  i  2  "~  ' 
3         in  Inches      .2  tJ  '-fl  5  " 
5?                                P«     3j 

c     Diam. 
fl         of 
^      Suet. 

Diam. 
of 
Disch. 

1 

6 

61 

3  or 

4 

3 

2 

6 

81 

5  or 

6 

4 

3 

8 

81 

6 

4  or    6 

4 

8 

101 

6  or 

8 

6 

5 

10 

101 

8  or 

10 

6  or  8 

6 

12 

7 

16 

1 

4 

4 

3 

21 

1 

133 

2 

6 

ol 

31 

3 

i 

225 

3 

8 

51 

4 

31 

i 

300 

4 

8 

61 

5 

41 

U 

412 

5 

10 

61 

51 

5 

2 

550 

6 

12 

8 

61 

6 

3 

825 

8 

12 

9 

8 

7 

5 

1250 

NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  227 

RODNEY  HINT  UNDERWRITER  ROTARY  FIRE  PIMP. 

Manufactured  by  Rodney  Hunt  Machine  Company,  Orange,  Mass. 


LI 

Distance        ^_. 

1 

Width  of 

Between     c  "§ 

Diani. 

Gals. 

Gallons 

Bucket  Face 

Shaft        £  <g 

of 

per 

per 

5 

111  Inches 

Centers     Q  ^ 

Disch. 

Rev. 

Minute 

2 

in  Inches        ° 

o 

18 

8  13/16  10 

10 

6 

1500 

4 

12| 

8  13/16  10 

8 

4 

1000 

5 

91 

8                8 

8 

3 

750 

6 

6* 

8               6 

6 

2 

500 

7 

4 

8               6 

5 

U 

300 

RUMSEY  ROTARY  PIMP. 

Manufactured  by  Rumsey  &  Company,  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y. 


L, 

<y    £           ^    CO 

Makers' 

M 

Width  of 

^    <U+J    )-t  JC2 

Diani. 

Diani. 

Gals. 

Kst.  Gals. 

Bucket  Face 
in  Inches 

.HISS 

of 
Suet. 

of 
Disch. 

per 
Rev. 

per  Minute 
Moderate 

£ 

Qpq    >u.g 

Speed 

i 

3£ 

4 

2 

2 

A 

100 

2 

31 

4f 

2* 

2| 

6/7 

250 

3 

4i 

5} 

3 

3 

H 

350 

4 

5 

7§ 

4 

4 

if 

45'0 

5 

7 

8 

5 

5 

2& 

500 

ROOTS  ROTARY  PIMP. 

Manufactured  by  P.  H.  &  F.  M.  Roots  Co.,  Connersville,  Ind. 


1 

5 

5 

5 

4 

1 

140 

2 

6| 

8i 

6 

5 

2J 

310 

3 

si 

8| 

8 

6 

4| 

510 

4 

10 

10 

10 

8 

7 

770 

5 

12 

12 

12 

10 

12 

1200 

TORRENT  ROTARY  PUMP. 

Formerly  Manufactured  by  H.  M.  Wiswell. 

1  10  5i  3  3  1  300 

4  11  6*  4  4  1|  450 

5  14  8£  5  5  3  900 


228  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

RULES  AND  REQUIREMENTS 

For  the  Construction  and  Installation  of 

ELECTRIC  FIRE  PIMPS. 

NOTE— The  following  is  a  reprint  of  the  Rules  and  Require- 
ments of  the  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters.  (1904.) 

1.  Current  Supply. 

Whether  any  particular  current  supply  will  be  satis- 
factory must  be  left  more  or  less  to  the  discretion  of  the 
Underwriters  having  jurisdiction,  but  any  source  should 
within  reasonable  limits  meet  the  following  requirements: 

a.  The  Current  should  be  furnished  from  a  fireproof  or 
semi-fireproof  constructed  station. 

NOTE. — A  station  having  brick  walls,  concrete  floors,  plank 
roof,  and  containing  modern  apparatus  and  equipment,  will 
be  considered  as  a  ' '  semi-fireproof ' '  station.  It  is  desirable 
to  have  the  mains  and  feeders  supplied  by  two  or  more  sta- 
tions, any  one  of  which  is  capable  of  furnishing  the  necessary 
current.  When  two  stations  are  available,  good,  non-fire- 
proof stations  may  be  accepted  in  place  of  fireproof,  but 
fireproof  stations  should  be  chosen  wherever  possible. 

5.  The  supply  of  current  must  be  from  mains  and  feeders 
which  can  furnish  the  necessary  current  at  all  times,  day  or 
night,  every  day  in  the  year,  and  wrhich  can  show  a  service 
record  of  no  interruption  in  any  one  year,  exceeding  one-half 
hour,  and  not  over  four  interruptions  exceeding  five  minutes 
each. 

c.  The  supply  must  have  a  reserve  capacity  such  as  to  be 
in  no  way  discommoded  provided  the  maximum  quantity 
needed,  by  a  reasonable  number  of  motors  supplied,  was 
suddenly  called  for  in  addition  to  the  normal  load  of  the 
circuit. 

2.  Transmission  of  Current. 

a.  Two  circuits  should  be  provided,  either  from  the  same 
or  separate  stations,  entirely  independent  from  the  source 
of  supply  to  the  pump  room,  so  arranged  as  to  afford  the 
least  liability  of  interruption. 

NOTE, — Two    connections    from    different    sections    of    an 


NOTES    ON    HYDEAULICS.  229 

Edison  network,  separated  by  one  or  more  junction  boxes, 
will  be  considered  as  complying  with  this  requirement.  In 
case  of  isolated  plants,  with  complete  conduits  from  dynamo 
room  to  pump  room,  one  connection  only  would  be  required. 

&.  When  the  potential  of  the  transmission  circuit  is  over 
the  maximum  allowed  for  low  potential  systems  as  specified 
by  the  "National  Electrical  Code,"  so  that  transformers  at 
the  plant  are  necessary,  those  which  furnish  current  for 
the  motor  shall  be  used  for  this  purpose  only,  and  must 
be  connected  without  fuses  in  their  primaries  or  secondaries. 

c.  The  mains   and   feeders   of   these  circuits  must  be   of 
ample  size  that  the  maximum  current  necessary  to  supply 
the  motor  can  be  furnished  without  excessive  drop. 

NOTE. — A  drop  in  excess  of  10  per  cent,  will  ordinarily  be 
considered  excessive. 

d.  The  protective  devices  on  the  circuits  at  the  source  of 
power  must   be   of   such   capacity  that  they  will  not   open 
except  from  short  circuit  on  the  mains  and  feeders. 

e.  The  wires   leading  from  the  source   of   supply   to   the 
motor  must  be  installed  in  accordance  with  the  requirements 
of    the   "National    Electrical    Code,"   with    the    exceptions 
noted  under  2&  and  2d,  and  in  addition  must.be  so  arranged 
that   liability  to   injury   or   accident  will   be   reduced   to   a 
minimum. 

NOTE. — A  complete  underground  circuit  from  generating 
station  to  pump  is  strongly  recommended  and  should  be 
obtained  when  practicable.  When  such  construction  is  not 
available,  an  overhead  circuit  may  be  allowed,  but  that  part 
of  the  circuit  adjacent  to  the  plant  or  exposing  plants,  must 
be  run  with  special  reference  to  damage  in  case  of  fire. 
Where  the  pump  room  is  a  part  of,  or  in  close  proximity  to, 
the  plant  which  the  pump  is  designed  to  protect,  the  wires 
for  some  distance  from  the  pump  room  must  be  underground. 

f.  Wires  in  pump  room  must  have  an  insulation  as  called 
for  in  "National  Electrical  Code" — Bule  40 — and  Sections 
a  to  d,  inclusive,  and  Section  In  of  Eule  41.     No  wires  carry- 
ing a  potential  over  the  maximum  allowed  for  low  poten- 
tial systems  as  specified  by  the  "National  Electrical  Code," 
shall  be  allowed  in  pump  room. 


230  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

3.  Pump  Room  and  Transformer  Vault. 

a.  Pump  Eoom  must  be  of  fireproof  construction,  thor- 
oughly cut  off  from  balance  of  plant,  and  so  arranged  that 
access  can  be  had  to  it  from  the  outside.  The  room  should 
be  used  for  no  other  purpose,  must  be  arranged  to  allow 
for  ample  drainage,  and  must  be  thoroughly  ventilated  to 
the  outer  air. 

5.  When  it  is  necessary  to  provide  for  transformers  for 
pump  motor  at  plant,  they  must  be  located  in  a  fireproof 
vault,  cut  off  from  pump  room  and  thoroughly  ventilated  to 
the  outer  air  through  a  flue  or  chimney. 

4.  Foundation. 

The  foundations  on  which  the  motor  and  pump  rest  must 
be  of  substantial  fireproof  construction,  as  of  brick,  stone 
or  concrete,  the  motor  and  pump  being  in  alignment  and 
securely  fastened  to  their  foundations. 

5.  Transmission  of  Power. 

Motor  must  be  connected  to  pump  directly  or  by  gearing 
having  single  reduction.  Bearings  must  be  self -lubricating 
and  where  gearing  is  used,  must  have  bronze  or  other  ap- 
proved metal  pinions. 

6.  Motor. 

a.  May  be  of  either  the  continuous  or  alternating  current 
type,  and  must  be  designed  for  voltages  within  the  limits  for 
low  potential  systems  as  specified  by  the  "National  Elec- 
trical Code." 

6.  Must  be  so  protected  that  it  will  not  be  injured  by  water 
escaping  from  pump  or  connections. 

NOTE. — It  is  desirable,  and  is  strongly  recommended,  that 
the  motor  be  made  waterproof.  In  any  event,  it  should 
be  so  protected  that  escaping  water,  as  from  a  leaky  stuffing 
box,  the  blowing  out  of  packing,  bursting  of  hose,  etc., 
will  not  injure  the  motor  or  interfere  with  its  operation. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  231 

c.  Must  have  all  revolving  parts  mechanically   and   elec- 
trically balanced. 

d.  Must  have  self-lubricating  bearings. 

e.  Must  be  of  such  capacity  that  it  can  run  the  pump  for 
ten   (10)  consecutive  hours  at  its  normal  speed,  when  pump 
is  delivering  its  full  capacity  at  a  pressure  of  100  Ibs.  per 
square  inch,  without  a  rise  of  temperature  in  any  part  of 
more  than  40°  C.  above  the  surrounding  atmosphere. 

f.  At  the  end  of  test  prescribed  in  Section  e  those  parts 
of  the  motor  designed  to  be  insulated  from  each  other  must 
withstand  the  continued  application  for  one  minute  of  an 
alternating  E.  M.  F.  of  2,000  volts. 

g.  Other  things  being  equal,  preference  will  be  given  to 
the  motor  showing  the  highest  efficiency. 

Ji.  Must  be  provided  with  a  name  plate  stating  the  name 
of  the  manufacturer,  the  capacity  in  volts  and  amperes, 
and  the  normal  speed  in  revolutions  per  minute. 

7.     Means  of  Control. 

It  is  recommended  that  the  motor  be  arranged  to  start 
automatically  upon  reduction  of  the  pump  discharge  pres- 
sure, and  to  stop  automatically  when  the  pressure  has 
reached  the  maximum  desired.  Manual  control  may,  how- 
ever, be  permitted  at  the  discretion  of  the  Underwriters 
having  jurisdiction,  and  both  systems  will  be  required  if 
deemed  advisable. 

Automatic  Controller. 

a.  Must  substantially  be  waterproof. 

&.  Must  be  capable  of  starting  the  pump  against  a  pres- 
sure not  more  than  10  pounds  below  that  at  which  the  relief 
valve  operates,  limiting  the  starting  current  to  125'  per  cent, 
of  that  required  by  the  motor  running  at  full  speed,  deliv- 
ering water  through  the  relief  valves  with  all  other  pump 
(or  discharge)  outlets  closed. 


232  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

c.  Must  return  to  the  starting  position  immediatly  upon 
cutting  out  the  motor,  and  must  be  so  arranged  that  the 
motor   cannot   start   until   the   controller   has   reached   such 
position. 

d.  Must  be  constructed  in  a  substantial  and  durable  man- 
ner throughout,  with  special  attention  to   permanency   and 
reliability  of  contacts. 

e.  Must  be  provided  with  a  name  plate  stating  the  name 
of  the  manufacturer,  the  voltage  and  maximum  current  for 
which  the  controller  is  designed,  and  the  minimum  permis- 
sible period   at  which  it  may   operate  repeatedly  without 
damage  from  overheating. 

Manual  Controller. 

f.  Must  substantially  be  waterproof. 

g.  Must  be  so  proportioned  that  the  motor  can  be  started, 
under  the  most  severe  conditions  that  are  liable  to  be  met 
with  in  practice,  limiting  the  starting  current  to   125  per 
cent,  of  that  required  by  the  motor  running  at  full  speed 
delivering  water  through  relief  valves  with  all  other  pump 
(or  discharge)  outlets  closed. 

NOTE. — Manually  operated,  variable-speed  controllers  of 
practicable  size  cannot  meet  the  widely  varying  conditions 
of  pump  output  which  must  be  provided  for  in  an  equipment 
for  fire  service.  It  is  therefore  required  that  where  the 
equipment  is  not  automatic  the  motor  shall  be  brought  to 
speed  by  means  of  a  starting  box  only,  and  shall  continue 
running  at  full  speed,  discharging  the  surplus  water,  if  any, 
through  the  relief  valves. 

h.  The  starting  operation  must  be  accomplished  by  the 
use  of  one  handle  or  lever  arm. 

i.  Must  be  constructed  in  a  substantial  and  durable  man- 
ner throughout  with  special  attention  as  to  permanency  and 
reliability  of  contacts. 

j.  Must  be  so  designed  that  if  current  is  interrupted,  the 


NOTES    ON    HYDKAULICS.  233 

lever  or  contact  arm  must  be  brought  back  to  its  off  or  start- 
ing position  before  current  can  be  again  applied.  No  over- 
load release  device  will  be  allowed. 

fr.  Must  be  provided  with  a  name  plate  stating  the  name 
of  the  manufacturer,  the  voltage  and  the  maximum  current 
for  which  the  starting  box  is  designed. 

8.  Switch-Circuit  Breaker. 

a.  A  double  throw  switch  must  be  provided  at  entrance 
of  wires  into  pump  room  which  can  disconnect  the  motor 
from  all  sources  of  supply.  The  circuits  called  for  in  Sec- 
tion a  under  l  i  Transmission  of  Current, ' '  to  be  connected 
at  either  end  of  switch,  the  leads  to  motor  being  connected 
at  the  center. 

&.  A  circuit  breaker  in  motor  leads  must  also  be  provided, 
which  shall  be  so  designed  as  to  be  capable  of  interrupting 
the  circuit  without  injury  to  itself. 

NOTE. — The  circuit  breaker  should  be  set  to  open  at  about 
100  per  cent,  above  maximum  current,  which  the  motor  re- 
quires when  running  at  normal  speed,  with  pump  discharging 
full  capacity  against  100  pounds  pressure.  Its  function  is 
solely  to  cut  out  the  motor  in  case  of  a  short  circuit  or 
accident.  No  metallic  fuses  to  be  allowed  in  the  circuit. 

9.  Pump. 

a.  Pumps  of  the  piston  or  plunger  type,  as  regards  con- 
struction, must  comply  with  those  requirements  pertaining 
to  the  water  end  of  "The  National  Standard"  Steam  Fire 
Pumps. 

&.  Pumps  of  the  rotary  type,  as  regards  construction,  must 
comply  with  requirements  pertaining  to  Rotary  Fire  Pumps. 

c.  Pumps  of  the  screw  type  must  comply  as  far  as  material 
which  enters  into  their  construction,  with  rules  governing 
Eotary  Fire  Pumps. 

d.  Name  plate,   suction  and  water  supply,  lift,  priming 


234  NOTES    ON     HYDRAULICS. 

tank  and  connections,  hose  conections,  gages,  valves,  air 
chamber,  etc.,  must  be  as  called  for  on  Steam  or  Botary 
Pump  Specifications  as  the  case  may  be. 

e.  Must  be  provided  with  two  relief  valves  of  the  spring 
"Pop  Belease"  type,  attached  direct  to  discharge  casting, 
and  to  have  hand-wheel  for  pressure  regulation.  Each  valve 
must  have  same  capacity  as  required  in  Steam  or  Eotary 
Pump  Specifications  for  pumps  of  same  size.  Belief  valves 
to  discharge  into  a  waste  pipe  having  cone  top  with  slide 
so  that  discharge  can  be  made  visible,  and  when  the  supply  of 
water  is  limited,  as  from  a  special  suction  reservoir  or  cis- 
tern, the  waste  pipe  must  drain  into  such  reservoir  or 
cistern. 

10.     Compression  Tank  for  Automatic  Pumps. 

a.  Where  automatic  control  is  installed,  the  pump  dis- 
charge must  have  direct  connection  with  an  air  tank  of 
sufficient  size  to  prevent  too  frequent  operation  of  the  auto- 
matic starter,  and  too  wide  variation  of  pressure  at  any 
discharge  which  the  pump  is  capable  of  supplying,  and  the 
requisite  amount  of  air  in  the  tank  must  be  maintained  by 
means  of  an  air  compressor. 

NOTE. — This  tank  must  be  much  larger  than  the  air  cushion 
ordinarily  used  to  steady  the  discharge  of  reciprocating 
pumps,  its  function  being  to  take  a  portion  of  the  discharge 
while  the  pump  is  running  at  full  speed  and  then  supply  the 
system  after  the  pump  has  stopped  and  while  the  controller 
is  recovering  and  again  bringing  the  pump  to  speed. 

6.  The  inlet  to  the  tank  must  be  of  the  same  size  as  the 
discharge  pipe  from  the  pump,  and  contain  a  straightway 
gate  valve  of  approved  outside  screw  and  yoke  or  other 
approved  indicator  pattern.  This  valve  must  be  kept  se- 
cured open  with  a  padlock  or  riveted  leather  strap,  exception 
being  made  only  where  a  reliable  system  is  maintained  for 
permanently  sealing  all  valves  and  for  immediate  notification 
of  broken  seals. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  235 

c.  The  tank  must  be  provided  with  a  suitable  water  gage, 
the  two  gage  valves  being  ordinarily  kept  closed,  and  opened 
only  to  ascertain  the  water  level  in  the  tank. 

11.     Approval. 

Each  type  of  pump,  together  with  motor  and  all  con- 
trolling devices,  to  be  submitted  to  Underwriters'  Labora- 
tories for  test. 


For  amendments  to  National  Board  Eules  adopted  by  the 
National  Fire  Protection  Association  since  the  foregoing 
rules  were  promulgated,  see  page  380. 


236 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


I).  S.  GALLONS  DISCHARGED  BY  ONE  PISTON 
OR  PLUNGER. 

Estimated   on  piston   speed   of   100   feet  per  minute,   of 
double  acting  piston,  no  allowance  being  made  for  slip. 

Diameter  Gallons  per  Gallons  Gals,  per 

of  Piston  Minute  per  Hour  24  Hours 

1  4.07  244.7  5,875 
li  6.37  382.5  9,180 
11  9.18  550.8  13,219 
If  12.49  749  17,992 

2  16.31  979  23,500 
2J  20.6  1,239'  28,180 
21   .  25.5  1,530  36,720 
2f  30.8  1,851  44,424 

3  36.7  2,203  52,878 
3i  43.1  2,586  62,064 
31  49.9  2,998  71,971 
3f  57.3  3,442  82,619 

4  65.2  3,916  94,002 
4i  73.7  4,422  106,128 
41  82.6  4,957  118,971 
4f  92  5,523  132,552 

5  102  6,120  146,880 
5i  112  6,745  161,934 
51  123  7,404  177,696 
5|  134  8,093  194,248 

6  146  8,812  211,511 
6i  159  9,562  229,500 
61  172  10,344  248,256 
6f  185  11,152  267,600 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


237 


U.  S.  GALLONS  DISCHARGED  BY  ONE  PISTON 
OR  PLlNGER-(Conl.) 


Diameter 
of  Piston 

Gallons  per 
Minute 

Gallons 
per  Hour 

Gals,  per 
24  Hours 

7 

200 

11,995 

287,886 

7* 

214 

12,867 

308,808 

71 

229 

13,769 

330,478 

71 

245 

14,700 

35'2,300 

8 

261 

15,667 

376,011 

si 

277 

,16,660 

399,852 

81 

294 

17,688 

424,512 

81 

312 

18,741 

449,978 

9 

330 

19,828 

475,887 

9J 

349 

20,944 

502,668 

91 

368 

22,092 

530,208 

91 

388 

23,280 

558,720 

10 

408 

24,480 

587,518 

m 

428 

25,716 

617,184 

101 

449 

26,989 

647,789 

11 

493 

29,616 

710,784 

iii 

529 

32,374 

776,993 

12 

587 

35,251 

846,046 

121 

637 

38,250 

918,000 

13 

689 

41,370 

992,880 

131 

743 

44,610 

1,070,640 

14 

799 

47,980 

1,151,536 

141 

858 

51,468 

1,235,232 

15 

918 

55,070 

1,321,915 

151 

980 

58,800 

1,411,200 

16 

1,044 

62,668 

1,504,046 

238 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


U.  S.  GALLONS  DISCHARGED  BY  ONE 

PISTON 

OR  PLUNGER—  (Cont.) 

Diameter 

Gallons  per 

Gallons 

Gals,  per 

of  Piston 

Minute 

per  Hour 

24  Hours 

Hi 

1,110 

66,642 

1,599,408 

17 

1,179 

70,752 

1,698,048 

171 

1,249 

74,964 

1,799,136 

18 

1,322 

79,314 

1,903,550 

181 

1,396 

83,778 

2,010,672 

19 

1,473 

88,368 

2,120,832 

191 

1,552 

93,120 

2,234,880 

20 

1,632 

97,920     • 

2,350,080 

201 

1,714 

102,840 

2,468,160 

21 

1,799 

107,952 

2,590,848 

211 

1,886 

113,154 

2,715,696 

22 

1,974 

118,482 

2,843,568 

221 

2,065 

123,924 

2,974,175 

23 

2,158 

129,492 

3,107,808 

231 

2,253 

135,186 

3,244,464 

24 

2,349 

140,958 

3,382,992 

241 

2,449 

146,958 

3,526,992 

25 

2,550 

152,994 

3,671,856 

251 

2,653 

15'9,179 

3,820,300 

26 

2,758 

165,484 

3,971,630 

26i 

2,865 

171,908 

4,125,800 

27 

2,974 

178,457 

4,282,967 

271 

3,085 

185,130 

4,443,125 

28 

3,199 

191,922 

4,606,125 

281 

3,314 

198,838 

4,772,118 

29 

3,431 

205,876 

4,941,028 

30 

3,672 

220,320 

5,287,675 

NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  239 

To  compute  the  equivalent  in  Imperial  gallons,  multiply 
by  .833.  The  gallons  discharged,  as  noted  above,  being  for 
one  double  acting  plunger,  should  be  multiplied  by  2  to 
determine  quantity  discharged  by  a  duplex  pump.  I^>r 
single-acting  triplex  multiply  by  1£.  For  double-acting 
triplex  pump  multiply  by  3.  For  a  greater  or  less  piston 
speed  than  100  feet  per  minute,  calculations  can  be  readily 
made. 


240 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


PUMP   INSPECTION 

Discharge  of  Nozzles  attached 


HYDRANT 

1%-lnch 
Smoofh  Nozzle, 

IV*  -Inch 
Smooth  Nozzle, 

IVs-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzle. 

1-Inch 
Smooth  Nozzle. 

7/8-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzlef 

or  1-inch  Ring 

PRESSURE 

Nozzle. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Indicated 
while 
Stream    Is 

If 

II 

if 

u 

II 

II1 

Jo  o 

3  | 

I! 

3  G 

if 

ll 

flow  ng 
by   G  u#e 

1 

•• 
11 

|| 

1 

si 

g 

il 

|| 

1 

11 

Kjg 

£2 

§ 

if 

ttn 

fra 

attach  d  to 

H 

« 

1  = 

n 

O 

G 

Hj-.lr  nt. 

a 

Jj 

f"? 

§ 

i/ 

ll 

ij 

fl 

1- 

s~\ 

ij 

«7 

as  eh  wn. 

a 

3 

I 

!j 

fl 

3 
1 

'2  o 

Sa 

If 

3 
1 

fi 

3 

«l 

II 

3 
1 

fl 

1 

Lbs. 

£* 

fl 

"a 

if 

fl 

"a 

la 

f| 

"a 

IP 

ll 

=• 

§5* 

i| 

per  sq.  !n. 

p 

5* 

0"" 

^ 

a 

°" 

& 

M 

°~ 

f! 

5' 

o"1 

^ 

* 

o" 

5 

90 

92 

103 

So 

82 

90 

7° 

71 

75 

59 

59 

62 

47 

47 

48 

10 

127 

131 

146 

114 

116 

127 

99 

101 

107 

83 

84 

87 

66 

67 

68 

15 

155 

1601179 

140 

143 

'54 

121 

123 

101 

1  02 

1  06 

81 

81 

84 

20 

1  80 

i85|2o6 

161 

1641179 

140 

142 

'51 

"7 

118 

123 

93 

94 

96 

25 

201 

207 

1  80 

184 

200 

I56 

158 

169 

131 

132 

137 

104 

105]  107 

30 

2  2O 

226 

251 

197 

202 

219 

171 

173 

184 

143 

144 

15° 

114 

^5 

118 

35 

238 

245 

272 

213 

218 

236 

J84 

1  88 

199 

154 

156 

162 

123 

124 

127 

40 

255 

262 

291 

227 

2J3 

253 

197 

201 

213 

165 

167 

173 

132 

i33 

136 

45 

270 

278 

309 

241 

247 

269 

209 

213 

226 

175  177 

184 

140 

141 

144 

50 

284 

293 

325 

255 

260 

283 

221 

224 

238 

184 

1  86 

194 

147 

148 

152 

05 

298 

307 

341 

267 

273 

296 

232 

235 

250 

193 

195 

204 

154 

'55 

J59 

CO 

311 

320 

357 

279 

285 

309 

242 

245 

261 

202 

2'04 

213 

161 

162 

167 

C5 

324 

333 

371 

290 

296 

322 

252 

255 

272 

210 

213221 

1  68 

169 

173 

70 

336 

346 

385 

301 

307 

334 

26l 

265 

281 

218 

221 

230 

174 

176 

180 

75 

348 

358 

399 

3" 

3i8 

344 

270 

2751291 

226 

228 

238 

181 

182 

186 

00 

359 

37° 

412 

322 

329 

357 

279 

2841301 

233 

236 

246 

186 

1  88 

192 

85 

37i 

38, 

425 

332 

339  369 

288 

293 

310 

240 

243 

253 

192 

193 

198 

90 

381 

393 

437 

34i 

349 

379 

296 

3OI 

319 

247 

250 

261 

197 

199 

204 

95 

392 

403 

449 

35° 

358 

39° 

3°4 

309 

328 

253 

257 

268 

203 

204 

209 

100 

402 

414 

461 

359 

368 

400 

312 

317 

337 

260 

264 

275 

208 

210 

215 

Quantities  are  stated  in  United  States  gallons  of  231  cubic  inches. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


241 


TABLES. 

to  5O  Feet  of  2K-inch  Hose. 


TABLE  B.-NO.I. 


%-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzle, 

1%-lnch 

1%-lnch 

IVs-lnch 

or  K  inch  King 
Nozzle. 

Ring  Nozzle, 

Ring  Nozzle, 

Ring  Nozzle. 

Gals  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

If  lit 

§•= 

II 

If 

If 

If 

II 

HYDRANT 

^i§ 

3  g 

«£ 

•3  | 

Is 

£  ° 

53 

PRESSURE. 

1 
g 

|j 

1 

'   H 

a 

11 

B 

n 

1 

I 

g 

|| 

«73 

I! 

3 

gj 

Is 

3 

=  g 

| 

=  2 

li 

3  0 

A  § 

li 

1 

rS 

li 

1 

la 

N 

a 

1  = 

^ 

•3 
1 

|1 

So 

_ 

c 

Lbs. 

p 

s 

0" 

p 

a1 

o 

U> 

SJ 

o~ 

t» 

i5* 

sr 

persq.ln. 

36 

36 

37 

75 

76 

84 

66 

67 

70 

56 

56 

59 

5 

5°  5° 

51 

108 

no 

118 

94 

96 

101 

80 

Si 

84 

10 

61  61 

62 

132 

I3S 

144 

117 

124 

98 

99 

103 

15 

71 

71 

72 

152 

155 

167 

133 

135 

143 

113 

114 

119 

20 

79 

80 

81 

170 

174 

187 

149 

151 

159 

126 

128 

133 

25 

86 

87 

88 

187 

191 

20^ 

-163 

165 

175 

138 

140 

145 

30 

93 

93 

95 

201 

206 

221 

176 

179 

189 

149 

IS1 

157 

35 

IOO 

IOO  101 

215 

219 

237 

1  88 

191 

202 

159 

162 

168 

40 

106 

1  06 

1  08 

229 

233 

251 

200 

203 

214 

169 

172 

178 

45 

112 

112 

H3 

241 

24S 

264 

211 

214 

226 

179 

181 

188 

50 

117 

117 

119 

253 

257 

277 

221 

224 

237 

I87 

189 

197 

55 

122 

122 

124 

264 

269 

289 

231 

234 

247 

I96 

198 

205 

60 

127 

I27 

129 

275 

280 

301 

240 

244 

257 

205 

206 

214 

65 

132 

132 

134 

291 

313 

249 

253 

267 

212 

213 

222 

70 

*37 

137 

139 

295 

•301 

324 

258 

262 

276 

219 

221 

230 

75 

141 

142 

H4 

305 

3" 

334 

.  266 

270 

285 

226 

228|  237 

80, 

145 

146 

148 

314 

320 

345 

274 

279 

294 

233 

235 

244 

85 

149 

150 

'52 

323 

329 

355 

282 

287 

303 

239 

242 

252 

90 

i  S3 

»54 

IS6 

332 

338 

364 

290 

29  s 

3" 

246 

249 

259 

95 

158 

159 

161 

340 

347 

374 

298 

303 

253 

255 

266 

100 

NOTE.  —The  above  figures  for  Ring  Nozzle  Discharges  will  apply  to  any  ordinary  form 
of  Ring  accurately  enough  for  practical  purposes,  but  apply  especially  to  ordinary 
form  of  Ring  Nozzle  with  square  shoulder  J»  or  i  inch  deep. 

Ring  Nozzles  with  "under-cut"  or  "knife-edge"  shoulder,  discharge,  M  ordinarily 
constructed,  about  3  per  cent,  less  than  quantity  given  above. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


PUMP   INSPECTION 

*eg^=  Discharge  of  Nozzles  attached 


HYDRANT 

1%-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzle, 

IVi-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzle. 

.     IVs-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzle. 

1-Inch 

Smooth  Nozzle, 

7/8-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzle, 

or  1-inch  Ring 

PRESSURE 

Nozzle. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

while 

of 

fee 

II 

£S 

£  & 

fe5 

5^ 

fe5 

=  ~ 

»5 

Stream    is 

5l 

SF? 

u 

|| 

£>  0 

II 

1! 

!» 

flowing 
by    Gauge 
attached  to 
Hydrant, 

1 

It 

-7  ~ 
JJ 

11 

S  Q 

! 

Jber-llned 
"—Inside 

I) 

1 

B 

|| 

II 

1 

i! 

g 

11 

P 

as  shown. 

3 

i| 

l| 

3 

IJ 

.8  g 

1 

33 

*S 

3 

31 

is 

f| 

f§ 

| 

is'2 

] 

*~ 

c^ 

"3 

c5 

«2 

] 

e_ 

«S 

| 

Lbs. 

1 

•°  s 

vl 

"3 

i? 

"S  — 

i 

fil 

7-S 

"a 

^B 

§ 

£53 

per  sq.  in. 

p 

fl 

0" 

* 

fl 

o" 

P 

a* 

0" 

P 

« 

o 

5 

75 

79 

93 

70 

72 

82 

62 

64 

71 

54 

^ 

•59 

44 

4S 

47 

10 

107 

in 

98 

102 

116 

88 

91 

100 

76 

78 

83 

63 

63 

66 

15 

131 

136 

160 

121 

I2,S 

143 

108 

III 

123 

93 

9S 

1  02 

76 

77 

81 

20 

'5' 

'57 

185 

139 

I44 

164 

125 

128 

142 

107 

1  10 

118 

88 

89 

94 

25 

1691176 

207 

155 

161 

184 

139 

143 

158 

120 

122 

132 

99'  loo 

I05 

30 

185-192 

226 

170 

176 

202 

152 

156 

132 

134 

144 

108  no 

"5 

35 

200 

208 

24s 

I84 

190 

218 

i6S 

169 

1  88 

142 

HS 

IS6 

117  119 

124 

40 

214 

222 

262 

197 

204 

233 

176 

181 

201 

152 

l$5 

167 

125127 

133 

45 

226 

236 

278 

2O9 

216 

247 

187 

192 

213 

161 

1*5 

177 

132 

134  141 

50 

239 

249 

293 

220 

228 

260 

197 

202 

224 

170 

^74 

1  86 

139 

142  148 

55 

251 

26l 

307 

231 

239 

273 

207 

212 

23S 

178 

182 

195 

146 

148 

ISS 

60 

261 

273 

320 

24I 

250 

285 

216 

222 

245 

1  86 

190 

204 

J53 

'55 

162 

65 

272 

284 

333 

251 

260 

296 

22S 

231 

2SS 

194 

198213 

159 

161 

169 

70 

282 

294 

346 

26l 

270 

307 

233 

240 

265 

201 

205  221 

165 

167 

176 

75 

292 

304 

358 

270 

279 

319 

24I 

248 

275 

208 

212 

228 

171 

173 

182 

80 

301 

314 

37° 

278 

288 

329 

249 

256 

284 

215 

219 

236 

177 

179 

188 

85 

3" 

324 

382 

287 

297339 

257  264 

293 

222!226 

243 

182  185 

193 

90 

320 

333 

393 

295 

306 

349 

264 

272 

301 

228 

233 

250 

188 

190 

199 

95 

329 

342 

403 

3°3 

314 

358 

*72 

279 

309 

234 

239 

257 

192 

i95 

204 

100 

337 

35i 

414 

3" 

322 

368 

279 

287 

317 

240 

245 

264 

197 

200 

2IO 

Quantities  are  stated  in  United  States  gallons  of  231  cubic  inches* 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


243 


TABLES. 

to  1OO  Feet  of  2%-mch  Hose. 


TABLES.- NO.  2. 

(From  experiments  of  \ 
J.R.  FREEMAN,  1888 .) 


3/4 

Smoot 
orK- 
K 
Gals. 

p 

-Inc 
hNo 

nchl 
ozzle. 
per} 

If 

1! 
I! 

^i 

i 

zzle, 

"ng 
[in. 

«w 

1 

o~* 

1%-lnch 
Ring  Nozzle, 

Gals,  per  Min. 

IH-lnch 
Ring  Nozzle. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

IVs-lnch 
Ring  Nozzle. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

HYDRANT 
PRESSURE, 

Unlined  Linen  Hose. 

Inferior  Rubber-lined  Cotton 
"Mill  Hose."—  Inside  Rough. 

Ordinary  best  quality  Rubber- 
lined  Hose.—  Inside  Smooth. 

Unlined  Linen  Hose. 

«•& 
11 

1 

si 

11 
fi 
"P 

?! 

0" 

Unlined  Linen  Hose. 

Inferior  Rubber-lined  Cotton 
"Mill  Hose."—  Inside  Rough* 

•6s 

fi  0 

«! 

fi 
fi 

s  P 

0~ 

I* 

Lbs. 
per  sq.  in. 

34 
48 
59 
68 

34 
49 
60 
69 

35 
50 
61 

7i 

67 

94 
115 

133 

69 

97 
1  20 

138 

78 
110 

135 

155 

60 

85 
104 
120 

62 

87 
107 
123 

68 
96 
117 
135 

S2 

74 
90 
105 

53 
75 
92 
107 

57 
81 

99 
114 

5 
10 

15 
20 

76 
84 
90 
97 

77 
84 

97 

79 

87 
93 

100 

149 
163 

176 
188 

154 
169 
182 
195 

174 
191 
2O6 
2I9 

134 

I69 

138 

163 
174 

165 
179 

191 

117 

128 
139 

148 

119 
130 
141 
'51 

128 
140 

151 

162 

25 
30 
35 
40 

103 
1  08 
113 
118 

103 
109 
114 

1  06 

112 
117 
122 

200 
211 
221 
231 

207 
218 
229 
239 

233 

245 

269 

1  80 
190 
199 
208 

185 

204 
213 

203 
214 
224 
234 

157 
165 

173 
181 

1  60 
169 

177 
185 

172 
181 
189 
198 

45 
50 
55 
60 

123 
128 
132 
137 

124 
129 
133 
138 

127 
132 

137 
142 

241 
250 

259 
267 

248 
258 
267 

275 

280 
291 
301 

3" 

217 
225 

233 
240 

222 

230 

239 

246 

244 

253 
262 
270 

189 

'95 
203 
209 

192 
199 
206 
213 

206 
213 

221 
228 

65 
70 
75 
"  80 

85 
90 
95 
100 

141 

'45 
145 

153 

142 
146 
!5C 

'54 

I46 

T54 
158 

275 
283 
291 
299 

284 
292 
300 

320 
329 
338 

347 

247 
255 
262 
269 

254 
26l 
269 

275 

279 
287 

295 
302 

215 

222 
228 
234 

219 
226 
232 

23S 

235 

242 

249 

255 

KOTE.  —The  above  figures  for  Ring  Nozzle  Discharges  will  apply  to  any  ordinary  form 
of  Ring  accurately  enough  for  practical  purposes,  but  apply  especially  to  ordinary 
form  of  Ring  Nozzle  with  square  shoulder  -Jg-  or  ^  inch  deep. 

Ring  Nozzles  with  "under-cut"  or  "knife-edge"  shoulder,  discharge,  as  ordinari^ 
constructed,  about  3  per  cent,  less  tbau  quantity  given  above. 


244 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


PUMP   INSPECTION 

Discharge  of  Nozzles  attached  to 


50  Feet  2V2-Inoh  Hose. 

1  OO  Feet  2V2-Inch  Hose. 

HYDRANT 
PRESSURE. 

Indicated 
while 
Stream  Is 
flowing 
by  Gauge 
Attached  to 
Hydrant 
M  shown. 

1%-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzle, 

Gals,  per  Min. 

m-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzle, 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Bi-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzle, 

Gals,  per  Min. 

iVo-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzle, 

Ga  s.  per  Min. 

Unllned  Linen  Hoae. 

Inferior  Rubber-lined  Cotton 
»  Mill  Hose."—  Inside  Rough. 

Ordinary  best  quality  Rubber- 
lined  Hose.—  Inside  Smooth. 

Unllned  Linen  Hose. 

Inferior  Rubber-lined  Cotton 
"  Mill  Hose."—  Inside  Rough. 

1  Ordinary  beet  quality  Rubber- 
lined  Uose.—  Inside  Smooth. 

1 
"3 
t> 

Inferior  Rubber-lined  Cotton 
"Mill  Hose."—  Inside  Rouyh. 

Ordinary  bestquallty  Rubber- 
lined  Hose.—  Inside  Smooth. 

H 
I 

i 
p 

1! 
11 

1  1 

lj 
if 

ji 

11 
0s 

persq.'ln. 

5 
10 
15 
£0 

110 

154 
190 
219 

114 

162 
198 
229 

136 
193 
237 
274 

97 

138 
169 
196 

101 

143 
I76 

203 

163 
200 
232 

86 

122 
150 
173 

90 

128 

'57 
182 

114 

162 
I98 
229 

so 

"3 
138 
160 

83 

iiS 

145 
167 

101 

176 

203 

25 
30 
35 
40 

245 
268 
290 
310 

256 
28l 
303 
324 

306 
335 
362 
387 

219 
239 
259 
277 

227 
248 
268 
286 

259 
283 
306 
327 

193 
211 
228 
244 

203 

222 
240 
-56 

256 
28l 

324 

179 
196 

212 
226 

187 

205 

222 
237 

251 
265 
278 
290 

227 
248 
268 
286 

45 
50 
65 
60 

328 
346 
364 
380 

344 
363 
380 
397 

410 
432 
453 
473 

294 
3^0 
325 
339 

3°4 
321 
336 
35° 

347 
366 

383 

400 

258 
272 
285 
298 

272 
287 
301 
3'4 

344 
363 
380 
397 

240 

253 
265 

277 

3°4 
321 
336 

350 

65 
70 
75 
80 

395 
410 

425 
439 

414 
429 
444 
458 

492 

528 
546 

353 
366 
379 

364 
378 
392 
405 

43- 
447 
461 

3IO 
321 
331 

344 

327 

339 
351 
363 

414 
429 

444 
458 

288 
299 

3^9 
319 

302 
313 
324 

335 

364 
378 
392 

405 

85 
90 
95 
100 

452 
465 

477 
489 

472 
487 
500 

563 
579 
595 
610 

403 
4'5 
427 
438 

429 
441 
453 

476 
490 
503 
515 

354 
364 
374 
383 

374 
385 
396 
406 

472 
487 
500 
,512 

329 
339 
348 

357 

346 
356 
366 
375 

417 
429 
441 

453 

NOTE.  — This  table  was  computed  from  formulas  (2)  and  (7)  of  Appendix,  "  Free- 
man on  Hydraulics  of  Fire  Streams,"  in  Trans.  Am.  Soc.  (J.  E.,  Nov.  1889.  Coefficient 
of  discharge  used  =  .974. 

For  Underwriter  Playpipe  -with  Tip  removed  (this  outlet  should  be 
1%  inches)  use  columns  for  1%-inch  Smooth  Nozzle. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


245 


TABLES. 

various  lengths  of  2^-inch  hose. 


TABLE  B.-*°.  *A. 

(From  experiments  of\ 
J.  R.  FKKKMAW.  1888. 1 
Computed,.  i»op.     / 


ISO  Feet  2y2-Inch  Hose. 

1%-lnch 
Smooth  Nozzle. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Hi-Inch 
Smooth  Nozzle. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

iy8.|"ch 
Smooth  Nozz  e 

Gals,  per  Min. 

1-Inch 
Smooth  Nozzle. 
Gals,  per  Min. 

HYDRANT 

RESSURE 
Indicated 
while 
Stream  is 
flowing 
by  Gauge 
ttached  to 
Hydrant, 
«s  shown. 

1 

3 

1 

t> 

Inferior  Rubber-lined  Cotton 
"  Mill-Hose."—  Inside  Rough. 

Ordinary  best  quality  Rubber- 
lined  Hose.-7-Inslde  Smooth. 

la- 

Inferior  Rubber-lined  Cotton 
"  Mill  Hose.''—  Inside  Rough. 

Ordinary  best  quality  Rubber- 
lined  Hose.—  Inside  Smooth. 

Unlined  Linen  Hose. 

Inferior  Rubber-lined  Cotton 
"  Mill  Hose."—  Inside  Rough. 

Ordinary  best  quality  Rubber- 
lined  Hose.—  Inside  Smooth. 

Unlined  Linen  Bose. 

Inferior  Bnbber-llned  Cotton 
"  Mill  Hose."—  Inside  Rough. 

lary  best  quality  Rubber- 
Hose.—  Ins.de  Smooth. 

11 

per  sq.  in. 

Si 

107 
130 

91 
117 
138 

118 
146 
168 

SS 

108 
123 

112. 
128 

80 

no 
134 

56 
8r 
97 
"3 

60 
84 
101 

118 

94 
119 
136 

45 
69 
86 

IOO 

5Q 

73' 
'  90 
103 

56 

79 
99 
114 

5 
10 
15 
20 

147 

163 

179 
190 

154 
170 
184 
196 

189 
207 
225 
239 

139 
153 
163 

174 

MS 
159 
171 
183 

171 
187 
203 
216 

127 
140 

150 
160 

144 

155 
166 

~^6 
186 

195 
204 

152 
165 
r78 
190 

112 
122 
132 
141 

116 
126 
136 
145 

127 
139 

161 

25 
30 
35 
40 

200 
210 
22O 
229 

208 

220 
230 
241 

254 
267 
279 
292 

185 
»95 
205 

215 

194 
205 
215 
225 

229 
241 
253 
.265 

170 
179 
1  88 
197 

201 
212 
223 
233 

ISO 
IS8 

166 
.174 

154 
163 
172 
1*79 

171 

1  80 
189 
198 

45 
50 
55 
60 

238 
248 

257 
265 

251 
260 
269 

277 

.305 

328 
,'338 

224 
232 
240 
248 

234 
243 
251 
259 

277 
287 
297 
306 

205 
213 

220 
228 

212 
220 
228 
236 

243 
252 
26l 
269 

181 
187 
194 

200 

186 
192 
199 
205 

206 
213 

221 
228 

65 
70 
75 
80 

273 
28l 
288 
295 

285 
294 
302 
310 

348 
358 
368 
378 

256 
264 
271 
278 

267 

275 
283 
290 

325 
334 
342 

235 

248 

255 

243 

250 

257 
263 

277 
285 

293 

300 

207 
2J2 

218 

221 

212 

218 

224 
230 

234 
241 
247 
253 

85 
90 
95 
100 

Quarxtitiea  are  stated  in  United  States  gaUons  of  231  cubic  inches. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


iected  In  this  mam 


PUMP    INSPECTION 

The  degree  of  accuracy  attained  in  estimating 
of  the  two  preceding  tables  —  B,  No.  1  and 


HYDRANT 

Quantity  of  Water  Discharged  per  minute  through  ordinary  21/2-inch  Fire  Hose, 

PRESSURE 

(United  States  Gallons  of  231  cubic  inches.")    Open  Hose  Butt.     No  Play- 

indicated 

while 

Length  25  feet, 

Length  50  feet. 

Length  100  feet, 

Inferior 

Ordinary 

Inferior 

Ordinary 

Inferior 

Ordinary 

by    Gauge 
attached  to 

Unlined 

Rubber- 
lined 

best 
quality 

Unlined 

Rubber- 
lined 

best 
quality 

Ualined 

Kubber- 
lined 

quality 

as  shown. 

Linen 

Cotton 
"Mill 

Rubber- 
lined 

Linen 

Cotton 
"  Mill 

Rubber- 
lined 

Linen 

Cotton 

"  Mill 

Rubber- 
lined 

Hose. 

Hose." 

Hose. 

Hose. 

Hose." 

Hose. 

Hose. 

Hose." 

Hose. 

Inside 

Inside 

Inside 

Inside 

Inside 

Inside 

per  sq.  in. 

Rough. 

Smooth. 

Rough, 

Smooth. 

Rough. 

Smooth. 

10 

231 

242 

297 

I76 

1  88 

242 

1*32 

140 

1  88 

15 

,;  283 

•  297 

,  363 

u  217 

c  23° 

C  297 

.  161 

171 

230 

20 

f  326 

*~343 

|4I9 

|  251 

1  266 

|343 

its* 

199 

266 

25 

&365 

^383 

&468 

&28l 

&297 

^383 

&208 

222 

297 

30 

S4<x> 

~  420 

t  5H 

§3°7 

-326 

-420 

|228 

243 

326 

35 

£432 

*453 

S554 

332 

£352 

S453 

t  246 

262 

352 

40 

£462 

£484 

£593 

£355 

£376 

^•484 

^•264 

280 

376 

45 

S49o 

*5'4 

*  630 

^377 

•2399 

"SH 

£  280 

297 

399 

50 

1  516 

1542 

§664 

1398 

1420 

1542 

§294 

313 

420 

55 

",S4i 

0696 

«  4*6 

Ef 

•308 

328 

440 

60 

^565 

-594 

5  726 

|434 

S460 

|594 

S322 

343 

460 

65 

|588 

|6i8 

|75& 

|452 

|48o 

|6i8 

|336 

358 

480 

70 

f6io 

<64« 

i  784 

f47o 

^'498 

^'641 

f348 

37i 

498 

75 

£632 

£663 

5812 

£486 

S5I5 

1-663 

384 

515 

80 
85 

1.652 
I  672 

|7o6 

1  •••• 

o  502 

S532 
1548 

|7o6 

1372 
1383 

397 
409 

532 

548 

90 

o  692 

g727 

-  .... 

§533 

-  564 

§727 

§394 

421 

564 

05 

|y,a 

£747 

•o  .... 

1547 

1579 

*  747 

|*0$ 

432 

579 

100 

5730 

N 

5  594 

5766 

443 

594 

110 

766 

806 

588 

623 

806 

436 

465 

623 

120 

800 

614 

651 

456 

486 

651 

NOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS. 


247 


TABLE  B.-No.3. 

TABLES.  —  "  Open  Hose  Butts."     (£«$3SSrS£) 

rtischarpe  through  "  Open  Butt "  is  not  nearly  so  great  as  may  be  obtained  by  the  methods 
U.  No.  2  —  by  reason  of  greater  influence  of  form  of  Hydrant  and  differences  in  Hose. 


with  Couplings  of  2V3-inch  Bore, 

NOTE.  —The  values  in  this  table  are  based 

Pipe  or  Nozzle  attached, 

on  experiments  with  these  kinds  of  Hose  at- 

tached to  a  Chapman  4-way  Independent 

Length  200  feet, 

Length  400  feet, 

Gate  Hydrant  (Coeff.  Disch.  by  Expt.  0.71). 
So  far  as  influence  of  kind  of  Hydrant  upon 

Inferior 

Ordinary 

Inferior 

Ordinary 

discharge  is  concerned,  the  same  values  are 

Rubber- 
lined 

best 
quality 

Rubber- 
lined 

best 
quality 

correct  enough  for  practical  purposes,  except 

Cotton 

Rubber- 

Cotton 

Rubber- 

as  noted  in  margin  of  columns. 

"Mill 
Hose." 

lined 
Eose. 

"  Mill 
Hose." 

lined 
Hose. 

It  will  be  noted  that  this  table  gives,  for 

Inside 

Inside 

Inside 

Inside 

each  length,  the  discharge  through  the  best 

Rough. 

Smooth. 

Rough. 

Smooth. 

OT  smoothest  hose,  and  gives,  also,  discharge 

102 

140 

74 

102 

for  same  length  of  Hose  with  roughest  water- 
way. -By  use  of  a  little  judgment  in  inter- 

125 

171 

90 

I25 

polating  between  these  two  values,  error,  in 

144 

199 

104 

144 

ordinary  use  of  table  need  not  exceed  10  per 

161 

222 

116 

161 

cent. 

177 

243 

127 

177 

(Style  A.)     Ordinary    Matthews  (B.  D. 
Wood  &  Co.'s)  Hydrant  without  independent 

190 

262 

137 

190 

gates',  Inside  corner  being  rounded  off. 

204 

280 

146 

204 

217 

297 

155 

217 

—  

228 

313 

164 

228 

239 

328 

172 

239 

HOLYOKE   HYDRANT  TESTS. 

250 
260 

343 

358 

179 

186 

250 
260 

Tables  B,  No.  4  and  B,  No.  5  for  the  dis- 
charge of  open  hydrant  butts,  and  the  values 

following,  on  the  friction  losses  in  hydrants 

270 

371 

194 

270 

(pages  58  and  59),  were  obtained  from  the 

279 

384 

2OI 

279 

Holyoke  Hydrant  Tests. 

288 

397 

208 

288 

These  tests  were  made  in  1897  and  1898, 

297 

409 

215 

297 

for  the  Water  Department  of  Holyoke,  by 

306 

421 

221 

306 

Department  of  the  A  ssociated  Factory  Mutual 

3H 
322 

432 
443 

227 
232 

314 
322 

Insurance  Cos.  co-operating  in  the  work  and 
in  the  computation  of  results.    For  full  data 
on  these,  experiments,  see  "  Transactions  of 

338 

465 

243 

338 

the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engl- 

354 

486 

254 

354    HI        neers,"  vol.  xx. 

248 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


(If  Gauge  is  not  connected  in  this\ 
manner,  proper  allowance  must  be  I 
made  for  loss  of  pressure  between  / 
Gauge  and  Bydraut. 


PUMP  INSPECTION 
Discharge  through  One  Open 


Diameter  of  Outlet 


If  the  diameter  of 
outlet  is  not  exactly 
2y3  inches,  an  addi- I 
tional  correction  as  ] 
follows     must     be 
made. 


r  Diameter.       Add. 


2-/16 

2% 
2% 


10  per  cent. 


5  per  cent. 


16 
19 


Chapman 
2-Way. 

Chapman 
2-Way, 

Chapman 
2-Way. 

Chapman 
3  -Way, 

Chapman 
3or4-Way. 

Coffin 
2-Way. 

HYDRANT 
PRESSURE 

"No.  1," 
Old  pattern 
made  from 
1878-1899. 
Casting  at  out- 
lets, square  and 
jagged.  Inside 
diam.  of  bbl.  at 

"No,  2," 

Same  Hy- 
drant as 
No.  l,  but 
with 
outlets 
chipped 
and  filed 

"No.  3." 
3-  Way  with 
Steamer  Con- 
nection. 
Pattern  made 
after  1893.  Cast- 
ing at  outlets 
smooth  and 

Hexagonal 
Pattern,  with 
Independent 
Gates,  made 
after  1897.    Out- 
lets have  sharp 
corners  and  pro- 
ject in  to  bbL 
Inside  diam.  of 

Regular  patteru 
of  Independent 
Gate;  also  used  as 
8-  Way,  with  one 
outlet  blanked. 
Made  since  1883. 
Outlets  have  sharp 
corners  and  pro- 
ject into  bbL 

Same  dis 
charge  t'ot 
-Way  Gate 
2-Way  Con 
pression  wi 
Steamer 
Connectioi 
Nozzle  en 

Indicated 

nutlets,  4Hii 

s. 

fairly 

well  rounded. 

bbL  at  outlets 

Inside  diam.  of 

while 
Stream  is 
flowing 

*  See  Note 
page  44. 

smooth 

rounding, 
but  with 

bbl.  at  outlets, 
1%  ins. 

(hex'l),6%e.lns 
J  See  Note  p.  44. 

.bbl.  at  outlets, 
f      8X  ins. 
'See  Note  p.  44. 

Inside  dla 
of  bbl.  at 
outlets,  6  ii 

by  Gauge 

|1 

radius. 

t''/A 

B          $L 

i 

attached  to 

J^^^/y^ 

I/J^TTX 

fy. 

tfSk        J^^ 

m^ 

Hydrant, 

T 

<Ppilc~sj 

Jil|~a 

•ffl^PT^^ 

sssss 

as  shown. 

| 

| 

if! 

per  sq.  in. 

|r 

1 

*f 

Y 

pP 

w 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals, 
per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals 
per  Min. 

10 

440 

547 

552 

371 

363 

499 

15 

541 

667 

678      9 

458         * 

444 

610 

20 

627 

765 

776     i 

531      §• 

705 

25 

700 

853 

861      2 

593      o 

573 

785 

30 

762 

938 

928      o 

648      K 

630 

855 

35 

820 

1,018 

986    fa 

701       - 

680 

919 

40 

878 

1,090 

1,035    1 

748        o? 

725 

980 

45 

929 

I»I55 

1,084    § 

792     1 

767 

i>°39 

50 

979 

1,218 

1,133      o 

835    3 

806 

1,093 

55 

1,025 

1,280 

1,182    § 

877    5 

845 

1,144 

60 

1,070 

i,337 

1,227    § 

915    s 

883 

1,193 

65 

1,112 

i,394 

1,269  •§ 

951    ^ 

919 

1,240 

70 

1,154 

1,447 

1,309     S 

987    j 

953 

1,285 

75 

I,I95 

i  ,499 

1,349     | 

1,021          * 

986 

1,329 

80 
85 

1,234 
1,270 

i,549 
1,598 

M20       | 

1,055       2 

1,087    § 

1,018 
1,049 

1,410 

90 

1,305 

1,644 

1,454     3 

1,119         g 

i,  080 

1,450 

95 

J,342 

1,690 

1,489     § 

1,148    5 

1,109 

i,490 

100 

i,375 

i,734 

1,520    o 

1,177 

1,138 

1,528 

NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


TABLES.— "Open  Hydrant  Butts."    TABLE  B.-N 
Hydrant  Butt,  without  Hose  attached, 
exactly  2Vz  ins. 

The  degree  of  accuracy  attained  in  estimating  the  discharge  through  the  "  open 
butt"  is  not  nearly  so  great  as  may  be  obtained  by  the  methods  of  the  three  preceding 
tables,  — B,  Nos.  I,  2,  and  2A.  Slight  peculiarities  in  the  construction  of  the  nozzle, 
and  possibly  also  in  the  shape  of  the  hydrant  head,  make  large  diffei-ences  in  the  dis- 
charge from  the  open  butt  without  hose.  The  data  below  covers  the  types  of  outlets 
usually  found  and,  with  good  judgment  in  applying  corrections  for  hydrants  not 
exactly  coming  under  any  of  the  cases  given,  results  accurate  within  10  to  15  per  cent, 
may  generally  be  obtained. 


Holyoke 
2-Way, 

Holyoke 
6-Way. 

Ludlow 
2-Way, 

Mathews 
2-Way, 

Mathews 
4-Way. 

Regular  Pattern 
Gate  or  Com- 
pression. 

Independent 
Gates.   Outlets 

Regular  Patt'rn. 
Diam.  of  outlet 

2-Way  with 
Steamer  Connec- 

Independent 
Gates.    When 

Casting  at  outlets 
well  rounded  but 
rough  with  nubs 

outlet  hole  in  cast- 
ing, 3%  ins. 

square*  jagged. 
Corners  of  2%- 

to  radius  of  abt. 
M  in.    Inside 

from  valve  face 
to  outlet  is 

HYDRANT 

PRFQQIIRF 

Average  of 
4  Hydrants. 

2*6  ins. 
Inside  diam.  of  bbl. 
at  outlets  9l/i  ins. 

sharp.PPInside 
diivm.  of  bbl.at 
outlets,  754  ins. 
See  Note  p.  45. 

outlets,  7  Hj  Ins. 

sharp  corners. 
Inside  diam.  of 
bbl.  at  outlets, 

indicated 
while 
Stream  is 
flowing 
by  Gauge 
attached  to 

0 

\1  !] 

Hydrant 
as  shown: 

I 

nr 

w 

^^n" 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Gals,  per  Min. 

Lbs. 
persq.  In. 

506 
62O 
713 

794 

473 

743        t 

533 
653 
752 
836 

576 
712        | 

903  I 

465 

6 

10 
15 
20 
25 

867 
935 

999 
1,062 

805       5 
860       S 
908       "0 
954        * 

9I2 
982 

,049 
,109 

984  Q 
,060  fa 

'  _.  <u 

,T3°  g 
,197  § 

724 
762 
796 
827 

30 
35 
40 
45 

,118 
,170 

,221 
,270 

999        g 
1,044       ^ 
1,089        § 
1,129        « 

,169 

S3 

,328 

,2^7  w 
,-J/  0 

,370  g 

'423  •§ 

858 
889 
919 
944 

50 
55 
60 
65 

$3 
,408 

,449 

1,168        « 
1,204        § 
1,240        0 

1,275         £ 

,376 
,421 
,467 
,510 

,474  3 
,524  | 
,572  " 
,619  • 

969 

1,015 

1,037 

70 
75 
80 

85 

,490 
$9 

!,3°9 
i,340 

,553 

g 

,663  g' 

,705  s 

,747  ^ 

1,058 
1,079 
1,098 

90 
95 
100 

For  further  descriptions  of  hydrants  and  friction  losses  In  them  see  pages  68  and  69. 


250  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

NATIONAL  BOARD  SPRINKLER  RILES. 
SECTION  M— PRESSURE  TANK. 

1.  Capacity. — Total  capacity  of  tank  to  be  specified  by 
Underwriters  having   jurisdiction,   but   not   less   than   4,500 
gallons,  except  by  special  permission. 

2.  Location. — Tank  not  to  be  located  below  upper  story 
of  building. 

3.  Tank  Service. — Tanks  to  be  used  as  a  supply  to  auto- 
matic sprinklers  and  hand  hose  only.     (See  Sec.  T,   1  and 
10.) 

4.  Construction. —  (a)  Material. — To    be   of    fire    box    or 
flange  steel  of  even  quality,  having  a  tensile  strength  of 
not  less  than  55,000,  nor  more  than  60,000  pounds.     Thick- 
ness of  plates  to  be  determined  by  the  following  formula: 


.75  X  5 

T  —  Thickness  of  plate  in  inches. 

P  —  Working  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 

r  —  Internal  radius  of  shell. 

5  —  Tensile  strength  of  plates  in  pounds  per  square  in. 

6  =  Factor  of  safety. 

.75  =  Value  of  riveted  joints. 

(b)  Heads. — To  be  £  inch  thicker  than  shell  where  the 
diameter  of  the  tank  is  84  inches  or  less  and  at  least  i  inch 
thicker  where  the  diameter  is  in  excess  of  84  inches. 

Eadius  of  dish  to  be  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  tank. 

(c)  Seams. — Longitudinal  seams  to  be  triple  riveted  and 
placed   below   the   water   line.     Girth    seams    to    be    single 
riveted  except  where  the  diameter  of  the  tank  is  in  excess 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  251 

of  84  inches,  when  double  riveting  should  be  employed. 
Eiveting  to  be  done  in  a  careful  and  thoroughly  workman- 
like manner.  All  seams  to  be  thoroughly  caulked  inside  and 
out. 

(d)  Manhole. — To  be  large  enough  to  allow  easy  access 
to  the  inside  of  the  tank  and  placed  below  the  water  line. 

(e)  Outlet. — Discharge  nozzle  to  be  placed  in  the  bottom 
of  the  tank  and  fitted  with  1^-inch  side  outlet  threaded  for 
filling  and  draining  connections.     Inlet  for  air  connection  to 
be  1  inch  and  placed  at  proper  point  for  upper  gage  glass 
nipple,  where  suitable  connections  may  be  made  for  both 
purposes. 

5.  Test. — Tank  to  be  tested  and  proved  tight  at  a  hydro- 
static pressure  of  at  least  25  per  cent,  in  excess  of  the  normal 
working  pressure  required.     Water  then  to  be  drawn  off  to 
the  two-thirds  line  and  tank  tested  at  the  working  air  pres- 
sure required.     In  this  condition  and  with  all  valves  closed, 
tank  not  to  show  loss  of  pressure  in  excess  of  ^  pound  in 
24  hours. 

6.  Fittings    and    Connections. —  (a)     Gage    Glass. — To    be 
placed  on  the  end  of  horizontal  and  side  of  upright  tank  so 
that  the  two-thirds  line  will  be  at  the  center  of  the  glass. 
Gage  glass   valves   to   be   of   the   best   quality   angle   globe 
pattern. 

NOTE. — The  two  valves  in  the  water  gage  connections  to 
be  kept  closed  and  opened  only  to  ascertain  the  amount  of 
water  in  the  tank,  as  breaking  of  or  leakage  about  glass  will 
cause  the  escape  of  pressure. 

(b)  Pressure  Gage. — To  be  placed  directly  on  the  upper 
gage   glass   nipple   and   provided  with   a   separate   shut-off 
valve. 

(c)  Fitting  Point. — Tank  to  be  kept  two-thirds  (§)  full  of 
water   and   have   a   fixed   metallic   horizontal   line    opposite 
gage    glass,    indicating    this    water    level.     A    conspicuous 


252  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

sign  indicating  minimum  air  pressure  allowed  to  be  stamped 
on  the  fixed  metallic  plate  indicating  the  water  level. 

NOTE. — For  horizontal  tanks  the  two-thirds  line  to  be  de- 
termined by  the  following  formula :  Distance  above  the  bot- 
tom equals  1.265  x  radius  of  tank  in  inches. 

(d)  Filling  Pipe. — Water  for  supplying  tank  to  be  con- 
veyed  through   fixed  iron  piping   not  less   than   1^-inch  in 
size.     Sprinkler  piping  not  to  be  used  for  this  purpose.     Pipe 
from  air  pump  to  tank  to  be  not  smaller  than  1  inch;  to  be 
independent  of  water  supply  pipe ;  to  connect  with  tank  above 
the  water  level.     Both  water  and  air  connections  to  be  fitted 
with  check  and  stop  valves  located  near  tank. 

(e)  Drain  Pipe. — Provision  to  be  made  to  drain  each  tank 
independently  of  other  tanks  and  the  sprinkler  system. 

7.  Pressure. — When  the  tank  is  located  on*a  level  with  the 
highest  sprinklers  an  air  pressure  not  less  than  75  pounds 
should  be  maintained  in  order  that  a  pressure  of  not  less 
than   15   pounds,  will   be   furnished   at   the   highest   line   of 
sprinklers   when   all   water   has   been   discharged   from   the 
tank. 

When  the  tank  is  located  lower  than  the  highest  sprinklers 
a  pressure  in  excess  of  75  pounds  should  be  maintained. 
This  excess  pressure  to  be  equal  to  three  times  the  pres- 
sure, due  to  the  height  of  the  sprinklers  above  the  tank. 

8.  Pump  for  Filling. — It  is  desirable  to  have  water  fed  to 
tank  by  a  pump  so  that  proper  water  level  may  be  restored 
at  any  time  without  reducing  air  pressure. 

9.  Air   Compressor. — A   steam   or   electrically    driven   air 
compressor   having   sufficient    capacity   to   increase    the    air 
pressure   at   an   average  rate   of   at   least   1   pound  in  two 
minutes  should  be  provided. 

NOTE. — Where  the  compressor  is  also  used  to  maintain  dry 
pipe  systems,  the  air  supply  should  be  taken  from  outside 
or  from  a  room  having  dry  air,  in  order  to  avoid  carrying 
moisture  into  the  pipe  system.  The  intake  should  be  pro- 
tected by  a  screen. 


NOTES    ON   HYDRAULICS.  253 

10.  Tank   House. — Tank   to    be   properly   protected   from 
frost,  and  if  located  above  the  roof  to  be  enclosed  in  a  house 
of  substantial  construction  and  of  ample  size  to  provide  free 
access  on  all  sides. 

Space  to  be  at  least  3  feet  at  end  where  gages  are  located 
and  window  to  be  provided  opposite  gages. 

Tank  house  to  be  constructed  in  accordance  with  the  re- 
quirements of  municipal  or  building  authorities  where  they 
exist. 

11.  Supports   for    Tanks. — To   be   proportioned   so   as    to 
safely  carry  the  load  using  a  factor  of  safety  of  at  least 
four.     To  be  installed  under  the  requirements  of  the  munici- 
pal or  building  authorities  where  they  exist. 

Amount  of  Water  Contained  in  Horizontal  Cylin- 
drical Tanks  at  Different  Water  Levels. 

• 
From  the  following  diagram  the  approximate  amount  of 

water   at   any   depth   contained   in   a   horizontal   cylindrical 
pressure  tank  can  be  computed: 

EXAMPLE. — Find  the  amount  of  water  in  a  4,500-gallon 
horizontal  cylindrical  pressure  tank,  72  inches  in  diarpeter,  22 
feet  long,  when  the  water  level  is  26  inches  above  the  bot- 
tom of  the  tank.  The  depth  of  water  expressed  in  per 
cent,  of  radius  is  26 -=- 36  =  .72. 

Follow  down  the  ordinate  letter  D  on  the  diagram  until 
you  come  to  72;  below  the  point  where  this  line  intersects 
the  curve  we  find  the  liquid  contents  in  per  cent,  of  the 
total  tank  capacity  to  be  .327.  Now  multiply  the  total  tank 
capacity  4,500  gallons  by  .327,  we  have  1,471.5  gallons,  which 
is  the  amount  of  water  contained  in  the  tank  when  the  water 
level  is  26  inches  above  the  bottom. 


254 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


LIQUID  CONTENTS  IN 
HORIZONTAL  CYLINDRICAL 
PRESSURE  TANKS. 


O  10          20         30          40         5O          60          7O          8O          9O        1OO 

LIQUID  CONTENTS  IN  PER  CENT.  OF  TOTAL  TANK  CAPACITY. 

CURVE  SHEET  No.  3.  FIG,  No,  23, 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


255 


C/5 


I 


256 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


FIG.  43 


NOTATION. 

A   1^  inch  connection  from  tank. 

B     f  inch  connection  from  tank. 

C      f  inch  Shutoff  valve;  to  be  kept  closed. 

D     £  inch  water  gage. 

E      f  inch  Shutoff  valve. 

F      f  inch  check  valve. 

G     f  inch  Shutoff. 

H     f  inch  check  valve. 

I       f  inch  Shutoff  valve  to  be  secured  open. 

J    5     inch  dial  pressure  gage,  reading  to  150  Ibs. 

K     5  inch  Shutoff  valve,  to  be  secured  closed. 

L      \  inch  brass  plug  secured  by  chain. 

Opening  is  for  attaching  test  gage. 
M        Man  hole. 

N  4     inch    discharge    outlet    for    connection    to    sprinkler 
system. 


NOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS. 


257 


TYPICAL  ARRANGEMENT  OF  SUPPLIES,  CONNECTIONS 

AND  VALVES  FOR  AUTOMATIC  SPRINKLER 

EQUIPMENTS. 


TYPICAL  ARRANGEMENT 
SUPPLIES.CONNECTIONSAMO  VALVES 
AUTOMATIC  SPRINKLER  EQUIPMENTS 


.  I^p5'^F:\hr;S 

' 


FIG.  42 


258  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  STANDARD  PRESSURE  TANKS. 

SUITABLE  FOR  USE  IN  CONNECTION  WITH  AUTOMATIC 
SPRINKLER  EQUIPMENTS. 

THE  CHICAGO  UNDERWRITERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

Material— Open  Hearth  Tank  Steel;   60,000  Pounds 
Tensile  Strength. 

D—     60         66               72  78               84  90  S6 

L— 30'         24' 7  f  20' 61"  17' 3  }"  14'     9"  12'  8"  10    11 

r—     8             8}             9i  10  i            11  12  13 

t  —          T5<r          t                 f  t             -TV  i 


T—      T76 

176 

T76 

i 

1 

1 

3 

1 

P—  75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

H—  38" 

41}" 

45  }" 

49  J" 

53 

57 

61 

G—  4505 

4502 

4512 

4509 

4512 

4516 

45  2 

g—  3003 

3000 

3008 

3006 

3008 

3011 

30,'H) 

Where 

D — Inside  Diameter  in  inches. 

L — Length,  End  to  End  of  Sheets. 

r — Dish  of  Heads  in  inches. 

t — Thickness  of  Shell  in  inches. 

T — Thickness  of  Heads  in  inches. 

P — Usual  Working  Pressure  in  pounds. 

H — Height  of  §  Line  above  Bottom. 

G — Total  Gallons  Capacity. 

g — Gallons  Water  Capacity. 

Heads. — Eadius  of  dish  to  be  equal  to  diameter  of  shell. 

Seams. — Longitudinal  seams  to  be  triple  riveted  and 
placed  below  the  water  line.  Girth  seams  to  be  single  riveted 
except  in  the  90  and  96  inch  diameters,  which  should  be 
double  riveted.  All  riveting  to  be  either  hand  or  machir.e 
work;  snap  riveting  not  recommended. 

Manhole. — To  be  placed  in  the  shell  below  the  water  line. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  251) 

Openings. — Discharge  nozle  to  be  6-inch, .  placed  in  bottom 
of  tank,  with  1^-inch  inside  outlet  threaded  for  filling  and 
drain  connection.  Inlet  for  air  connection  to  be  1^-inch  and 
placed  on  top  of  tank. 

Gage  Glass. — To  be  placed  on  end  of  horizontal  tank,  and 
side  of  upright  tank  so  that  two-thirds  line  will  be  at  center 
of  glass. 

Gage  Glass  valves  to  be  of  angle  pattern  equal  to  Crane 
No.  522. 


NATIONAL  BOARD  SPRINKLER  RULES. 
SECTION  L-CRAVITY  TANK. 

1.  Capacity. — To  be  specified  by  the  Underwriters  having 
jurisdiction.     In  no   case  to   be  of   less   than  5,000   gallons 
capacity. 

NOTE. — Capacity  of  the  tank  to  be  computed  from  the 
net  depth  measured  from  the  top  of  the  discharge  pipe  to 
bottom  of  overflow  pipe. 

2.  Elevation. — Elevation  of  bottom  of  tank  above  highest 
line  of  sprinklers  on  system  wThich  it  supplies  to  be  specified 
by  the  Underwriters  having   jurisdiction.     The   greater  the 
e'evation  or  a  gravity  tank  the  less  likelihood  of  inefficient 
service.     Underwriters  having  jurisdiction  are  urged  to  have 
such  tacks  placed  at  the  greatest  practicable  elevation. 

3.  Tank  Service. — Tank  to  be  used  as  a  supply  to  auto- 
iratic  sprinkler  system  only,   except  that,   at  the  discretion 
of  the  Underwriters,  tank  may  be  made  larger  than  called 
for,   and  so  arranged  that   the  excess  supply  only  may  be 
used  for  other  purposes. 

4.  Independent    Drain. — Provision    to    be    made    to    drain 
each   tank  independently   of   other  tanks   and  the  sprinkler 
system.     The  practice  of  placing  drain  valves  at  lower  levels 
and  accessible  from  the  exterior  of  buildings  is  not  approved. 


260  NOTES  ON   HYDRAULICS. 

5.  Construction  of  Wooden  T antes. —  (a)  Material:  To  be 
of  cedar,  cypress  or  white  pine,  of  good  quality,  thoroughly 
air  dried.  Staves  and  bottom  to  be  2^-inch  (dressed  to  not 
less  than  25-inch)  for  tanks  not  exceeding  16  feet  diameter 
and  16  feet  deep,  and  for  larger  tanks  3-inch  stock  is  to 
be  used  (dressed  to  not  less  than  2|-inch).  Taper  of  tank 
to  be  not  less  than  £  inch  per  foot  and  not  more  than  1 
inch. 

NOTE. — The  tank  should  be  filled  with  water  immediately 
on  erection,  and  contracts  should  include  erection  and  frost 
casing  of  the  discharge  pipe. 

(b)  Hoops. — To  be  of  round  wrought  iron  or  mild  steel 
of  good  quality  and  without  welds  and  thoroughly  painted 
before  and  after  erection  of  tank.     (Wrought  iron  is  prefer- 
able, as  it  does  not  rust  so  easily.)     No  hoop  less  than  f  inch 
in  diameter  to  be  used  and  spacing  between  hoops  never  to 
exceed  21  inches.     To  be  of  such  size  and  so  spaced  that  in 
no   hoop   will   the   stress   exceed   12,500   pounds   per   square 
inch,    area    computed    at    the    base    of    the    thread.     After 
determining  size  of  hoops  to  be  used  they  are  to  be  spaced 
by  the  following  formula: 

0  f.     .     ,      N      Safe  load  for  given  hoop  in  lb3. 

Spacing  of  hoops  (in  inches)———-    — J— — 

2.6  X  dia.  (ft.)  X  depth  (ft.) 

The  lugs  are  to  be  as  strong  as  the  hoop  iron  and  prefer- 
ably of  malleable  iron,  but  if  cast  iron,  to  be  extra  heavy. 

NOTE. — In  the  above  formula  " depth"  refers  to  the  dis- 
tance from  the  overflow  to  the  point  where  the  hoop  is  to 
be  located. 

(c)  Supports   for   Tank. — To   be   proportioned   so    as   to 
safely  carry  the  load,  using  four  as  a  factor  of  safety.    They 
are   to   be  installed  under  requirements   of   the   municipal 
or  building  authorities  where  they  exist.     Planks  upon  which 
the  bottom  rests  to  be  not  over  18  inches  apart  and  of  such 
thickness  that  lower  end  of  staves  will  be  at  least  1  inch 
from  floor. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  261 

(d)  Cover. — To  be  provided  when  the  tank  is  exposed  to 
the  weather,  to  be  double,  with  air  space  between  covers,  and 
upper  one  should  preferably  be  conical  in  shape.     A  trap  door 
to  be  provided  in  each  cover. 

(e)  Boxing  for  Piping. — When  exposed,  discharge  pipe  to 
be  protected  by  a  double,  triple  or  quadruple  boxing  as  may 
be  required.     Steam  pipe  or  pipes  for  heating  tank  to  be 
placed  next  to  the  discharge  pipe  and  installed  so  as  to  be 
free  from  woodwork. 

NOTE. — No  packing  material  or  covering  should  be  placed 
around  pipes. 

(f)  Ladders. — A  substantial,  permanent  ladder  or  stair- 
way  extending   above   top    of   tank  sufficiently   to   provide 
easy  access,  to  be  provided. 

NOTE. — The  outside  ladder  at  a  tank  exposed  to  the 
weather  affords  a  treacherous  foothold  at  best.  For  years 
after  it  is  erected,  it  must  be  used  by  inspectors  in  all 
seasons  and  conditions  of  wind,  temperature  and  storm.  A 
ladder  of  much  more  than  ordinary  strength  and  durability 
is  required  and  should  be  most  securely  attached.  A  heavy 
iron  pipeladder,  having  diamond-shaped  treads,  is  recom- 
mended. 

6.  Fittings  and  Connections. —  (a)  Filling  Pipe:  To  be  at 
least  li  inches,  to  discharge  above  the  top  of  water  in  tank 
or  in  cases  where  main  check  valve  is  at  bottom  of  riser, 
through  a  check  valve  and  connection  back  of  main  check 
valve. 

NOTE. — When  permitted  by  Underwriters  having  jurisdic- 
tion the  filling  pipe  may  be  connected  into  tank  riser  above 
the  main  gate  and  check  valve.  Pipes  so  connected  to  be 
provided  with  a  check  valve  close  to  the  riser. 

(b)  Discharge  Pipe. — To  enter  bottom  of  tank  and  pro- 
ject 4  inches  up  inside,  and  where  its  length  is  over  30  feet 
and  exposed  above  ground  or  roof,  as  with  tank  on  trestle, 
an  expansion  joint  or  the  equivalent  is  required. 


262  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

(c)  Overfloiv. — To  be  not  less  than  2-inch,  as  near  top  of 
tank  as  possible,   and  arranged   to   discharge  where  it   can 
be  readily  observed,  but  not  so  as  to  cause  the  accumula- 
tion of  ice  on  the  structure. 

(d)  Heating. — Where  there  is  exposure  to  cold,  tank  to  be 
provided  with  a  steam  coil   inside  and  at  the  bottom.     Coil 
to  be  made  of  brass  or  galvanized  iron  to  prevent  rusting 
and  provided  with  a  return  pipe  to  the  boiler  room,  or,  tank 
to  be  provided  with  a  direct  steam  pipe  from  boilers  dis- 
charging into  water  near  top  and  fitted  with  a  check  valve 
and  perforated  fitting  to  prevent  siphoning. 

NOTE. — When  the  coil  and  return  pipe  is  used  the  check 
valve  and  perforated  fitting  are  unnecessary.  Care  should 
be  taken  to  see  that  proper  drainage  is  secured  in  all  steam 
connections  for  heating.  See  Eule  5,  (e),  for  protection  of 
piping. 

(e)  T ell-Tale. — A    water   level   indicating    device    of    ap- 
proved   design    to    be   furnished   when    required    by   Under- 
writers having  jurisdiction. 

7.  Steel  or  Iron  Taiiks. — When  used,  to  be  constructed  in 
conformity  with  the  requirements  of  Underwriters  having 
jurisdiction. 

AUTHOR  's  NOTE. — It  is  recommended  that  the  architect 
be  consulted  concerning  the  safety  of  walls  before  attempt- 
ing to  erect  a  tank  upon  them.  Where  it  is  possible,  an 
independent  structure  to  carry  the  tank  is  preferable,  both 
as  to  safety  of  the  tank  and  building  in  case  of  fire. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


263 


TYPICAL  GRAVITY  T/INK 


SHEATHING,        O 
INDICATOR     2  THICKNESSES 

j  i*j  FLOOR          OF  TARRED  PAPER 


FIG.  44 


264  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

DISCHARGE  OF  NOZZLES. 

Theoretically,  the  number  of  gallons  of  water  discharged 
through  a  nozzle  per  minute  equals  the  velocity  of  the  water 
past  the  orifice  in  feet  per  minute,  multiplied  by  the  area 
01  the  discharge  orifice  in  square  feet  multiplied  by  7.48 
(number  of  gallons  per  cubic  foot). 

The  theoretical  discharge,  as  has  been  stated  before,  is 
larger  than  the  actual  discharge,  and,  in  order  to  obtain 
a  value  which  is  equal  to  or  approaches  very  closely  the 
actual  discharges,  the  value  of  the  theoretical  discharge 
must  be  multiplied  by  a  coefficient  known  as  the  coefficient 
of  discharge.  This  coefficient  must  be  determined  by  ex- 
periment, or  if  the  form  of  discharge  orifice  is  similar  to 
those  for  which  a  coefficient  has  been  determined  (see  chap- 
ter on  coefficients),  a  selection  can  be  made  which  will  un- 
doubtedly suit  the  given  case. 

To  compute  the  discharge  of  a  nozzle  having  given  the 
pressure  at  the  base  of  the  play  pipe. 

The  following  well-known  hydraulic  formulae,  which  is 
accepted  as  being  correct  from  within  1  or  2  per  cent.,  is 
given  below,  from  which  the  discharge  of  a  nozzle  in  cubic 
feet  per  second  or  in  gallons  per  minute  can  be  computed 
when  the  pressure  at  the  base  of  the  play  pipe  is  known. 

Let 

d  =  Diameter  of  discharge  orifice  in  inches. 

D  —  Diameter  of  play  pipe  in  inches. 

c   —  Coefficient  of  discharge. 

^j^rHead  in  feet  indicated  by  the  gage  which  should  be 

corrected  for  index  error  and  for  difference  of  level 

between  gage  and  discharge  orifice. 
/!  =  Pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch  indicated  by  the 

gage  at  base  of  play  pipe    (corrected  for  level  if 

necessary). 
/  =  Effective  pressure  or  static  pressure  at  the  base  of  the 

play  pipe  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  265 

h  ^Effective  head  or  static  head  at  base  of  play  pipe  in 
feet. 

The  pressure  at  the  base  of  the  play  pipe  may  be  stated 
either  as  indicated  pressure  h±  or  effective  pressure  h.  The 
pressure  ht  indicated  by  the  gage  is  less  than  h  the  static 
pressure  or  pressure  effective  in  producing  discharge  and 
projection  of  jet  by  an  amount  equal  to  the  pressure  theo- 
retically due  to  the  mean  velocity  of  flow  past  the  piezo- 
meter. 

If  the  indicated  pressure  is  given  we  can  obtain  the 
effective  pressure  by  the  formulae 


h  = 


1  -, 


If  the  indicated  pressure  is  given  the  discharge  in  cubic 
feet  per  second  (Q)  may  be  computed  by  the  formulae 


0) 


If  the  indicated  pressure  is  given  the  discharge  in  gal- 
lons per  minute  (Q)  may  be  computed  by  the  formulas 


In  many  cases          1  -  '8(-4Y       is  so  nearly  e(lual  to  l 

that    for    practical    purposes    it    may    be    neglected.     The 
formulae  then  become 


(3)  Q  =  .04374  c  d2    V  h 

(4)  G  -     29.83  c  d*   I//1 


266  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

EXAMPLE. — How  many  gallons  of  water  per  minute  will 
be  discharged  through  a  14-inch  smooth  nozzle  (similar  to 
the  Underwriters '  play  pipe)  when  the  pressure  at  the  base 
of  the  play  pipe  is  100  pounds. 

For  this  type  of  nozzle  we  find  the  coefficient  of  discharge 
to  be  .976. 

Substituting  in  equation  4  we  have 

G  -  29.83  X  .976  X  1.27  X  100 

=  29.83  X  .976  X  1.27  X  10 
G  —  373  gallons  per  minute — Ans. 

STANDARD  UNDERWRITERS'  PLAY  PIPE. 

Figure  45  shows  a  standard  mill  play  pipe  called  the 
"Underwriters'  Play  Pipe/7  which  was  designed  by  John 
E.  Freeman. 

The  throat  of  this  pipe  is  larger  than  ordinary,  being 
If  inches  in  diameter.  The  nozzle  is  true  taper  with  corner 
at  end  of  taper  rounded  off  on  an  easy  curve.  Straight  part 
at  end  of  taper  is  short.  Washer  at  base  of  nozzle  is 
placed  outside  to  avoid  any  possible  obstruction  in  the 
waterway,  and  is  covered  by  a  lip  to  prevent  its  being 
blown  out.  The  body  of  the  pipe  is  wound  with  cord  for 
the  purpose  of  affording  a  better  grip,  and  rendering  it 
more  pjeasant  to  handle  in  cold  weather. 

The  play  pipe  is  made  of  rolled  brass  pipe  1/16  of  an 
inch  thick  or  seamless  drawn  copper  .05  inches  thick.  The 
waterway  of  the  play  pipe  should  be  absolutely  free  from 
rough  drops  of  solder  or  other  projections  and  should  have  ' 
a  smooth  surface  throughout.  For  best  results,  waterway 
should  be  smooth  as  a  gun  barrel.  Inside  of  discharge 
orifice  of  tip  should  be  straight  for  f  of  an  inch.  End  of 
tip  should  be  extra  heavy  and  cut  out  to  prevent  bruising. 
Inside  taper  of  tip  should  be  straight.  All  mountings  to 
be  of  brass. 


NOTES    ON   HYDRAULICS. 


267 


I 

I 


_1 


FIG.  45 


268  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

RING  NOZZLES. 

In  the  results  of  comparative  tests  made  by  Mr.  J.  E. 
Freeman,  on  Ring  and  Smooth  Nozzles,  he  states; 

"  THESE  EXPEEIMENTS  ALL  SHOWED  CON- 
CLUSIVELY THAT  THE  EING  NOZZLE  DOES  NOT 
POSSESS  THE  SLIGHTEST  ADVANTAGE  OVEE  THE 
SMOOTH  NOZZLE.  The  Smooth  Nozzle  proved  slightly 
superior;  its  stream  was  more  solid,  and  reached  a  little 
further;  this  difference  was  very  small,  however.  Other 
experiments  proved  that  A  EING  NOZZLE  DISCHAEGES 
ONLY  |  AS  MUCH  WATEE  PEE  MINUTE  AS  A 
SMOOTH  NOZZLE  OF  THE  SAME  SIZE.  The  sharp 
corner  of  the  ring  contracts  the  stream,  and  if  any  one  will 
measure  diameter  of  stream  close  to  nozzle  with  a  pair  of 
common  machinist's  calipers,  he  will  find  it  about  &  inch 
smaller  than  the  hole  from  which  it  issues.  THE  ONLY 
USE  OF  THE  EING  NOZZLE  IS  TO  MAKE  A  SHOW 
OF  PLAYING  A  LAEGEE  STEEAM  THAN  IS  THE 
FACT.  The  apparent  advantage  of  the  Eing  Nozzle,  which 
has  misled  many  firemen,  is  easily  explained.  THE 
EESULT  IS  THE  SAME  AS  IF  A  SMALLEE  NOZZLE 
WEEE  USED,  while  hydrant  pressure  remained  the  same. 
The  number  of  gallons  per  minute  flowing  being  less,  the 
pressure  lost  by  friction  through  hose  is  less;  therefore, 
pressure  at  base  of  play  pipe  remains  greater,  therefore, 
stream  goes  higher. " 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


SMOOTH  NOZZLE  STANDARD  FORM. 


269 


FIG.  46 

ORDINARY  SQUARE  RING  NOZZLE. 


FIG.  47 

UNDERCUT  OR  KNIFE  EDGE  RING  NOZZLE. 


FIG.  48 


270  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

FIRE  STREAMS. 

Mr.  John  R.  ^Freeman,  at  the  meeting  of  the  New  England 
Waterworks  Association,  held  in  December,  1889,  read  a 
paper  entitled  ' '  Some  Experiments  and  Practical  Tables 
Relating  to  Fire  Streams/ '  and  this  paper  contained  so 
many  useful  and  valuable  facts  and  pointers  that  we  here- 
with give  a  condensed  extract  from  it.  The  complete 
paper  will  be  found  in  the  journal  of  the  New  England 
Waterworks  Association  for  March;  1890. 

The  heights  and  distances  given  for  good,  ' '  effective 
fire  streams"  are  with  moderate  wind. 

The  maximum  vertical  height  reached  by  the  spray  or 
drops  in  still  air  is  from  22  per  cent,  for  the  lower  pres- 
sures, to  56  per  cent,  for  the  higher  pressures,  higher  than 
the  elevations  given  in  the  table.  Maximum  horizontal 
distance  reached  by  the  spray  or  drops  in  still  air  is  about 
120  per  cent,  for  the  lower  pressures  and  15'0  per  cent, 
for  the  higher,  further  than  the  distance  given  in  the  table. 

When  "unlined  linen  hose"  is  used,  the  friction  or  pres- 
sure loss  is  from  8  to  50  per  cent.,  increasing  with  the 
pressure.  This  kind  of  hose  is  best  for  inside  use  in  short 
lengths.  "Mill  hose"  is  better  than  unlined  hose  for 
long  lengths,  but  the  ordinary  best  quality,  smooth,  rubber- 
lined  hose  is  superior  to  the  "mill  hose,"  having  less  fric- 
tional  resistance. 

The  "ring  nozzle"  is  inferior  to  the  smooth  nozzle  and 
actually  delivers  less  water  than  the  smooth.  For  instance, 
a  £-inch  ring  nozzle  discharges  the  same  quantity  of  water 
as  a  f-inch  smooth,  and  a  1-inch  ring  nozzle  the  same  as 
a  i-inch  smooth. 

Use  double  lines  of  hose  and  a  Siamese  nozzle  for  a  long 
distance  and  a  hot  fire.  A  double  line  a  thousand  feet  long 
delivers  a  1^-inch  stream  with  the  same  force  as  a  single  line 
287  feet  long.  Small  streams  are  all  right  for  small  fires, 
but  with  large,  hot  fires  use  a  l^-inch  or  a  If-inch  stream. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  271 

Such  a  stream  will  always  make  a  black  mark  wherever  it 
hits,  and  the  stream  which  hits  and  cools  the  burning  coals 
is  the  ' '  effective  fire  stream. ' '  Small  streams  are  converted 
into  steam  before  touching  the  coals. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  gallons  per  minute  is  a  good 
standard  fire  stream  with  80  pounds  pressure  at  the  hydrant. 
One  hundred  pounds  pressure  should  not  be  exceeded,  except 
for  very  high  buildings  or  length  of  hose  exceeding  300 
feet. 

Curves  shown  in  Figs.  27  and  28  (pages  281  and  282) 
give  the  discharge  of  hose  nozzles  through  50  and  100  feet 
of  2  y>2  -inch  ordinary  best  quality  of  rubber-lined  hose,  and 
the  head  or  pressure  indicated  at  the  hydrant. 

Curves  shown  in  Fig.  26  (page  280)  show  the  pressure 
lost  in  pounds  per  square  inch  in  100  feet  of  cotton  rubber- 
lined  (smoothest  lined)  hose  from  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter. 

Curves  shown  in  Figs.  24  and  25  (pages  278  and  279) 
give  the  discharge  of  nozzles  and  the  head  or  pressure  at 
the  base  of  the  play-pipe.  Mr.  Freeman  states  that  with 
smooth,  true,  carefully  calibrated  nozzles  very  accurate  re- 
sults can  be  obtained. 


2  NOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS. 

FIRE  STREAMS. 

From  Tables  Published  by  John  R.  Freeman,  M.  E. 

.    -M  g     ,M  g         Pressure  in  Ibs.  required  at  Hydrant  or  Pump  to 
g.c'.S    g  g     -2  §  maintain  pressure  at  nozzle  through  various  lengths 
j  inch  smooth,  rubber-lined  hose. 


p 

ISR 

8 

S* 

S'S 

50 
Ft. 

100 
Ft. 

200 
Ft. 

300 
Ft. 

400 
Ft. 

500 
Ft. 

600 
Ft. 

800 
Ft. 

1000 
Ft. 

%  INCH   SMOOTH   NOZZLE. 

35 

97 

55 

41 

37 

38 

40 

42 

44 

46 

48 

53 

57 

40 

104 

60 

44 

42 

43 

46 

48 

50 

53 

55 

60 

65 

45 

110 

64 

47 

47 

48 

51 

54 

57 

59 

62 

68 

73 

50 

116 

67 

50 

52 

54 

57 

60 

63 

66 

69 

75 

81 

55 

122 

70 

52 

58 

59 

63 

66 

69 

73 

76 

83 

89 

60 

127 

72 

54 

63 

65 

68 

72 

76 

79 

83 

90 

97 

65  132  74  56  68  70  74  78  82  86  90  98  10U 

70  137  '  76  58  73  75  80  84  88  92  97  105  114 

75  142  78  60  79  81  85  90  94  99  104  113  122 

80  147  79  62  84  86  91  96  101  106  111  120  130 

85  15]  80  64  89  92  97  102  107  112  117  128  138 

90  156  81  65  94  97  102  108  113  119  124  135  146 

95  160  82  G6  99  102  108  114  120  125  131  143  154 

100  164  83  C8  105  108  114  120  126  132  138  150  163 


7-8  INCH  SMOOTH  NOZZLE. 


35 

133 

56 

46 

38 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

68 

76 

40 

142 

62 

49 

43 

46 

50 

55 

59 

64 

68 

78 

87 

45 

150 

67 

52 

49 

51 

57 

62 

67 

72 

77 

87 

97 

50 

159 

71 

55 

54 

57 

63 

69 

74 

80 

86 

97 

108 

55 

166 

74 

58 

60 

63 

69 

75 

82 

88 

94 

107 

119 

60 

174 

77 

61 

65 

69 

75 

82 

89 

96 

103 

116 

130 

65 

181 

79 

64 

71 

74 

82 

89 

96 

104 

111 

126 

141 

70 

188 

81 

66 

76 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120 

136 

152 

75 

194 

83 

68 

82 

86 

94 

103 

111 

120 

128 

145 

162 

80 

201 

85 

70 

87 

91 

101 

110 

119 

128 

137 

155 

173 

85 

207 

87 

72 

92 

97 

107 

116 

126 

136 

145 

165 

184 

90 

213 

88 

74 

98 

103 

113 

123 

134 

144 

154 

174 

195 

95 

219 

89 

75 

103 

109 

119 

130 

141 

152 

163 

184 

206 

100 

224 

90 

76 

109 

114 

126 

137 

148 

160 

171 

194 

216 

NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  273 

FIRE  STREAMS— Conl. 

From  Tables  Published  by  John  R.  Freeman,  M.  E. 

4.,  .    «  g     *;  g        Pressure  in  Ibs.  required  at  Hydrant  or  Pump  to 

^  £    gjq.2    •:?  rt     •*  a  maintain  pressure  at  nozzle  through  various  length 
»  |    ,2  %%    2  C     3£  of  2^  inch  smooth,  rubber-lined  hose. 


I*  s?a 

tJ# 

lm-i 

>  o 

65*0 

•  "va 

50 
Ft. 

100 
Ft. 

200 
Ft. 

300 
Ft. 

400 
Ft. 

500 
Ft. 

6CO 
Ft. 

800 
Ft. 

1000 
Ft. 

1 

INCH  SMOOTH  NOZZLE. 

35  174 

58 

51 

40 

44 

51 

57 

64 

71 

78 

92 

105 

40  186 

64 

55 

46 

50 

58 

66 

73 

81 

89 

105 

120 

45  198 

69 

58 

52 

56 

65 

74 

83 

91 

100 

118 

135 

50  208 

73 

61 

57 

62 

72 

82 

92 

102 

111 

131 

151 

55  218 

76 

64 

63 

69 

79 

90 

101 

112 

122 

144 

166 

60  228 

79 

G7 

69 

75 

87 

98 

110 

122 

134 

157 

181 

65  237 

82 

70 

75 

81 

94 

107 

119 

132 

145 

170 

196 

70  246 

85 

72 

80 

87 

101 

115 

128 

142 

156 

183 

211 

75  255 

87 

74 

86 

94 

108 

123 

138  ' 

152 

167 

196 

226 

80  263 

89 

76 

92 

100 

115 

131 

147 

162 

178 

209 

241 

85  274 

91 

78 

98 

106 

123 

139 

156 

173 

189 

222 

90  279 

92 

80 

103 

112 

130 

147 

165 

183 

200 

236 

.  .  . 

95  287 
100  295 

94 
96 

82 
83 

m 

109  118  137  156  174  193 
115  125  144  164  183  203 

INCH  SMOOTH  NOZZLE. 

211 
223 

249 

... 

35  222 

59 

54 

43 

49 

60 

71 

82 

94 

105 

127 

149 

40  238 

65 

59 

50 

56 

69 

81 

94 

107 

120 

145 

171 

45  252 

70 

63 

56 

63 

77 

92 

106 

120 

1H5 

163 

192 

50  266 

75 

66 

62 

70 

86 

102 

118 

134 

150 

181 

213 

55  279 

80 

69 

68 

77 

95 

112 

130 

147 

1P.5 

200 

235 

60  291 

83 

72 

74 

84 

103 

122 

141 

160 

180 

218 

256 

65  303 

86 

75 

81 

91- 

112 

132 

153 

174 

195 

236 

70  314 
75  325 

80  336 

88 
90 
1)2 

77 
79 
81 

87 
93 
99 

98 
105 
112 

120 
129 
138 

143 
153 

163 

165 
177 

188 

187 
201 
214 

209 
224 

239 

254 

... 

85  346 

94 

83 

106 

119 

146 

173 

200 

227 

254 

.  .  . 

90  356 

96 

85 

112 

126 

155 

183 

212 

241 

95  366 
100  376 

98 
99 

87 
89 

118 
124. 

133 

140 

163 
172 

194 
204 

224 
236 

254 

... 

274  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

FIRE  STREAMS-Cont. 

From  Tables  Published  by  John  R.  Freeman,  M.  E. 

.  -M  g  +_•'-'  Pressure  in  Ibs.  required  at  Hydrant  or  Pump  to 
**£  C.d-2  •*  *  •"  rt  maintain  pressure  at  nozzle  through  varirus  lengths 
M  g  ,2  &  ^  ~  £  Q  £  of  2J^  inch  smooth,  rubber-lined  hose. 

$1   1»*    «2    £2        50       100      £00      300       400      500       600      SCO     1000 
»   >0      Wo        Ft.       Ft-        Ft-       tt.        ht>       Ft.       Ft.      Ft.      Ft. 

114  INCH   SMOOTH  NOZZLE. 


35 

277 

60 

59 

48 

57 

74 

91 

109 

126  142  178   212 

40 

296 

67 

63 

55 

65 

84 

104 

124 

144   164  203   24.J 

43 

314 

72 

67 

62 

73 

95 

117 

140 

162  184  229   ... 

50 

331 

77 

70 

68 

81 

106 

130 

155 

180  204  254   ... 

55 

347 

81 

73 

75 

89 

116 

143 

170 

198  225   

60 

363 

85 

76 

82 

97 

127 

156 

186 

216  245   

65 

377 

88 

79 

89 

105 

137 

169 

201 

234   

70 

392 

91 

81 

96 

113 

148 

182 

217 

232   

75 

405 

93 

83 

103 

121 

158 

195 

232 

80 

419 

95 

85 

110 

129 

169 

208 

248 

85 

432 

97 

88 

116 

137 

179 

221 

90 

444 

99 

90 

123 

145 

190 

234 

95 

456 

100 

92 

130 

154 

201 

247 

100 

468 

101 

93 

137 

1fi2 

211 

261 

1% 

INCH  SMOOTH  NOZZLE. 

35 

340 

62 

62 

54 

67 

94 

120 

146 

172  198  250   ... 

40 

363 

69 

66 

62 

77 

107 

137 

166 

196  226   

45 

385 

74 

70 

70 

87 

120 

154 

187 

221  254   

50 

406 

79 

73 

78 

96 

134 

171 

208 

245   

55 

426 

83 

76 

86 

106 

147 

188 

229 

270   

60 

445 

87 

79 

93 

116 

160 

205 

250 

65 

463 

90 

82 

101 

125 

174 

222 

70 

480 

92 

84 

109 

135 

187 

239 

487 

95 

86 

117 

145 

201 

256 

80 

514 

97 

88 

124 

154 

214 

85 

529 

99 

90 

132 

164 

227 

90 

100 

92 

140 

173 

240 

95 

560 

101 

94 

148 

183 

254 

100 

574 

103 

96 

156 

193 

NOTES    ON   HYDRAULICS.  273 

The  pressures  given  are  indicated  pressures,  not  effective 
pressures.  Effective  pressures  would  be  slightly  greater. 

The  horizontal  and  vertical  distances  given  are  for  good, 
effective  fire  streams.  The  distances  to  which  insulated 
drops  would  be  thrown  are  very  much  greater. 

The  pressures  stated  are  based  on  the  hose  being  coupled 
directly  to  the  pump  or  the  hydrant  and  while  the  stream  is 
flowing. 


276 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


NOTES  ON   HYDRAULICS. 


•  x 

UJ       ..                              Ss        _ 

^                                              ^ 

-    m     >~  <    --        -           ^           - 

u  J    £Q  s:                    .  S  " 

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NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


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NOTES    ON   HYDRAULICS. 


270 


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280 


NOTES 


HYDRAULICS. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


281 


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NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


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NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS.  283 

THE  STEAM  FIRE  ENGINE. 

The  modern  steam  fire  engine,  practically  a  portable 
pumping  engine,  illustrates  the  remarkable  concentration 
of  power  in  small  compass,  with  lightness  and  strength  of 
parts. 

As  constructed  by  the  best  builders  they  are  composed 
of  selected  materials,  are  exceedingly  careful  and  well- 
proportioned  and  are  beautifully  finished. 

The  machine  itself  is  composed  of  a  boiler,  engine,  pump 
and  the  auxiliary  appliances  found  necessary  for  its 
operation. 

Their  pumps  have  large  passages  and  valves  of  small 
lift  and  deliver  large  volumes  of  wrater  easily.  The  pumps 
are  generally  of  the  reciprocating  or  rotary  type  and  are 
generally  placed  in  front  of  the  boiler.  If  of  the  recipro- 
cating type,  two  pumps  are  placed  alongside  each  other  and 
are  operated  either  by  a  double-slide  valve  or  piston  valve 
engine. 

The  piston  rods  of  the  engines  connect  directly  with 
plunger  rods  of  the  pumps  and  are  also  connected  to  a 
crank  shaft  by  means  of  either  connecting  rods  or  jokes, 
the  cranks  being  set  at  right  angles,  so  that  one  pump  is 
always  acting,  while  the  other  passes  the  ' '  dead ' '  center, 
which  thus  gives  a  practically  steady  stream. 

Some  of  the  engines  are  equipped  with  a  boiler  feed  pump 
and  others  depend  upon  an  injector  or  feed  directly  from 
the  main  pump.  The  engines  exhaust  into  the  stack,  which 
gives  the  necessary  draft. 

The  boilers,  which  are  generally  of  the  upright  semi- 
water  tube  type,  are  combined  with  the  engine  by  means 
of  a  strong  iron  frame,  which  carries  all  the  auxiliary  appli- 
ances and  forms  the  body  of  the  truck.  The  boilers  con- 
tain little  water  and  are  crowded  with  heating  surface;  they 
therefore  make  steam  with  great  rapidity,  working  pressure 
being  generated  in  six  to  seven  minutes  from  cold  water. 


284  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

The  modern  steam  fire  engines  are  generally  classified  as 
to  size,  and  their  capacities  as  follows: 

Size  of  Engine.  Capacity  gallons 

per  minute. 

Double  Extra  First 1,300 

Extra    First 1,100 

First    900 

Second     700 

Third     600 

Fourth     500 

Fifth    .  400 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


285 


286 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


NOTES    ON   HYDRAULICS. 


237 


288 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


COMPARISON   OF  COLUMNS  OF  WATER  IN  FEET. 

Mercury  in  Inches  and  Pressure  in  Lbs.,  per  Square  Inch. 


Lbs. 
Press. 
Sq.  In. 

Water 
Feet 

Mercury 
Inches 

Water 
Feet 

Mercury 
Inches 

Lbs. 
Press. 
Sq.  In. 

Mercury  Water 
Inches     Feet 

Ivbs.. 
Press 
Sq.  In- 

1 

2.311 

2.046 

1 

0.8853 

0.4327 

1 

1.1295 

0.4887 

2 

4.622 

4.092 

2 

1.7706 

0.8654 

2 

2.2590 

0.9775 

3 

6.933 

6.138 

3 

2.6560 

1.2981 

3 

3.3885 

1.4662 

4 

9.244 

8.184 

4 

3.5413 

1.7308 

4 

4.5181 

1.9550 

5 

11.555 

10.230 

5 

4.4266 

2.1635 

5 

5.6476 

2.4437 

6 

13.866 

12.2276 

6 

5.3120 

2.5962 

6 

6.7771 

2.9325 

7 

16.177 

14.322 

7 

6.1973 

3.0289 

7 

7.9066 

3.4212 

8 

18.488 

16.368 

8 

7.0826 

3.4616 

8 

9.0361 

3.9100 

9 

20.800 

18.414 

9 

7.9680 

3.8942 

9 

10.165 

4.3987 

10 

23.111 

20.462 

10 

8.8533 

4.3273 

10 

11.295 

4.8875 

11 

25.422 

22.508 

11 

9.7386 

4.7600 

11 

12.424 

5.3762 

12 

27.733 

24.554 

12 

10.624 

5.1927 

12 

13.555 

5.8650 

13 

30.044 

26.600 

13 

11.509 

5.6255 

13 

14.683 

6.3537 

14 

32.355 

28.646 

14 

12.394 

6.0582 

14 

15.813 

6.8425 

15 

34.666 

30.692 

15 

13.280' 

6.4909 

15 

16.942 

7.3312 

16 

36.977 

32.738 

16 

14.165 

6.9236 

16 

18.072 

7.8200 

17 

39.288 

34.784 

17 

15.050 

7.3563 

17 

19.201 

8.3087 

18 

41.599 

36.830 

18 

15.936 

7.7890 

18 

20.331 

8.7975 

19 

43.910 

38.876 

19 

16.821 

8.2217 

19 

21.460 

9.2862 

20 

46.221 

40.922 

20 

17.706 

8.6544 

20 

22.490 

9.7750 

21 

48.532 

42.968 

21 

18.591 

9.0871 

21 

23.719 

10.2G4 

22 

50.843 

45.014 

22 

19.477 

9.5198 

22 

24.849 

10.752 

23 

53.154 

47.060 

23 

20.362 

9.9525 

23 

25.978 

11.241 

24 

55.465 

49.106 

24 

21.247 

10.385 

24 

27.108 

11.7300 

25 

57.776 

51.152 

25 

22.133 

10.818 

25 

28.237 

12.219 

26 

60.087 

53.198 

26 

23.018 

11.251 

26 

29.367 

12.707 

27 

62.398 

55.244 

27 

23.903 

11.683 

27 

30.496 

13.196 

28 

64.709 

57.290 

28 

24.789 

12.116 

28 

31.626 

13.685 

29 

67.020 

59.336 

29 

25.674 

12.549 

29 

32.755 

14.174 

30 

69.331 

61.386 

30 

26.560 

12.981 

30 

33.885 

14.662 

XOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS.  289 

PRESSURE  OE  WATER. 

The  pressure  of  water  in  Ibs.  per  square  inch  for  every  foot  in  height 
to  300  feet ;  and  then  by  intervals  to  1000  feet  head. 


Feet 
Head 

Press. 
Sq.  In. 

Feet 
Head 

Press. 
Sq.  In. 

Feet 
Head 

Press 
Sq.  In. 

Feet 
Head 

Press. 
Sq.  In. 

Feet 
Head 

Press. 
Sq.  In. 

1 

0.43 

65 

28.15 

129 

55.88 

193 

83.60 

257 

111.32 

2 

0.86 

66 

28.58 

130 

56.31 

194 

84.03 

258 

111.76 

3 

1.30 

67 

'  29.02 

131 

56.74 

195 

84.47 

259 

112.19 

4 

1.73 

68 

29.45 

132 

57.18 

196 

84.90 

260 

112.62 

5 

2.16 

69 

29.88 

133 

57.61 

197 

85.33 

261 

113.06 

6 

2.59 

70 

30.32 

134 

58.04 

198 

85.76 

262 

113.49 

7 

3.03 

71 

30.75 

135 

58.48 

199 

86.20 

263 

113.92 

8 

3.46 

72 

31.18 

136 

58.91 

200 

86.63 

264 

114.36 

9 

3.89 

73 

31.62 

137 

59.34 

201 

87.07 

265 

114.79 

10 

4.33 

74 

32.05 

138 

59.77 

202 

87.50 

266 

115.22 

11 

4.76 

75 

32.48 

139 

60.21 

203 

87.93 

267 

115.66 

12 

5.20 

76 

32.92 

140 

60.64 

204 

88.36 

268 

116.09 

13 

5.63 

77 

33.35 

141 

61.07 

205 

88.80 

269 

116.52 

14 

6.06 

78 

33.78 

142 

61.51 

206 

89.23 

270 

116.96 

15 

6.49 

79 

34.21 

143 

61.94 

207 

89.66 

271 

117.39 

16 

6.93 

80 

34.65 

144 

62.37 

208 

90,10 

272 

117.82 

17 

7.36 

81 

35.08 

145 

62.81 

209 

90.53 

273 

118.26 

18 

7.79 

82 

35.52 

146 

63.24 

210 

90.96 

274 

118.69 

19 

8.22 

83 

35.95 

147 

63.67 

211 

91.39 

275 

119.12 

20 

8.66 

84 

36.39 

148 

64.10 

212 

91.83 

276 

119.56 

21 

9.09 

85 

36.82 

149 

64.54 

213 

92.26 

277 

.  119.99 

22 

9.53 

86 

37.25 

150 

64.97 

214 

92.69 

278 

120.42 

23 

9.96 

87 

37.68 

151 

65.40 

215 

93.13 

279 

120.85 

24 

10.39 

88 

38.12 

152 

65.84 

216 

93.56 

280 

121.29 

25 

10.82 

89 

38.55 

153 

66.27 

217 

93.99 

281 

121.72 

26 

11.26 

90 

38.98 

154 

66.70 

218 

94.43 

282 

122.15 

27 

11.69 

91 

39.42 

155 

67.14 

219 

94.86 

283 

122.59 

28 

^  12.12 

92 

39.85 

156 

67.57 

220 

95.30 

284 

123.02 

29 

"12.55 

93 

40.28 

157 

68.00 

221 

95.73 

285 

123.45 

30 

12.99 

94 

40.72 

158 

68.43 

222 

96.16 

286 

123.89 

31 

13.42 

95 

41.15 

159 

P8.87 

223 

96.60 

287 

124.32 

32 

13.86 

96 

41.58 

160 

69.31 

224 

97.03 

288 

124.75 

33 

14.29 

97 

42.01 

161 

69.74 

225 

97.46 

289 

125.18 

34 

14.72 

98 

42.45 

162 

70.17 

226 

97.90 

290 

125.62 

35 

15.16 

99 

42.88 

163 

70.61 

227 

98.33 

291 

126.05 

36 

15.59 

100 

43.31 

164 

71.04 

228 

98.76 

292 

126.48 

37 

16.02 

101 

43.75 

165 

71  .47 

229 

99.20 

293 

126.92 

38 

16.45 

102 

44.18 

166 

71.91 

230 

99.63 

294 

127.35 

39 

16.89 

103 

44.61 

167 

72.34 

231 

100.06 

295 

127.78 

290  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

PRESSURE  OF  WATER— Cont. 

Feet     Press.     Feet     Press.    Feet      Press.     Feet       Press.      Feet     Press. 
Head   Sq.  In.   Head   Sq.  In.    Head    Sq.  In.   Head      Sq.  In.     Head   Sq.  In. 


40 

17.32 

104 

45.05 

168 

72.77 

232 

100.49 

296 

128.22 

41 

17.75 

105 

45.48 

169 

73.20 

233 

100.93 

297 

128.65 

42 

18.19 

106 

45.91 

170 

73.64 

234 

101.36 

298 

129.08 

43 

18.62 

107 

46.34 

171 

74.07 

235 

101.79 

299 

129.51 

44 

19.05 

10$ 

46.78 

172 

74.50 

236 

102.23 

300 

129.95 

45 

19.49 

109 

47.21 

173 

74.94 

237 

•102.66 

310 

134.28 

46 

19.92 

110 

47.64 

174 

75.37 

238 

103.09 

320 

138.62 

47 

20.35 

111 

48.08 

175 

75.80 

239 

103.53 

330 

142.95 

48 

20.79 

112 

48.51 

176 

76.23 

240 

103.96 

340 

147.28 

49 

21.22 

113 

48.94 

177 

76.67 

241 

104.39 

350 

151.61 

50 

21.65 

114 

49.38 

178 

77.10 

242 

104.83 

360 

155.94 

51 

22.09 

115 

49.81 

179 

77.53 

243 

'105.26 

370 

160.27 

52 

22.52 

116 

50.24 

180 

77.97 

244 

105.69 

380 

164.61 

53 

22.95 

117 

50.68 

181 

78.40 

245 

106.13 

390 

168.94 

54 

23.39 

118 

51.11 

182 

78.84 

246 

106.56 

400 

173.27 

55 

23.82 

119 

51.54 

183 

79.27 

247 

106.99 

500 

216.58 

56 

24.26 

120 

51.98 

184 

79.70 

248 

107.43 

600 

259.90 

57 

24.69 

121 

52.41 

185 

80.14 

249 

107.86 

700 

303.22 

58 

25.12 

122 

52.84 

186 

80.57 

250 

108.29 

800 

346.54 

59 

25.55 

123 

53.28 

187 

81.00 

251 

108.73 

900 

389.86 

60 

25.99 

124 

53.71 

188 

81.43 

252 

109.16 

1000 

433.18 

61 

26.42 

125 

54.15 

189 

81.87 

253 

109.59 

62 

26.85 

126 

54.57 

190 

82.30 

254 

110.03 

63 

27.29 

127 

55.01 

191 

82.73 

255 

110.46 

64 

27.72 

128 

55.44 

192 

83.17 

256 

110.89 

NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


291 


•—  i^no>i'>tf>icracccO'^-^'^i»o»re?o? 


<".<"««.^.  °-°-g^- 


iO«Ct~OOO5Oi—  ICONI 
(W»OOOi—  1-TOOr-H-^iJ.^ 


lOi-*U^aii— i-^CCC 


OO  »O  C^i  Oi  SO  CO  O 


C^i  tD  Oi  CVJ  »O  00 
CO  T— I  Oi  00  CD  "^ 

^GOO^H  0?O 


»Ot-OOO^H 

cc  mSS    • 


883^ 


I 


292 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


CAPACITY  OF  CYLINDRICAL  TANKS  AND  CISTERNS. 

(In  U.  S.  Gallons  of  231  cubic  inches). 


Inside 

Water 

Water 

Water 

Water 

Water 

Water 

Water 

Water 

Water 

Diam. 
Ft.   In. 

Depth 
1  Ft. 

Depth 
4  Ft. 

Depth 
5  Ft. 

Depth 
6  Ft. 

Depth 
7  Ft. 

Depth 
8  Ft. 

Depth 
9  Ft 

Depth 
12  Ft. 

Depth 
15  Ft. 

4. 

94.0 

376 

470 

564 

658 

752 

846 

1128 

1410 

".  . 

..6 

119.0 

476 

595 

714 

833 

952 

1071 

1428 

1785 

5.. 

146.9 

588 

734 

881 

1028 

1175 

1322 

1763 

2203 

".  . 

..6 

177.7 

711 

889 

1066 

1244 

1422 

1600 

2133 

2666 

6. 

211.5 

846 

1058 

1269 

1481 

1692 

1904 

2538 

3173 

..3 

229.5 

918 

1148 

1377 

1607 

1836 

2066 

2754 

3443 

".  . 

..6 

248.2 

993 

1241 

1489 

1738 

1986 

2234 

2979 

3724 

".  . 

..9 

267.7 

1071 

1338 

1606 

1874 

2142^ 

2409 

3212 

4015 

7. 

287.9 

1152 

1439 

1727 

2015 

2303 

2591 

3455 

4318 

".  . 

..3 

308.8 

1235 

1544 

1853 

2162 

2471 

2779 

3706 

4632 

".. 

..6 

330.5 

1322 

1652 

1983 

2313 

2544 

2974 

3966 

4957 

".  . 

..9 

352.9 

1412 

1764 

2117 

2470 

2823 

3176 

4235 

5293 

8.. 

376.0 

1504 

1880 

2256 

2632 

3008 

3384 

4512 

5640 

".. 

..3 

399.9 

1600 

1999 

2399 

2799 

3199 

3599 

4799 

5998 

*«.  . 

..6 

424.5 

1698 

2122 

2547 

2971 

3396 

3820 

5094 

6367 

".  . 

..9 

449.8 

1799 

2249 

2699 

3149 

3599 

4148 

5398 

6747 

9.. 

475.9 

1904 

2380 

2855 

3331 

3807 

"4283 

5711 

7138 

".  . 

..3 

502.7 

2011 

2514 

3016 

3519 

4022 

4524 

6032 

7540 

".  . 

..6 

530.2 

2121 

2651 

3181 

3712 

4242 

4772 

6363 

7954 

".  . 

..9- 

558.5 

2234 

2793 

3351 

3910 

4468 

5027 

6702 

8378 

10. 

587.5 

2350 

2938 

3525 

4113 

4700 

5288 

7050 

8813 

".  . 

..3 

617.3 

2469 

3086 

3704 

4321 

4938 

5555 

7407 

9259 

".. 

..6 

647.7 

2591 

3239 

3886 

4534 

5182 

5830 

7773 

9716 

". 

..9 

679.0 

2716 

3395 

4074 

4753 

5432 

6111 

8147 

10184 

11. 

710.9 

2844 

3555 

4265 

4976 

5687 

6398 

8531 

10664 

".. 

..3 

743.6 

2974 

3718 

4462 

5205 

5949 

6692 

8923  ' 

11154 

".. 

..6 

777.0 

3108 

3885 

4662 

5439 

6216 

6993 

9324 

11655 

".  . 

..9 

811.1 

3245 

4056 

4867 

5678 

6489 

7300 

9734 

12167 

12. 

846.0 

3384 

4230 

5076 

5922 

6768 

7614 

10152 

12691 

".. 

..6 

918.0 

3672 

4590 

5508 

6426 

7344 

8262 

11016 

13770 

13. 

992.9 

3972 

4965 

5957 

6950 

7943 

8936 

11915 

14894 

".  . 

..6 

1070.8 

4283 

5354 

6425 

7495 

8566 

9637 

12849 

16061 

14. 

1151.5 

4606 

5758 

6909 

8061 

9212 

10364 

13819 

17273 

". 

..6 

1235.3 

4941 

6176 

7412 

8647 

9882 

11117 

14823 

18529 

15. 

1321.9 

5288 

6610 

7932 

9253 

10575 

11897 

15863 

19829 

•«. 

..6 

1411.5 

5646 

7058 

8469 

9881 

11292 

12704 

16938 

21173 

NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  293 

CAPACITY  OF  CYLINDRICAL  TANKS  AND  CISTERNS— Cent 

(In  U.  S.  Gallons  of  231  cubic  inches). 

Inside  Water  Water      Water      Water  Water  Water  Water  Water      Water 

Diam.  Depth  Depth      Depth      Depth  Depth  Depth  Depth  Depth       Depth 

Ft.  In.  1  Ft.  4  Ft.   5  Ft.   6  Ft.  7  Ft.  8  Ft.  9  Ft.  12  Ft.  15  Ft. 

16 1504.1  6016   7520   9024  10528  12032  13537  18049  22561 

17 1697.9  6792   8490  10188  11886  13583  15281  20375  25469 

18 1903.6  7614   9518  11421  13325  15228  17132  22843  28553 

19 2120.9  8484  10605  12726  14847  16968  19089  25451  31814 

20 2350.1  9400  11750  14100  16451  18801  21151  28201  35251 

21 2590.8  10363  12954  15545  18136  20726  23317  31090  38862 

22 2843.6  11374  14218  17062  19905  22749  25592  34123  42654 

23 3107.9  12432  15540  18647  21755  24863  27971  37295  46619 

24 3384.1  13536  16921  20305  23689  27073  30457  40609  50762 

25 3671.7  14687  18359  22030  25702  29374  33045  44060  55076 

26 3971.6  15887  19858  23830  27801  31773  35745  47660  59575 

27 4282.7  17131  21414  25696  29979  34262  38544  51392  64241 

28 4606.2  18425  23031  27637  32243  36849.  41455  55274  69092 

29 4940.7  19763  24704  29644  34585  39526  44466  59288  74111 

30 5287.7  21151  26438  31726  37014  42301  47589  63452  79315 

31 5645.7  22583  28229  33874  39520  45166  50811  67748  84686 

32 6016.2  24065  30081  36097  42113  48130  54146  72194  90243 

33 6397.6  25590  31988  38386  44783  51181  57578  76771  95964 

34 6791.2  27165  33956  40747  47538  54330  61121  81494  101868 

35 7197.1  28788  35986  43183  50380  57577  64774  86365  107957 

36 7614.4  30458  38072  45686  53301  60915  68530  91372  114216 

37 8043.1  32172  40216  48259  56302  64345  72388  96517  120647 

38 8483.7  33935  42419  50902  59386  67870  76353  101804  127256 

39 8936.2  35745  44681  53617  62553  71490  80426  107234  134043 

40 9400.3  37601  47002  56402  65802  75202  84603  112804  141005 

42 10362.7  41451  51814  62176  72539  82902  93264  124357  155441 

45 11897.3  47589  59486  71384  83281  95178  107075  142767  178459 

47 12977.1  51908  64886  77863  90840  103817  116794  155725  194657 

50 14688.0  58752  73440  88128  102816  117504  132192  176256  220319 

60 21150.7  84603  105753  126904  148055  169205  190356  253808  317260 

70 28788.4  115154  143942  172730  201519  230307  259096  345461  431826 

80 37600.8  150403  188004  225605  263206  300806  338407  451210  564012 

90 47588.8  190355  237944  285533  333122  380710  428299  571066  713832 

LOO 58752.0  235008  293760  352512  411264  470016  528768  705024  881280 


294 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


TABLE  OF  I.  S.  GALLONS  PER  MINUTE  AND  THEIR 
EQUIVALENTS. 


Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Cubic 
Feet 
Per  Sec.  , 

Gnllons 
per 
Minute. 

Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Cubic 
Feet 
Per  Sec. 

1 

1440 

0.002 

350 

504000 

0.780 

10 

14400 

.022 

360 

518400 

.802 

20 

28800 

.044 

370 

532800 

.825 

30 

43200 

.067 

380 

547200 

.847 

40 

57600 

.089 

390 

561600 

.869 

50 

72000 

.121 

400 

576000 

.892 

60 

86400 

.134 

410 

590400 

.914 

70 

100800 

.150 

420 

•604800 

.936 

80 

115200 

.178 

430 

619200 

.958 

90 

129600 

.200 

440 

633600 

.981 

100 

141000 

.223 

450 

648000 

1.003 

110 

158400 

.245 

460 

662400 

1.025 

120 

172800 

.268 

470 

676800 

1.048 

130 

187200 

.290 

480 

691200 

1.069 

140 

201600 

.312 

490 

705600 

1.091 

150 

216000 

.335 

500 

720000 

1.112 

160 

230400 

.357 

510 

734400 

1.136 

170 

244800 

.380 

520 

748800 

1.159 

180 

259200 

.401 

530 

763200 

1.181 

190 

273600 

.421 

540 

777600 

1.202 

200 

288000 

.446 

550 

792000 

1.222 

210 

302400 

.468 

560 

806400 

1.243 

220 

316800 

.490 

570 

820800 

1.269 

230 

331200 

.513 

580 

835200 

1.293 

240 

345600 

.535 

590 

849600 

1.312 

250 

360000 

.557 

600 

864000 

1.337 

260 

374400 

.579 

610 

878400 

1.350 

270 

388800 

.601 

620 

892800 

1.381 

280 

403200 

.624 

630 

907200 

1.402 

290 

417600 

.647 

640 

921600 

1.426 

300 

432000 

.669 

650 

936000 

1.449 

310 

446400 

.691 

660 

950400 

1.470 

320 

460800 

.713 

670 

964800 

1.492 

330 

475200 

.736 

680 

979200 

1.515 

340 

489600 

.758 

690 

993600 

1.538 

NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


295 


TABLE  OF  I.  S.  GALLONS  PER  MINUTE  AND  THEIR 
EQUIVALENTS— Cont. 


Gallons 

Gallons 

Cubic 

Gallons 

Gallons 

Cubic 

per 

per 

Feet 

per 

per 

heet 

Minute. 

24  Hours. 

Per  vSec. 

Minute. 

24  Hours. 

Per  Sec. 

700 

1008000 

1.559 

1250 

1800000 

2.785 

710 

1022400 

1.581 

1300 

1872000 

2.893 

720 

1036800 

1.602 

1350 

1944000 

3.009 

730 

1051200 

1.627 

1400 

201COOO 

3.119 

740 

1065600 

1.649 

1450 

2088000 

3.2.30 

750 

1080000 

1.671 

1500 

2160000 

3.341 

760 

1094400 

1.692 

1550 

2232000 

3.453 

770 

1108800 

1.715 

1600 

2304000 

3.562 

780 

1123200 

1.738 

1650 

2376000 

3.676 

790 

1137600 

1.760 

1700 

2448000 

3.785 

800 

1152000 

1.782 

1750 

2520000 

3.899 

810 

1166400 

1.802 

1800 

2592000 

4.010 

820 

1180800 

1.827 

1850 

2664000 

4.12J 

830 

1195200 

1.849 

1900 

2736000 

4.233 

840 

1209600 

1.871 

1950 

2808000 

4.344 

850 

1224000 

1.892 

2000 

2880000 

4.453 

860 

1238400 

1.918 

2050 

2952000 

4.567 

870 

1252800 

1.936 

2100 

3024000 

4.683 

880 

12(57200 

1.9fcO 

2150 

309KHH) 

4.790 

890 

1281600 

1.982 

2200 

3168000 

4.901 

900 

1296000 

2.005 

2250 

3240000 

5.013 

910 

1310400 

2.027 

2300 

3312000 

5.125 

920 

1324800 

2.048 

2350 

3384000 

5.235 

930 

1339200 

2.073 

2400 

3456000 

5.347 

940 

1353600 

2.093 

2450 

3528000 

5.458 

950 

1368000 

2.114 

2500 

3600000 

5.570 

960 

1382400 

2.138 

2550 

3672000 

5.681 

970 

1396800 

2.161 

2600 

3744000 

5.792 

980 

1411200 

2.181 

2650 

3816000 

5.904 

990 

1425600 

2.202 

2700 

3888000 

6.015 

1000 

1440000 

2.228 

2750 

3960000 

6.127 

1050 

1512000 

2.339 

2800 

4032000 

6.245 

1100 

1584000 

2.450 

2850 

4104000 

6.349 

1150 

1656000 

2.562 

2900 

4176000 

6.464 

1200 

1728000 

2.672 

2950 

4248000 

6.573 

3000 

4320000 

6.684 

296 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


TABLE  FOR  CALCULATING  THE  HORSE-POWER 
OF  WATER. 

The  following  table  gives  the  horse-power  that  may  be  developed 
under  normal  conditions  with  one  cubic  foot  of  water  per 
minute  under  heads  from  one  up  to  eleven  hundred  feet : 


Horse- 
Power. 

.515136 
.531234 
.547332 
.563430 
.579528 
.595626 
.611724 
.627822 
.643920 
.660018 
.676116 
.692214 
.708312 
.724410 
.740508 
.756606 
.772704 


Heads 
in  Feet. 

Horse- 
Power. 

Heads 
iti  Feet. 

1 

.0016098 

320 

20 

.032196 

330 

30 

.048294 

340 

40  • 

.064392 

350 

50 

.080490 

360 

60 

.096588 

370 

70 

.112686 

380 

80 

.128784 

390 

90 

.144892 

400 

100 

.160980 

410 

110 

.177078 

420 

120 

.193176 

430 

130 

.209274 

440 

140 

.225372 

450 

150 

.241470 

460 

160 

.257568 

470 

170 

.273666 

480 

180 

.289764 

490 

190 

.305862 

500 

200 

.321960 

520 

210 

.338058 

540 

220 

.354156 

560 

230 

.370254 

580 

240 

.386352 

600 

250 

.402450 

650 

260 

.418548 

700 

270 

.434646 

750 

280 

.450744 

800 

290 

.466842 

900 

300 

.482940 

1,000 

310 

.499038 

1,100 

.804900 
.837096 
.869292 
.901488 
.933684 


1.046370 
1.126860 
1.207350 
1.287840 
1.448820 
1.609800 
1.770780 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


297 


Contents  in  cubic  feet,  I).  S.  gallons  and  weight  of 
water  per  foot  length  for  pipe  of  various  diameters, 
also  area  in  square  feet  and  inches,  and  circum- 
ference in  inches. 


Diameter 
of  Pipe 
in  inches. 

Area  in 
sq.  feet  or 
contents  in 
cubic  feet 
per  foot 
of  length. 

Contents 
in  U.  S. 
gallons 
per  foot 
length. 

Weight  of 
water  in 
one  foot 
length, 
in  Ibs. 

Area  in 
sq.  in. 

Circum- 
ference 
in 
inches. 

1 

.0055 

.0408 

.34 

.78 

3.14 

2 

.0218 

.1632 

1.36 

3.14 

6.28 

3 

.0491 

.3672 

3.06 

7.06 

9.42 

4 

.0873 

.6528 

5.44 

12.56 

12.56 

5 

.1364 

1.020 

8.51 

19.63 

15.70 

6 

.1963 

1.469 

12.25 

28.27 

18.85 

7 

.2673 

1.999 

16.68 

38.48 

21.99 

8 

.3491 

2.611 

21.79 

50.26 

25.13 

9 

.4418 

3.305 

27.57 

63.61 

28.27 

10 

.5454 

4.08 

34.04 

78.54 

31.41 

11 

.66 

4.937 

41.19 

95.03 

34.55 

12 

.7854 

5.875 

49.02 

113.10 

37.69 

13 

.9218 

6.895 

57.54 

.132.73 

40.84 

14 

1.069 

7.997 

66.73 

153.94 

43.98 

15 

1.227 

9.180 

76.60 

176.71 

47.12 

16 

1.396 

10.44 

87.16 

201.06 

50.26 

18 

1.768 

13.22 

110.31 

254.47 

56.54 

20 

2.182 

16.32 

136.19 

314.16 

62.83 

22 

2.640 

19.75 

164.79 

380.13 

69.11 

24 

3.142 

23.50 

196.11 

452.39 

75.39 

26 

3.687 

27.58 

230.16 

530.93 

81.68 

28 

4.276 

31.99 

266.93 

615.75 

87.96 

30 

4.909 

36.72 

306.42 

706.86 

94.24 

32 

5.585 

41.78 

348.64 

804.25 

100.53 

34 

6.305 

47.16 

393.59 

907.92 

106.81 

36 

7.069 

52.88 

441.25 

1017.9 

113.09 

38 

7.876 

58.92 

491.64 

1134.1 

119.38 

40 

8.727 

65.28 

544.76 

1256.6 

125.66 

42 

9.621 

71.97 

600.59 

1385.4 

131.94 

44 

10.559 

78.99 

659.16 

1520.5 

138.23 

46 

11.541 

86.33 

720.44 

1661.9 

144.51 

48 

12.566 

94.00 

784.45 

1809.6 

150.79 

50 

13.635  • 

102.00 

851.18 

1963.5 

157.08 

52 

14.748 

110.32 

920.64 

2123.7 

163.36 

54 

15.90 

118.97 

992.82 

2290.2 

169.64 

60 

19.63 

146.88 

1225.71 

2827.4 

188.49 

66 

23.76 

177.72 

1483.11 

3421.2 

207.34 

72 

28.27 

211.51 

1765.02 

4071.5 

226.19 

298  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS  OF  AN  INCH. 

By  64ths :  from  1/64  to  1  inch. 


Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

1/64 

.015625 

17/64 

.265625 

33/64 

.515625 

49/64 

.765625 

1/32 

.031250 

9/32 

.281250 

17/32 

.531250 

35/64 

.781250 

3/64 

.046875 

19/64 

.296875 

35/64 

.546875 

51/64 

.796875 

1/16 

.062500 

5/16 

.312500 

9/16 

.562500 

13/16 

.812500 

5/64 

.078125 

21/64 

.328125 

37/64 

.578125 

53/64 

.828125 

3/32 

.093750 

11/32 

.343750 

19/32 

.593750 

27/32 

.843750 

7/64 

.109375 

23/64 

.359375 

39/64 

.609375 

55/64 

.859375 

1/8 

.125000 

3/8 

.375000 

5/8 

.625000 

7/8 

.875000 

9/64 

.140625 

25/64 

.390625 

41/64 

.640625 

57/64 

.890625 

5/32 

.156250 

13/32 

.406250 

21/32 

.656250 

29/32 

.906250 

11/64 

.171875 

27/64 

.421875 

43/64 

.671875 

59/64 

.921875 

3/16 

.187500 

7/16 

.437500 

11/16 

.687500 

15/16 

.937500 

13/64 

.203125 

29/64 

.453125 

45/64 

.703125 

61/64 

.953125 

7/32 

.218750 

15/32 

.468750 

23/32 

.718750 

31/32 

.968750 

15/64 

.234375 

31/64 

.484375 

47/64 

.734375 

63/64 

.984375 

1/4 

.250000 

1/2 

.500000 

3/4 

.750000 

1 

1.000000 

NOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS. 


299 


TABLE  GIVING  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES. 

From  1/32  to  2  inches  diameter. 


Diameter. 

Area. 

Circum. 

Diameter. 

Area. 

Circum. 

y32 

•000767 

•09817 

iy32 

•83525 

3-2398 

Vie 

•003068 

•19635 

lYie 

•88665 

3'3379 

s/32 

•006903 

•29452 

ls/32 

•93956 

3-4361 

Vs 

•012272 

•39270 

1» 

•99402 

3-5343 

% 

•019175 

•49087 

!%• 

1-0500 

3-6325 

3/16 

•027612 

•58905 

iMi 

1-1075 

37306 

y32 

•037583 

•68722 

iy32 

1-1666 

3-8288 

y4 

•049087 

•78540 

154 

1-2272 

3-9270 

5ti 

•062126 

•88357 

iy32 

1-2893 

4-0252 

6/16 

•076699 

•93175 

iyie 

1  -3530 

4-1233 

*% 

•092806 

1-0799 

i11/.. 

1-4182 

4-2215 

3/8 

•11045 

1-1781 

1% 

1-4849 

4-3197 

13/32 

•12962 

1-2763 

ii3/32 

1-5531 

4-4179 

7/16 

•15033 

1-3744 

iyie 

1-6229 

4-5160 

16/32 

•17257 

1-4726 

ilc/32 

1-6943 

4-6142 

y2 

•19635 

1-5708 

1^2 

17671 

4-7124 

ir/3. 

•22166 

1-6690 

ii7/32 

1.-8415 

4-8106 

%6 

-24850 

1-7671 

l9/ie 

1-9175 

4-9087 

19/32 

•27688 

1-8653 

ii9/32 

1-9949 

5-0069 

% 

•30680 

1-9635 

1% 

2-0739 

5-1051 

21/32 

•33824 

2-0617 

i2i/32 

2-1545 

5-2033 

% 

•37122 

2-1598 

i»Xi 

2-2365 

5*3014 

23/32 

•40574 

2-2580 

i2s/32 

2-3201 

5-3996 

3/4 

•44179 

2-3562 

!3/4^ 

2-4053 

5-4978 

25/32 

•47937 

2-4544 

!26/32 

2-4919 

5-5959 

% 

•51849 

2-5525 

113/16 

2-5801 

5-6941 

27/32 

•55914 

2-6507 

!27/32 

2-6699 

57923 

% 

•60132 

27489 

t  a 

2-7612 

5-8905 

2°/32 

•64504 

2-8471 

i29/32 

2-8540 

5-9886 

15/16 

•69029 

2-9452 

!1BXe     *? 

2-9483 

6*0868 

31/32 

•73708 

3-0434 

1% 

3-0442 

6-1850 

1 

78540 

3-1416 

2 

3-1416 

6-2832 

300 


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NOTES  OK  HYDRAULICS. 


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1 

v^ 

.OrH^VrtCNCOOO^XM^^r-HiftO^OiW^t-rHrHOi 

.O^^eO^^OO^COOO^O^O^OO^^^O,,, 

^ 

o§SSoSS5S"SSitSKSS2SSS5; 

r-,«r_rHr-,m<N^^<N^^CM».<N<N<NCOK)m«>M 

<MO5SoCOCOo6ScO«^OOOi"^<vO<M-*<MCOxOOr-( 

• 

SSSSKgSS2S?SSK§S5^§S§S§ 

p 

•w^a 

nreid 

^rO^OOOJO-KNCO^O^Ot-OOOO^C^W^XgJO 

NOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS. 


303 


CO  CO  CO  t>»  t>»  !>•  *>•  t>»  l>»  t>-  t>«  t^  t>»  GO  OO  OO  GO  00  00  OO.  CO  OO 

COCOCOCO-^^iT^^Tji^^rJiiOOiOOlOtfaiOOCOO 

COCOCOCOCO-^T^T^Tjir^^T^^lOlOiOkftkftOkftiacO 
CO  CO  CO  l>»  l>«  !>•  t>»  t>»  t>«  t>»  IS*  t>»  t>»  OOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOO 


304 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


[osOr-i<Nco-«j«ocor>.ooosOi-i<NeoTriOcor^ooo}o 
OOOiOiCfcOiOSOSO  O».0i  OiOOOOOOOOOOrH 


TJ<  co  Oi  n<i— lOiOiOcooO'^c^lr- iOJ^j*oo     ;     •     •     •     *  •  * 
tococococot^.*>.t>.  t>-.t^  t^  *>.  oo  oo  oo  oo 

I«^,i0»cooooo»»oooa)u>o^«»oo^^ooo»^ 

CDOOr-t<O<MOOi— <'«J<OO'*<Mr-»^-(Tj<l>.COO.  OOOOOCO 
«OCOCO?O«Ot>»t>«t>»l>.^«.t>.IS.OOOOOOOOOOOOOiO>OiOS 

I    ^O^OCOO.r.O^O^t.C.COCOOO 

OOOiCOOOCOOOCOOOCOOiO  ^Hrf>»  CO  0> 

i— iC^OO^u  ------    —    —   —  _ --  —  .   .  —  — — 

OSCOt^<N<Or-t«O»-<COC^t^COO  O  I-H  t^  '^i  O  f^  -^  I-H  OO 

<O«OCO?D«Di>.t^t>.t^t-t^t^OdOOOOOOOOOOOSO5OSO5 

O)  <0  r-i  CV  C*  OO  rH  iHOO(NCOO%DO>OOIO 
-    -DO^COOSpOOi-tO-^irHpC* 

?b  o  co  "co  co  co  <>•  t>«  t*»  t>«  <>•  t>»  oo  oo  oo  oo 

^coocooodii^^^>oi^6ooo<icov6t^66o(Ncoo 

COCOCOCOCOCOt>.t>.t>.t^t^t>'OOOOOOOOOOOOO>O5piOl 

(N  CO  ^O  CO  OO  O5.r-(  C^-Tj<»OI>.OOOr-(COift 
COCOCOCOCOCO't^t»t-t^t>i^.OOOOOOOO 

9      ^  ^  ^  ^  ^          ^  w  ^  w 

cocococococot>»t>«t>«*>'t^t<-«ooo666oboo,o6o6bsdiO> 

7>O5OSOO>OOOOOOOOOOrH 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


305 


T^^cOTjiiOCOt^OOOiOr-iC^CO^OCOl^OOC&Oi-lC* 
r^r^.^,^r^,^r-tf-t.-i<N<N<N<N<H(N<NC^<N<NCOCOCO 

OSOaOOOOOrHr-ii-iT-Hi-lOJC* 
OaaiOOOOOi-ti-ir-lr-l^r-lC^C^CJCqC^COCOCOCO 

o  eo  oo  1^-1  <N  oo  r^  <N  oo  fo  o  if-  o  10    ;::::::: 

O4O»OOOOOOr-li-ii-if-Hr-i<M 

:  :  :   i   ::::::::::  i   ::::::: 

I  osor^ocSooooSo^ p'op ooooooot^.o>ooc^<>ioo 


306 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


I  «o  O  r->  •>.  o:  r>-  o  c 


NOTES  ON   HYDRAULICS. 


307 


rHCO^^^~OOOrHCO-'tf»Ot>-OOOrHCOTf'>pl>.OOp 


kO  Oi 
T1^ 


308 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


<N«oo*<»<ao<N<Or-i»r5o>cot>.r-i 


COt>-r-i<C>O-*t)O<NCOi— I  *O  O» 


OO  ^  O  O  <N  00  -^:  O  fO  C5  CO 


O  O  <N  00 

Or-sM-^ 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


309 


r-(*<t^.OC 


H  4^  i^  o  co  c 


^  <r>  as  <N  in  oo  ^-t 


^ 


I»0«OI^OOOiOr-«C<ICOTH»O«O^-OOO>OTH<NCO^»A«0 
T*TH>*^»<Tl«OiOOU3»O»a»OkO»O»O«0«O«0«O«0<0«O 


310 


NOTES  ON  HYDRAULICS. 


w 

f 


I 


u 

I 

•8 

o 
2 


-I^OOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOC 


i-r-<»> 
'*<^"^«0»00«r)<0<Ot^t>»t^ 

iOf  c«eio!oioidiotat0t9MH 


fe  C  S  K  £•»««**  t 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


311 


000>0>0>0>OiO>OiOO>OjOOOOOOOOOO«-H 


OOOOOOOlOSOiOOOi— IT-HI—  <M  <N  <M  <N 

<M  <N  CM  <M  <MJ(N  COCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCO 

OOOOCOWCiO)C»OOOffH*H^MMMOTMM^l99 

C^<M<N(N(N<MC<IOOCOCOCOOOCOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOCO 


coc5o>o>o»o>o>o>o»o>o»oooooooooor-i 


312 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


s* 


50 
GQ 


CQGQGQCOCQCQCOCQOQCQCQCQCQCO 


krj\ou^urj«o«o«ot^i^-t>-ooooooo»ososoooo>—  (i—  ( 


O  <p  ^»  OS  0  <N  OO  -JH  <p  ^-  O>  O  <N  OO 
O><NOOO<N»£JOO'-t'^^»O'^t»»O 

•^o»riocoo«p^.t^i^ooooooo» 
cococooococococococococococo 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


313 


o 
U 


U 


3 
U 

Ui 

3 

<u 

-= 


0 

£ 

2 

H 


314 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


Table  of  Squares,   Cubes,   Square  Roots,  Cube  Roots, 
and  Reciprocals  of  all  Integer  Numbers  from  1  to  2200. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1 

1 

1 

1-0000000 

1-0000000 

1-000000000 

2 

4 

8 

1-4142136 

1-2599210 

•500000000 

3 

9 

27 

17320508 

1-4422496 

•333333333 

4 

16 

64 

2-0000000 

1-5874011 

•250000000 

5 

25 

125 

2-2360680 

1-7099759 

•200000000 

6 

36 

216 

2-4494897 

1-8171206 

•166666667 

7 

49 

343 

2-6457513 

1-9129312 

•142857143 

8 

64 

512^ 

2-8284271 

2-0000000 

•125000000 

9 

81 

729 

3-0000000 

2-0800837 

•111111111 

10 

100 

1000 

3-1622777 

2-1544347 

•100000000 

11 

121 

1331 

3-3166248 

2-2239801 

•090909091 

12 

144 

1728 

3-4641016 

2-2894286 

•083333333 

13 

169 

2197 

3-6055513 

2-3513347 

•076023077 

14 

196 

2744 

3-7416574 

2-4101422 

•071428571 

15 

225 

3375 

3-8729833 

2-4662121 

•066666667 

16 

256 

4096 

4-0000000 

2-5198421 

•062500000 

17 

289 

4913 

4-1231056 

2-5712816 

•058823529 

18 

324 

5832 

4-2426407 

2-6207414 

•055555556 

19 

361 

6859 

4-3588989 

2-6684016 

•052631579 

20 

400 

8000 

4-4721360 

2-7144177 

•050000000 

21 

441 

9261 

4-5825757 

2-7589243 

•047619048 

22 

484 

10648 

4-6904158 

2-8020393 

•045454545 

23 

629 

12167 

4-7958315 

2-8438670 

•043478261 

24 

576 

13824 

4-8989795 

2-8844991 

•041666667 

25 

625 

15625 

5-0000000 

2-9240177 

•040000000 

26 

676 

17576 

5-0990195 

2-9624960 

•038461538 

27 

729 

19683 

5-1961524 

3-0000000 

•037037037 

28 

784 

21952 

5-2915026 

3-0365889 

•035714286 

29 

841 

24389 

5-3851648 

3-0723168 

•034482759 

30 

900 

27000 

5-4772256 

3-1072325 

•033333333 

31 

961 

29791 

5-5677644 

3-1413806 

•032258065 

32 

1024 

32768 

5-6568542 

3-1748021 

•031250000 

33 

1089 

35937 

5-7445626 

3-2075343 

•030308030 

34 

1156 

39304 

5-8309519 

3-2396118 

•029411765 

35 

1225 

42875 

5-9160798 

3-2710663 

•028571429 

36 

1296 

46656 

6-0000000 

3-3019272 

•027777778 

37 

1369 

50653 

6-0827625 

3-3322218 

•027027027 

38 

1444 

54872 

6-1644140 

8-3619754 

•026315789 

39 

1521 

59319 

6-2449980 

3-3912114 

•025641026 

40 

1600 

64000 

6-3245553 

3-4199519 

•025000000 

41 

1681 

68921 

6-4031242. 

3-4482172 

•024390244 

42 

1764 

74088 

6-4807407 

3-4760266 

•023809524 

43 

1849 

79507 

6-5574385 

3-5033981 

•023255814 

44 

1936 

85184 

6-6332496 

3-5303483 

•022727273 

45 

2025 

91125 

6-7C82039 

3-5568933 

•022222222 

NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


315 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

46 

2116 

97336 

67823300 

3-5830479 

•021739130 

47 

2209 

103823 

6-8556546 

3-6088261 

•021276600 

48 

2304 

110592 

6-9282032 

3-6342411 

•020833333 

49 

2401 

117649 

7-0000000 

3-6593057 

•020408163 

50 

2500 

125000 

7-0710678 

3-6840314 

•020000000 

51 

2601 

132651 

7-1414284 

3-7084298 

•019607843 

52 

2704 

140608 

7-2111026 

3-7325111 

•019230769 

53 

2809 

148877 

7-2801099 

3-7562858 

•018867925 

54 

2916 

157464 

7-3484692 

3-7797631 

•018518519 

55 

3025 

166375 

7-4161985 

3-8029525 

•018181818 

56 

3136 

175616 

7-4833148 

3-8258624 

•017857143 

57 

3249 

185193 

7-5498344 

3-8485011 

•017543860 

58 

3364 

195112 

7-6157731 

3-8708766 

•017241379 

59 

3481 

205379 

7-6811457 

3-8929965 

•016949153 

60 

3600 

216000 

77459667 

3-9148876 

•016666667 

61 

3721 

226981 

7-8102497 

3-9364972 

•016393443 

62 

3844 

238328 

7-8740079 

3-9578915 

•016129032 

63 

3969 

250047 

7-9372539 

3-9790571 

•015873016 

64 

4096 

262144 

8-0000000 

4-0000000 

•015625000 

65 

4225 

274625 

8-0622577 

4-0207256 

•015384615 

66 

4356 

287496 

8-1240384 

4-0412401 

•015151515 

67 

4489 

300763 

81853528 

4-0615480 

•014925373 

68 

4624 

314432 

8-2462113 

4-0816551 

•014705882 

69 

4761 

328509 

8-3066239 

4-1015661 

•014492754 

70 

4900 

343000 

8-3666003 

4-1212853 

•014285714 

71 

5041 

357911 

8-4261498 

4-1408178 

•014084507 

72 

5184 

373248 

8-4852814 

4-1601676 

•013888889 

73 

5329 

389017 

8-5440037 

4-1793392 

•013698630 

74 

5476 

405224 

8-6023253 

4-1983364 

•013513514 

75 

5625 

421875 

8-6602540 

4-2171633 

•013333333 

76 

5776 

438976 

8-7177979 

4-2358236 

•013157895 

77 

5929 

456533 

8-7749644 

4-2543210 

•012987013 

78 

6084 

474552 

8-8317609 

4-2726586 

•012820513 

79 

6241 

493039 

8-8881944 

4-2908404 

•012658228 

80 

6400 

512000 

8-9442719 

4-3088695 

•012500000 

81 

6561 

531441 

9-0000000 

4-3267487 

•012345679 

82 

6724 

551368 

9-0553851 

4-3444815 

•012195122 

83 

6889 

571787 

9-1104336 

4-3620707 

•012048193 

84 

7056 

592704 

9-1651514 

4-3795191 

•011904762 

85 

7225 

614125 

9-2195445 

4-3968296 

•011764706 

86 

7396 

636056 

9-2736185 

4-4140049 

•011627907 

87 

7569 

658503 

9-3273791 

4-4310476 

•011494253 

88 

7744 

681472 

9-3808315 

4-4479602 

•011363636 

'89! 

7921 

704969 

9-4339811 

4-4647451 

•011235955 

j90 

8100 

729000 

9-4868330 

4-4814047 

•011111111 

'91 

8281 

753571 

9-5393920 

4-4979414 

•010989011 

'  92! 

8464 

778688 

9-5916630 

4-5143574 

•010869565 

93 

8649 

804357 

9  -6436508 

4-5306549 

•010752688 

94 

8836 

830584 

9-6953597 

4-5468359 

•010638298 

316 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

95 

9025 

857375 

9-7467943 

4-5629026 

•010526316 

96 

9216 

884736 

9-7979590 

4-5788570 

•010416667 

97 

9409 

912673 

9-8488578 

4-5947009 

•010309278 

98 

9604 

941192 

9-8994949 

4-6104363 

•010204082 

99 

9801 

970299 

9-9498744 

4-6260650 

•010101Q10 

100 

10000 

1000000 

100000000 

4-6415888 

•010000000 

101 

10201 

1030301 

10-0498756 

4-6570095 

•009900990 

102 

10404 

1061208 

10-0995049 

4-6723287 

•009803922 

103 

10609 

10&J727 

10-1488916 

4-6875482 

•009708738 

104 

10816 

1124864 

10-1980390 

4-7026694 

•009615385 

105 

11025 

1157625 

10-2469508 

4-7176940 

•009523810 

106 

11236 

1191016 

10-2956301 

4-7326235 

•009433962 

107 

11449 

1225043 

10-3440804 

4-7474594 

•009345794 

108 

11664 

1259712 

10-3923048 

4-7622032. 

•009259259 

109 

11881 

1295029 

10-4403065 

4-7768562 

•009174312 

110 

12100 

1331000 

10-4880385 

4-7914199 

•009090909 

111 

12321 

1367631 

10*5356538 

4-8058955 

•009009009 

112 

12544 

1404928 

IC'5830052 

4-8202845 

•008928571 

113 

12769 

1442897 

10-6301458 

4-8345881 

•008849558 

114 

12996 

1481544 

10-6770783 

4-8488076 

•008771930 

115 

13225 

1520875 

10-7238053 

4-8629442 

•008695652 

116 

13456 

1560896 

10-7703296 

4-8769990 

•008620690 

117 

13689 

1601613 

10-3166538 

4-8909732 

•008547009 

118 

13924 

1643032 

10-8627805 

4-9048681 

•008474576 

119 

14161 

1685159 

10-9087121 

4-9186847 

•008403361 

120 

14400 

1728000 

10*9544512 

4-9324242 

•008333333 

121 

14641 

1771561 

11'OOObOOO 

4-9460874 

•008264463 

122 

14884 

1815848 

11*0453610 

4-9596757 

•008196721 

123 

15129 

1860867 

11-0905865 

4-9731898 

•008130081 

124 

15376 

1906624 

11-1355287 

4-9866310 

•008064516 

125 

15625 

195312& 

11-1803399 

5-0000000 

•008000000 

126 

15876 

2000376 

11-2249722 

5-0132979 

•007936508 

127 

16129 

2048383 

11-2694277 

5-0265257 

•007874016 

128 

16384 

2097152 

11-3137085 

5-0396842 

•007812500 

129 

16641 

2146689 

11-3578167 

5-0527743 

•007751938 

130 

16900 

2197000 

11-4017543 

5-0657970 

•007692308 

131 

17161 

2248091 

11-4455231 

5-P787531 

•007633588 

132 

17424 

2299968 

11-4891253 

5-0916434 

•007575758 

133  ' 

17689 

2352637 

11-5325626 

5-1044687 

•007518797 

134 

17956 

2406104 

11-5758369 

5-1172299 

•007462687 

135 

18225 

2460375 

11-6189500 

5-1299278 

•007407407 

136 

18496 

2516456 

11-6619038 

5-1425632 

•007352941 

137 

18769 

2571353 

11-7046999 

5-1551367 

•007299270 

138 

19044 

2628072 

11-7473401 

5-1676493 

•007246377 

139 

19321 

2685619 

11-7898261 

5-1801015 

•007194245 

140 

19600 

2744000 

11-8321596 

5-1924941 

•007142857 

141 

19881 

2S03221 

11-8743422 

5-2048279 

•007092199 

142 

20164 

2863288 

11-9163753 

5-2171034 

•007042254 

143 

20449 

2924207 

11:9582607 

5-2293215 

•006993007 

NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


317 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

144 

20736 

2985984 

12-0000000 

5-2414828 

•006944444 

145 

21025. 

3048625 

12-0415946 

5-2535879 

•006896552 

146 

21316 

3112136 

12-0830460 

5*2656374 

•006849315 

147 

21609 

3176523 

12-1243557 

5-2776321 

•006302721 

148 

21904 

3241792 

12-1655251 

5-2895725 

•006756757 

149 

22201 

3307949 

12-2065556 

5-3014592 

•006711409 

150 

22500 

3375000 

12-2474487 

5-3132928 

•006666667 

151 

22801 

3442951 

12-2882057 

5-3250740 

•006622517 

152 

23104 

3511808 

12-3288280 

5-3368033 

•006578947 

153 

23409 

3581577 

12-3693169 

5-3484812 

•006535948 

154 

23716 

3652264 

12*4096736 

5-3601084 

•006493506 

155 

24025 

3723875 

12-4498996 

5-3716854 

•006451613 

156 

24336 

3796416 

12-4899960 

5-3832126 

•006410256 

157 

24649 

3869893 

12-5299641 

5-3946907 

•006369427 

158 

24964 

3944312 

12-5698051 

5-4061202 

•006329114 

159 

25281 

4019679 

12-6095202 

5-4175015 

•006289308 

160 

25600 

4096000 

12-6491106 

5-4288352 

•006250000 

161 

25921 

4173281 

12-6885775 

5-4401218 

•006211180 

162 

26244 

4251528 

12-7279221 

5-4513618 

•006172840 

163 

26569 

4330747 

12-7671453 

5-4625556 

•006134969 

164 

26896 

4410944 

12-8062485 

5^4737037 

•006097561 

165 

27225 

4492125 

12-8452326 

5-4848066 

•006060606 

166 

27556 

4574296 

12-8840987 

5-4958647 

•006024096 

167 

27889 

4657463 

12-9228480 

5-5068784 

•005988024 

168 

28224 

4741632 

12-9614814 

5-5178484 

•005952381 

169 

28561 

4826809 

13-0000000 

5-5287748 

•005917160 

170 

28900 

4913000 

13-0384048 

5-5396583 

•005882353 

171 

29241 

5000211 

13-0766968 

5-5&4991 

•005847953 

172 

29584 

5088448 

13-1148770 

5-5612978 

•005813953 

173 

29929 

5177717 

13-1529464 

5-5720546 

•005780347 

174 

30276 

5268024 

13-1909060 

5-5827702 

•005747126 

175 

30625 

5359375 

13-2287566 

5-5934447 

•005714286 

176 

30976 

5451776 

13-2664992 

5-6040787 

•005681818 

177 

31329 

5545233 

13-3041347 

5-6146724 

•005649718 

178 

31684 

5639752 

13-3416641 

5-6252263 

•005617978 

179 

32041 

5735339 

13-3790882 

5-6357408 

•005586592 

180 

32400 

5832000 

13-4164079 

5-6462162 

•005555556 

181 

32761 

5929741 

13-4536240 

5-6566528 

•005524862 

182 

33124 

6028568 

13-4907376 

5-6670511 

•005494505 

183 

33489 

6128487 

13-5277493 

5-6774114 

•005464481 

'184 

33856 

6229504 

13-5646600 

5-6877340 

•005434783 

185 

34225 

6331625 

13-6014705 

5-6980192 

•005405405 

186 

34596 

6434856 

13-6381817 

5-7082675 

•005376344 

187 

34969 

6539203 

13-6747943 

5-7184791 

•005347594 

188 

35344 

6644672 

13-7113092 

5-7286543 

•005319149 

189 

35721 

6751269 

13-7477271 

5-7387936 

•005291005 

190 

3(5100 

6859000 

13-7840488 

57488971 

•005263158 

191 

36481 

6967871 

13-8202750 

5-7589652 

•005235602 

192 

36864 

7077888 

13-8564065 

5-7689982 

•005208333 

318 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

193 

37249 

7189057 

13-8924440 

5-7789966 

•005181347 

194 

37636 

7301384 

13-9283883 

5-7889604 

•005154639 

195 

38025 

7414875 

13-9642400 

5-7988900 

•005128205 

196 

38416 

7529536 

14-0000000 

5-8087857 

•005102041 

197 

38809 

7645373 

14-0356688 

5-8186479 

•005076142 

198 

39204 

7762392 

14-0712473 

5-8284767 

•005050505 

199 

39601 

7880599 

14-1067360 

5-8382725 

•005025126 

200 

40000 

8000000 

14-1421356 

5-8480355 

•005000000 

201 

40401 

8120601 

14-1774469 

5-8577660 

•004975124 

202 

40804 

8242408 

14-2126704 

5-8674643 

•004950495 

203 

41209 

8365427 

14-2478068 

5-8771307 

•004926108 

204 

41616 

8489664 

14-2828569 

5-8867653 

•004901961 

205 

42Q25 

8615125 

14-3178211 

5-8963685 

•004878049 

206 

42436 

8741816 

14-3527001 

5-9059406 

•004854369 

207 

42849 

8869743 

14-3874946 

5-9154817* 

•004830918 

208 

43264 

8998912 

]  4-4222051 

5-9249921 

•004807692 

209 

43681 

9129329 

14-4568323 

59344721 

•004784689 

210 

44100 

9261000 

14-4913767 

5-94302-20 

•004761905 

211 

44521 

9393931 

14-5258390 

5-9533418 

•004739336 

212 

44944 

9528128 

14-5602198 

5-9627320 

•004716981 

213 

45369 

9663597 

14-5945195 

5-9720926 

•004694836 

214 

45796 

9800344 

14-6287388 

5-9814240 

•004672897 

215 

46225 

9938375 

14-6628783 

5-9907264 

•004651163 

216 

46656 

10077696 

14-6969385 

6-0000000 

•004629630 

217 

47039 

10218313 

14-7309199 

6-0092450 

•004608295 

218 

47524 

10360232 

14-7648231 

6-0184617 

•004587156 

219 

47961 

10503459 

14-7986486 

6-0276502 

•004566210 

220 

48400 

10648000 

14-8323970 

6-0368107 

•004545455 

221 

48841 

10793861 

14-8660687 

6-0459435 

•004524887 

222 

49284 

10941048 

14-8996644 

6-0550489 

•004504505 

223 

49729 

11089567 

14-9331845 

6-0641270 

•004484305 

224 

50176 

11239424 

14-9666295 

'6-0731779 

•004464286 

225 

50625 

11390625 

15-0000000 

6-0822020 

•004444444 

226 

51076 

11543176 

15-0332964 

6-0911994 

•004424779 

227 

51529 

11697083 

15-0665192 

6-1001702 

•004405286 

228 

51984 

11852352 

15-0996689 

6-1091147 

•004385965 

229 

52441 

12008989 

15-1327460 

6-1180332 

•004366812 

230 

52900 

12167000 

15-1657509 

6-1269257 

•004347826 

231 

53361 

12326391 

15-1986842 

6-1357924 

•004329004 

232 

53824 

12487168 

15-2315462 

6-1446337 

•004310345 

233 

54289 

12649337 

15-2643375 

6-1534495 

•004291845 

234 

54756 

12812904 

15-2970585 

6-1622401 

•004273504 

235 

55225 

12977875 

15-3297097 

6-1710058 

•004255319 

236 

55696 

13144256 

15-3622915 

6-1797466 

•004237288 

237 

56169 

13312053 

15-3948043 

6-1884628 

•004219409 

238 

56644 

13481272 

15-4272486 

6-1971544 

•004201681 

239 

57121 

13651919 

15-4596248 

6-2058218 

•004184100 

240 

57600 

13824000 

15-4919334 

6-2144650 

•004166667 

241 

58081 

13997521 

15-5241747 

6-2230843 

•004149378 

NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


319 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

242 

58564 

14172488 

15-5563492 

6-2316797 

•004132281 

243 

59049 

14348907 

15-5884573 

6-2402515 

•004115226 

244 

59536 

14526784 

15-6204994 

6-2487998 

•004098361 

245 

60025 

14706125 

15-6524758 

6-2573248 

•004081633 

246 

60516 

14886936 

15-6843871 

6*2668266 

•004065041 

247 

61009 

15069223 

15-7162336 

6-2743054 

•004048583 

248 

61504 

15252992 

157480157 

6-2827613 

•004032268 

249 

62001 

15438249 

15-7797338 

6-2911946 

•004016064 

250 

62500 

15625000 

15-8113883 

6-2996053 

•004000000 

251 

63001 

15813251 

15-8429795 

6-3079935 

•003984064 

252 

63504 

16003008 

15-8745079 

6-316,3596 

•003968254 

253 

64009 

16194277 

15-9059737 

6-3247035 

•003952569 

254 

64516 

16387064 

15-9373775 

6-3330256 

•003937008 

255 

65025 

.  16581375 

15-9687194 

6-3413257 

•003921569 

256 

65536 

16777216 

16-0000000 

6-3496042 

•003906250 

257 

66049 

16974593 

16-0312195 

6-3578611 

•003891051 

258 

66564 

17173512 

16-0623784 

6-3660968 

•003875969 

259 

67081 

17373979 

16-0934769 

6-3743111 

•003861004 

260 

67600 

17576000 

16-1245155 

6-3825043 

•003846154 

261 

68121 

17779581 

16-1554944 

6-3906765 

•003S31418 

262 

68644 

17984728 

16-1864141 

6-3988279 

•003816794 

263 

69169 

18191447 

16-2172747 

6-4069585 

•003802281 

264 

69696 

18399744 

16-2480768 

6-4150887 

•003787879 

265 

70225 

18609625 

16-2788206 

6-4231583 

•003773585 

266 

70756 

18821096 

16-3095064 

6-4312276 

•003759398 

'267 

71289 

19034163 

16-3401346 

6-4392767 

•003745318 

268 

71824 

19248832 

16-3707055 

6-4473057 

•003731343 

269 

72361 

19465109 

16-4012195 

6-4553148 

•003717472 

270 

72900 

19683000 

16-4316767 

6-4633041 

•003703704 

271 

73441 

19902511 

16-4620776 

6-4712736 

•003690037 

272 

73984 

20123648 

16-4924225 

6-4792236 

•003676471 

273 

74529 

20346417 

16-5227116 

6-4871541 

•003663004 

274 

75076 

20570824 

16-5529454 

6-4950653 

•003649635 

275 

75625 

20796875 

16-5S31240 

6-5029572 

•003636364 

276 

76176 

21024576 

16-6132477 

6-5108300 

•003623188 

277 

76729 

21253933 

16-6433170 

6-5186839 

•003610108 

278 

77284 

21484952 

16-6733320 

6-5265189 

•003597122 

279 

77841 

21717639 

16-7032931 

6-5343351 

•003584229 

280 

78400 

21952000 

16-7332005 

6-5421326 

•003571429 

281 

78961 

22188041 

16-7630546 

6-5499116 

•003558719 

282 

79524 

22425768 

16-7928556 

6-5576722 

•003546099 

283 

80089 

22665187 

16-8226033 

6-5654144 

•003533569 

284 

80656 

22906304 

16-8522995 

6-5731385 

•003521127 

285 

81225 

23149125 

16-8819430 

6-5808443 

•003508772 

286 

81796 

23393656 

16-9115345 

6-5885323 

•003496503 

287 

82369 

23639903 

16-9410743 

6-5962023 

•003484321 

288 

82944 

23887872 

16-9705627 

6-6038545 

•003472222 

289 

83521 

24137569 

17-0000000 

6-6114890 

•003460208 

290 

84100 

24389000 

17-0293864 

6-6191060 

•003448276 

320 


NOTES  ON   HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

291 

84681 

24642171 

17-0587221 

6-6267054 

«003436426 

292 

85264 

24897088 

17-0880075 

6-6342874 

•003424658 

293 

85849 

25153757 

17-1172428 

6-6418522 

•003412969 

294 

86436 

25412184 

17-1464282 

6-6493998 

•003401361 

295 

87025 

25672375 

17-1755640 

6-6569302 

•003389831 

296 

87616 

25934336 

17-2046505 

6-6644437 

•003378378 

297 

88209 

26198073 

17-2336879 

6-6719403 

•003367003 

298 

88804 

26463592 

17-2626765 

6-6794200 

•003355705 

299 

89401 

26730899 

17-2916165 

6-6868831 

•003344482 

300 

90000 

27000000 

17-3205081 

6-6943295 

•003333333 

301 

90601 

27270901 

17-3493516 

67017593 

•003322259 

302 

91204 

27543608 

17-3781472 

6-7091729 

•003311258 

303 

91809 

27818127 

17-4068952 

6-7165700 

•003300330 

304 

92416 

28094464 

17-4355958 

67239508 

•003289474 

305 

93025 

28372625 

17-4642492 

6-7313155 

•003278689 

306 

93636 

28652616 

17-4^28557 

6-7386641 

•003267974 

307 

94249 

28934443 

17-5214155 

6-7459967 

•003257329 

308 

94864 

29218112 

17-5499288 

6-7533134 

•003246753 

309 

95481 

29503629 

17-5783958 

6-7606143 

•003236246 

310 

96100 

29791000 

17-6068169 

6-7678995 

•003225806 

311 

96721 

300S0231 

17-6351921 

6-7751690 

•003215434 

312 

97344 

30371328 

17-6635217 

6-7824229 

•003205128 

313 

97969 

30664297 

17-6918060 

6-7896613 

•003194888 

314 

98596 

30959144 

17-7200451 

6-7968844 

•003184713 

315 

99225 

31255875 

17-7482393 

6-8040921 

•003174603 

316 

99856 

31554496 

17-7763888 

6-8112847 

•003164557 

317 

100489 

31855013 

17-8044938 

6-8184620 

•003154574 

318 

101124 

32157432 

17-8325545 

6-8256242 

•003144654 

319 

101761 

82461759 

17-8605711 

6-8327714 

•003134796 

320 

102400 

32768000 

17-8885438 

6-8399037 

•003125000 

321 

103041 

32076161 

17-9164729 

6-8470213 

'003115265 

322 

103684 

33386248 

17-9443584 

6-8541240 

•003105590 

323 

104829 

33698267 

17-9722008 

6-8612120 

•003095975 

324 

104976 

34012224 

18-0000000 

6-8682855 

•003086420 

325 

105625 

34328125 

18-0277564 

6-8753443 

•003076923 

326 

106276 

34645976 

18-0554701 

6-8823888 

•003067485 

327 

106929 

34965783 

18-0831413 

6-8894188 

•003058104 

328 

107584 

35287552 

18-1107703 

6-8964345 

•003048780 

329 

108241 

35611289 

18-1383571 

6-9034359 

•003039514 

330 

10890Q 

35937000 

18-1659021 

6-9104232 

•003030303 

331 

109561 

36264691 

18-1934054 

6-9173964 

•003021148 

332 

110224 

36594368 

18-2208672 

6-9243556 

•003012048 

333 

110889 

36926037 

18-2482876 

6-9313008 

•003003003 

334 

111556 

37259704 

18-2756669 

6-9382321 

•002994012 

335 

112225 

37595375 

18-3030052 

6-9451496 

•002985075 

336 

112896 

37933056 

18-3303028 

6-9520533 

•002976190 

337 

113569 

38272753 

18-3575598 

6-9589434 

•002967359 

338 

114244 

38614472 

18-3847763 

6-9658198 

•002958580 

339 

114921 

38958219 

18-4119526 

6-9726826 

•002949853 

NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


321 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

340 

115600 

39304000 

18-43908891 

6-9795321 

•002941176 

341 

116281 

39651821 

18-4661853 

6-9863681 

•002932551 

342 

116964 

40001688 

18-4932420 

6-9931906 

•002923977 

343 

117649 

40353607 

18-5202592 

7-0000000 

•002915452 

344 

11&S36 

40707584 

18-5472370 

7-0067962 

•002906977 

345 

119025 

41063625 

185741756 

7-0135791 

•002898551 

346 

119716 

41421736 

18-6010752 

7-0203490 

•002890173 

347 

120409 

41781923 

18-6279360 

7-0271058 

•002881844 

348 

121104 

42144192 

18-6547581 

7-0338497 

•002873563 

349 

121801 

42508549 

18-6815147 

7  '0405806 

•002865330 

350 

122500 

42875000 

187082869 

7-0472987 

•002857143 

351 

123201 

43243551 

18-7349940 

7-0540041 

•002849003 

352 

123904 

43614208 

18-7616630 

7-0606967 

•002840909 

353 

124609 

43986977 

187882942 

7-0673767 

•002832861 

354 

125316 

44361864 

18-8148877 

7-0740440 

•002824859 

355 

126025 

44738875 

18-8414437 

7-0806988 

•002816901 

356 

126736 

45118016 

18-8679623 

7-0873411 

•002808989 

357 

127449 

45499293 

18-8944436 

7-0939709 

•002801120 

358 

128164 

45882712 

18-9208879 

7-1005885 

•002793296 

359 

128881 

46268279 

18-9472953 

7-1071937 

•002785515 

360 

129600 

46656000 

18-9736660 

7-1137866 

•002777778 

361 

130321 

47045881 

19-0000000 

7-1203674 

•002770083 

362 

131044 

47437928 

19-0262976 

7-1269360 

•002762431 

363 

131769 

47832147 

19-0525589 

7-1334925 

•002754821 

364 

132496 

48228544 

19-0787840 

7-1400370 

•002747253 

365 

133225 

48627125 

19-1049732 

7-1465695 

•002739726 

366 

133956 

49027896 

19-1311265 

7-1530901 

•002732240 

367 

134689 

49430863 

19-1572441 

7-1595988 

•002724796 

368 

135424 

49836032 

191833261 

7-1660957 

•002717391 

369 

136161 

50243409 

19-2093727 

7-1725809 

•002710027 

370 

136900 

50653000 

19-2353841 

7-1790544 

•002702703 

371 

137641 

51064811 

19-2613603 

7-1855162 

•002695418 

372 

138384 

51478848 

19-2873015 

7-1919663 

•002688172 

373 

139129 

51895117 

19-3132079 

7-1984050 

•002680965 

374 

139876 

52313624 

19-3390796 

7-2048322 

•002673797 

375 

140625 

52734375 

19-3649167 

7-2112479 

•002666667 

376 

141376 

53157376 

19-3907194 

7-2176522 

•002659574 

377 

142129 

53582633 

19-4164878 

7-2240450 

•002652520 

378 

142884 

54010152 

19-4422221 

7-2304268 

•002645503 

379 

143641 

54439939 

19-4679223 

7-2367972 

•002638522 

380 

144400 

54872000 

19-4935887 

7-2431565 

•002631579 

381 

145161 

55306341 

19-5192213 

7-2495045 

•002624672 

382 

145924 

55742968 

19-5448203 

7-2558415 

•002617801 

383 

146689 

58181887 

19-5703858 

7-2621675 

•002610966 

384 

147456 

56623104 

19-5959179 

7-2684824 

•002604167 

385 

148225 

57066625 

19-6214169 

7-2747864 

•002597403 

386 

148996 

57512456 

19-6468827 

7-2810794 

•002590674 

387 

149769 

57960603 

19-6723156 

7-2873617 

•002583979 

388 

150544 

58411072 

19-6977156 

7-2936330 

•002577320 

322 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

389 

151321 

58863869 

19-7230829 

7-2998936 

•002570694 

390 

152100 

59319000 

197484177 

7-3061436 

•002564103 

391 

152881 

59776471 

197737199 

7-3123828 

•002557545 

392 

153664 

60236288 

197989899 

7-3186114 

•002551020 

393 

154449 

60698457 

19-8242276 

7-3248295 

•002544529 

394 

155236 

61162984 

19-8494332 

7-3310369 

•002538071 

395 

156025 

61629875 

19-8746069 

7-3372339 

•002531646 

396 

156816 

62099136 

19-8997487 

7-3434205 

•002525253 

397 

157609 

62570773 

19-9248588 

7-3495966 

•002518892 

398 

158404 

63044792 

19-9499373 

7-3557624 

•002512563 

399 

159201 

63521199 

19-9749844 

7-3619178 

•002506266 

400 

160000 

.  64000000 

20-0000000 

7-3680630 

•002500000 

401 

160801 

64481201 

20-0249844 

7-3741979 

•002493766 

402 

161604 

64964808 

20-0499377 

7-3803227 

•002487562 

403 

162409 

65450827 

20-0748599 

7-5864373 

•002481390 

404 

163216 

65939264 

20-0997512 

7-3925418 

•002475248 

405 

164025 

•  66430125 

20-1246118 

7-3986363 

•002469136 

406 

164836 

66923416 

20-1494417 

7-4047206 

•002463054 

407 

165649 

67419143 

20-1742410 

7-4107950 

•002457002 

408 

166464 

67917312 

20-1990099 

7-4168595 

•002450980 

409 

167281 

68417929 

20-2237484 

7-4229142 

•002444988 

410 

168100 

68921000 

20-2484567 

7-4289589 

•002439024 

411 

168921 

69426531 

20-2731349 

7-4349938 

•002433090 

412 

169744 

69934528 

20-2977831 

7-4410189 

•002427184 

413 

170569 

70444997 

20-3224014 

7-4470342 

•002421308 

414 

171396 

70957944 

20-3469899 

7-4530399 

•002415459 

415 

172225 

71473375 

20-3715488 

7-4590359 

-002409639 

416 

173056 

71991296 

20-3960781 

7-4650223 

•002403846 

417 

173889 

72511713 

20-4205779 

7-4709991 

•002398082 

418 

174724 

73034632 

20-4450483 

7-4769664 

•002392344 

419 

175561 

73560059 

20-4694895 

7-4829242 

•002386635 

420 

176400 

74088000 

20-4939015 

7-4888724 

•002380952 

421 

177241 

74618461 

20-5182845 

7-4948113 

•002375297 

422 

178084 

75151448 

20-5426386 

7-5007406 

•002369668 

423 

178929 

75686967 

20-5669638 

7-5066607 

•002364066 

424 

179776 

76225024 

20-5912603 

7-5125715 

•002358491 

425 

180625 

76765625 

20-6155281 

7-5184730 

•002352941 

426 

181476 

77308776 

20-6397674 

7-5243652 

•002347418 

427 

182329 

77854483 

20-6639783 

7-5302482 

•002341920 

428 

183184 

78402752 

20-6881609 

7-5361221 

•002336449 

429 

1$4041 

78953589 

207123152 

7-5419867 

•002331002 

430 

184900 

79507000 

20-7364414 

7-5478423 

•002325581 

431 

185761 

80062991 

20-7605395 

7-5536888 

•002320186 

432 

186624 

80621568 

20-7846097 

7-5595263 

•002314815 

433 

187489 

81182737 

20-8086520 

7-5653548 

•002309469 

434 

1&8356 

81746504 

20-8326667 

7-5711743 

•002304147 

435 

189225 

82312875 

20-8566536 

7-5769849 

•002298851 

436 

190096 

82881856 

20-8806130 

7-5827865 

•002293578 

437 

190969 

83453453 

20-9045450 

7-5885793 

•002288330 

NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

438 

191844 

84027672 

20-9284495 

7-5943633 

•002283105 

439 

192721 

84604519 

20-9523268 

7-6001385 

•002277004 

440 

193600 

85184000 

20-9761770 

7-6059049 

•002272727 

441 

194481 

85766121 

21-0000000 

7-6116626 

•002267574 

442 

195364 

86350888 

21-0237960 

7-6174116 

•002262443 

443 

196249 

86938307 

21-0475652 

7-6231519 

•002257336 

444 

197136 

87528384 

21-0713075 

7-6288837 

•002252252 

445 

198025 

88121125 

21-0950231 

7-6346067 

•002247191 

446 

198916 

88716536 

21-1187121 

7-6403213 

•002242152 

447 

199809 

89314623 

21-1423745 

7-6460272 

•002237136 

448 

200704 

89915392 

21-1660105 

7-6517247 

•002232143 

449 

201601 

90518849 

21-1896201 

7-6574138 

•002227171 

450 

202500 

91125000 

21-2132034 

7-6630943 

•002222222 

451 

203401 

91733851 

21-2367606 

7-6687665 

•002217295 

452 

204304 

92345408 

21-2602916 

7-6744303 

•002212389 

453 

205209 

92959677 

21:2837967 

7-6800857 

•002207506 

454 

206116 

93576664 

21-3072758 

7-6857328 

•002202643 

455 

207025 

94196375 

21-3307290 

7-6913717 

•002197802 

456 

207936 

9481881,6 

21-3541565 

7-6970023 

•0021929.82 

457 

208849 

95443993 

21-3775583 

7-7026246 

•002188184 

458 

209764 

96071912 

21-4009346 

7-7082388 

•002183406 

459 

210681 

96702579 

21-4242853 

7-7138448 

•002178649 

460 

211600 

97336000 

21-4476106 

7-7194426 

•002173913 

461 

212521 

97972181 

21-4709106 

7-7250325 

•002169197 

462 

213444 

98611128 

21-4941853 

7-7306141 

•002164502 

463 

214369 

99252847 

21-5174348 

77361877 

•002159827 

464 

215296 

99897344 

21-5406592 

7-7417532 

•002155172 

465 

216225 

100544625 

21-5638587 

7-7473109 

•002150538 

466 

217156 

101194696 

21-5870331 

7-7528606 

•002145923 

467 

218089 

101847563 

21-6101828 

7-7584023 

•002141328 

468 

219024 

102503232 

21-6333077 

77639361 

•002136752 

469 

219961 

103161709 

21-6564078 

7-7694620 

•002132196 

470 

220900 

103823000 

21-6794834 

7-7749801 

•002127660 

471 

221841 

104487111 

21-7025344 

7-7804904 

•002123142 

472 

222784 

105154048 

21-7255610 

7-7859928 

•002118644 

473 

223729 

105823817 

21-7485632 

7-7914875 

•002114165 

474 

224676 

106496424 

21-7715411 

7:7969745 

•002109705 

475 

225625 

107171875 

21-7944947 

7-8024538 

•002105263 

476 

226576 

107850176 

21-8174242 

7-8079254 

•002100840 

477 

227529 

108531333 

21-8403297 

7-8133892 

•002096436 

478 

228484 

109215302. 

21-8632111 

7-8J88456 

•002092050 

479 

229441 

109902239 

21-8860686 

7-8242942 

•002087683 

480 

230400 

110592000 

21-9089023 

7-8297353 

•002083333 

481 

231361 

111284641 

21-9317122 

7-8351688 

•002079002 

482 

232324 

111980168 

21-9544984 

7-8405949 

•002074689 

48'3 

233289 

112678587 

21-9772610 

7-8460134 

•002070393 

484 

234256 

113379904 

22-0000000 

7-8514244 

•002066116 

485 

235225 

114084125 

22-0227155 

7-8568281 

•002061856 

486 

236196 

114791256 

22-0454077 

7-8622242 

•002057613 

324 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

487 

237169 

115501303 

22-0680765 

7-8676130 

•002053388 

488 

238144 

116214272 

22-0907220 

7-8729944 

•002049180 

489 

239121 

116930169 

22-1133444 

7-8783684 

•002044990 

490 

240100 

117649000 

22-1359436 

7-8837352 

•002040816 

491 

241081 

118370771 

221585198 

7-8890946 

•002036660 

492 

242064 

119095488 

22-1810730 

7-8944468 

•002032520 

493 

243049 

119823157 

22-2036033 

7-8997917 

•002028398 

494 

244036 

120553784 

22-2261108 

7-9051294 

•002024291 

495 

245025 

121287375 

22-2485955 

7-9104599 

•002020202 

496 

246016 

122023936 

22-2710575 

7-9157832 

•002016129 

497 

247009 

122763473 

22-2934968 

7-9210994 

•002012072 

498 

248004 

123505992 

22-3159136 

7-9264085 

•00200S032 

499 

249001 

124251499 

22-3383079 

7-9317104 

•002004008 

500 

250000 

125000000 

22-3606798 

7-9370053 

•002000000 

501 

251001 

125751501 

22-3830293 

7-9422931 

•001996008 

502 

252004 

126506008 

22-4053565 

7-9475739 

•001992032 

503 

253009 

127263527 

22-4276615 

7-9528477 

•001988072 

504 

254016 

128024064 

22-4499443 

7-9581144 

•001984127 

505 

255025 

128787625 

22-4722051 

7-9633743 

•001980198 

506 

256036 

129554216 

22-4944438 

7-9686271 

•001976285 

507 

257049 

130323843 

22-5166605 

7-9738731 

•001972387 

508 

258064 

131096512 

22-5388553 

7-9791122 

•001968504 

509 

259081 

131872229 

22-5610283 

7-9843444 

•001964637 

510 

260100 

132651000 

22-5831796 

7-9895697 

•001960784 

511 

261121 

133432831 

22-6053091 

7-9947883 

•001956947 

512 

262144 

134217728 

22-6274170 

8-0000000 

•001953125 

513 

263169 

135005697 

22-6495033 

8-0052049 

•001949318 

514 

264196 

135796744 

22-6715681 

8-0104032 

•001945525 

515 

265225 

136590875 

22-6936114 

8-0155946 

•001941748 

516 

266256 

137388096 

22-7156334 

8-0207794 

•001937984 

517 

267289 

138188413 

22-7376340 

8-0259574 

•001931236 

518 

268324 

138991832 

22-7596134 

8-0311287 

•001930502 

519 

269361 

139798359 

22-7815715 

8-0362935 

•001926782 

520 

270400 

140608000 

22-8035085 

8-0414515 

•001923077 

521 

271441 

141420761 

22-8254244 

8-0466030 

•001919336 

522 

272484 

142236648 

22-8473193 

8-0517479 

•001915709 

523 

273529 

143055667 

22-8691933 

8-Oo68862 

•001912046 

524 

274576 

143877824 

22-8910463 

8-0620180 

•001908397 

525 

275625 

144703125 

22-9128785 

8-0671432 

•001904762 

526 

276676 

145531576 

22-9346899 

8-0722620 

•001901141 

527 

277729 

146363183 

22-9564806 

8-0773743 

•001897533 

528 

278784 

147197952 

22-9782506 

8-0824800 

•001893939 

529 

279841 

148035889 

23-0000000 

8-0875794 

•001890359 

530 

280900 

148877000 

23-0217289 

8-0926723 

•001886792 

531 

281961 

149721291 

23-0434372 

8-0977589 

•001883239 

532 

283024 

150568768 

23-0651252 

8-1028390 

•001879699 

533 

284089 

151419437 

23-0867928 

8-1079128 

•001876173 

534 

285156 

.152273304 

23-1084400 

8-1129803 

•001872659 

535 

286225 

153130375 

23-1300670 

8-1180414 

.  -001869159 

NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

536 

287296 

153990656 

23-1516738 

8-1230962 

•001865672 

537 

288369 

154854153 

23-1732605 

8-1281447 

•001862197 

538 

289444 

155720872 

23-1948270 

8-1331870 

•001858736 

539 

290521 

156590819 

23-2163735 

8-1382230 

•001855288 

540 

291600 

157464000 

23-2379001 

81432529 

•001851852 

541 

292681 

158340421 

23-2594067 

8-1482765 

•001848429 

542 

293764 

159220088 

23-2808935 

8-1532939 

•001845018 

543 

294849 

160103007 

23-3023604 

8-1583051 

•001841621 

544 

295936 

160989184 

23-3238076 

8-1633102 

•001838235 

545 

297025 

161878625 

23-3452351 

8-1683092 

•001834862 

546 

298116 

162771336 

23-3666429 

8-1733020 

•001831502 

547 

299209 

163667323 

23-3880311 

8-1782888 

•001828154 

548 

300304 

164566592 

23-4093998 

8-1832695 

•001824818 

549 

301401 

165469149 

23-4307490 

8-1882441 

•001821494 

550 

302500 

166375000 

23-4520788 

8-1932127 

•001818182 

551 

303601 

167284151 

23-4733892 

8-1981753 

•001814882 

552 

304704 

168196608 

23-4946802 

8-2031319 

•001811594 

553 

305809 

169112377 

23-5159520 

8-2080825 

•001808318 

554 

306916 

170031464 

23-5372046 

8-2130271 

•001805054 

555 

308025 

170953875 

23-5584380 

8-2179657 

•001801802 

556 

309136 

171879616 

23-5796522 

8-2228985 

•001798561 

557 

310249 

172808693 

23-6008474 

8-2278254 

•001795332 

558 

311364 

173741112 

23-6220236 

8-2327463 

•001792115 

559 

312481 

174676879 

23-6431808 

8-2376614 

•001788909 

560 

313WO 

175616000 

23-6643191 

8-2425706 

•001785714 

561 

314721 

176558481 

23-6854386 

8-2474740 

•001782531 

562 

315844 

177504328 

23-7065392 

8-252371*5 

•001779359 

563 

316969 

178453547 

23-7276210 

8-2572633 

•001776199 

564 

318096 

179406144  • 

23-7486842 

8-2621492 

•001773050 

565 

319225 

180362125 

237697286 

8-2670294 

•001769912 

566 

320356 

181321496 

23-7907545 

8-2719039 

•001766784 

567 

321489 

182284263 

23-8117618 

8-2767726 

•001763668 

568 

322624 

183250432 

23-8327506 

8-2816355 

•001760563 

569 

323761 

1842^0009 

23-8537209 

8-2864928 

•001757469 

570 

324900 

185193000 

23-8746728 

8-2913444 

•001754386 

571 

326041 

186169411 

23-8956063 

8-2961903 

•001751313 

572 

327184 

187149248 

23-9165215 

8-3010304 

•001748252 

573 

328329 

188132517 

23-9-374184 

8-3058651 

•001745201 

574 

329476 

189119224 

23-9582971 

8-3106941 

•001742160 

575 

330625 

190109375 

23-9791576 

8-3155175 

•001739130 

576 

331776 

191102976 

24-0000000 

8-3203353 

•001736111 

577 

332929 

192100033 

24-0208243 

8-3251475 

•001733102 

578 

334084 

193100552 

24-0416306 

8-3299542 

•001730104 

579 

335241 

194104539 

24-0624188 

8-3347553 

•001727116 

580 

336400 

195112000 

24-0831891 

8-3395509 

•001724138 

581 

337561 

196122941 

24-1039416 

8-3443410 

•001721170 

582 

338724 

197137368 

24-1246762 

8-3491256 

•001718213 

583 

339889 

198155287 

24-1453929 

8-3539047 

•001715266 

584 

341056 

199176704 

24-1660919 

8-3586784 

•001712329 

32G 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cnbe 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

585 

342225 

200201625 

24-1867732 

8-3634466 

•001709402 

586 

343396 

201230056 

24-2074369 

8-3682095 

•001706485 

587 

344569 

202262003 

24-2280829 

8-3729668, 

•001703578 

588 

315744 

203297472 

24-2487113 

8-3777188 

•005700680 

589 

346921 

204336469 

24-2693222 

8-3824653 

•001697793 

590 

348100 

205379000 

24-2899156 

8-3872065 

•001694915 

591 

349281 

206425071 

24-3104916 

8-3919423 

•001692047 

592 

350464 

207474688 

24-3310501 

8-3966729 

•001689189 

593 

351649 

208527857 

24-3515913 

8-4013981 

•001686341 

594 

352836 

209584584 

24-3721152 

8-4061180 

•001683502 

595 

354025 

210644875 

24-3926218 

8-4108326 

•001680672 

596 

355216 

211708736 

24-4131112 

8-4155419 

•001677852 

597 

356409 

212776173 

24-4335834 

8-4202460 

•001675042 

598 

357604 

213847192 

24-4540385 

8-4249448 

•001672241 

599 

358801 

214921799 

24-4744765 

8-4296383 

•001669449 

600 

360000 

216000000 

24-4948974 

8-4343267 

•001666667 

601 

361201 

217081801 

24-5153013 

8-4390098 

•001663894 

602 

362404 

218167208 

24-5356S83 

8-4436877 

•001661130 

603 

36:3609 

219256227 

24-5560583 

8-4483605 

•001658375 

604 

364816 

220348864 

24-5764115 

8-4530281 

•001655629 

605 

366025 

221445125 

24-5967478 

8-4576906 

•001652893 

606 

367236 

222545016 

24-6170673 

8-4623479 

•001650165 

607 

368449 

223648543 

24-6373700 

8-4670000 

•001647446 

608 

369664 

224755712 

24-6576560 

8*4716471 

•001644737 

609 

370881 

225866529 

24-6779254 

8-4762892 

•001642036 

610 

372100 

226981000 

24-6981781 

8-4809261 

•001639344 

611 

373321 

228099131 

24-7184142 

8-4855579 

•001636661 

612 

374544 

229220928 

24-7386338 

8-4901848 

•001633987 

613 

375769 

230346397 

24-7588368 

8-4948065 

•001631321 

614 

376996 

231475544 

24-7790234 

8-4994233 

•001628664 

615 

378225 

232608375 

24-7991935 

8-5040350 

•001626016 

616 

379456 

233744896 

24-8193473 

8-5086417 

•001623377 

617 

380689 

234885113 

24-8394847 

8-5132435 

•001620746 

618 

381924 

236029032 

24-8596058 

8-5178403 

•001618123 

619 

383161 

237176659 

24-8797106 

8-5224321 

•001615509 

620 

384400 

238328000 

24-8997992 

8-5270189 

•001612903 

621 

385641 

239483061 

24-9198716 

8-5316009 

•001610306 

622 

386884 

240641848 

24-9399278 

8-5361780 

•001607717 

623 

388129 

241804367 

24-9599679 

8-5407501 

•001605136 

624 

389376 

242970624 

24-9799920 

8-5453173 

•001602564 

625 

890625 

244140625 

25-0000000 

8-5498797 

•001600000 

626 

391876 

245314376 

25-0199920 

8-5544372 

•001597444 

627 

393129 

246491883 

25-0399681 

8-5589899 

•001594896 

628 

894384 

247673152 

25-0599282 

8-5635377 

•001592357 

629 

395641 

248858189 

25-0798724 

8-5680807 

•001589825 

630 

396900 

250047000 

25-0998008 

8-5726189 

•001587302 

631 

398161 

251239591 

25-1197134 

8-5771523 

•001584786 

632 

399424 

252435968 

25-1396102 

8-5816809 

•001582278 

633 

400689 

253636137 

25-1594913 

8-5862047 

•001579779 

MOTES   Otf    HYDRAULKJS. 


32? 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

634 

401956 

254840104 

25-1793566 

8-5907238 

•001577287 

635 

403225 

256047875 

25-1992063 

8-5952380 

•001574803 

636 

404496 

257259456 

25-2190404 

8-5997476 

•001572:527 

637 

405769 

258474853 

25-2388589 

8-6042525 

•001569859 

638 

407044 

259694072 

25-2586619 

8-6087526 

•001567398 

639 

408321 

260917119 

25-2784493 

.8-6132480 

•001564945 

640 

409600 

262144000 

25-2982213 

8-6177388 

•001562500 

641 

41088.1 

263374721 

25-3179778 

8-6222248 

•001560062 

642 

412164 

264609288 

25-3377189 

8-6267063 

•001557632 

643 

413449 

265847707 

25-3574447 

8-6311830 

•001555210 

644 

414736 

267089984 

25-3771551 

8-6356551 

•001552795 

645 

416025 

268336125 

25-3968502 

8-6401226 

•001550388 

646 

417316 

269586136 

25-41653C1 

8-6445855 

•001547988 

647 

418609 

270840023 

25-4361947 

8-6490437 

•001545595 

648 

419904 

272097792 

25-4558441 

8-6534974 

•001543210 

649 

421201 

273359449 

25-4754784 

8-6579465 

•001540832 

650 

422500 

274625000 

25-4950976 

8-6623911 

•001538462 

651 

423801 

275894451 

25-5147016 

8-6668310 

•001536098 

652 

425104 

277167808 

25-5342907 

8-6712665 

•001533742 

653 

426409- 

278445077 

25-5538647 

8-6756974 

•001531394 

654 

427716 

279726264 

25-5734237 

8-6801237 

•001529052 

655 

429025 

281011375 

25-5929678 

8-6845456 

•001526718 

656 

430336 

282300416 

25-6124969 

8-6889630 

•001524390 

657 

431649 

283593393 

25-6320112 

8-6933759 

•001522070 

658 

432964 

284890312 

25-6515107 

8-69778.43 

•001519757 

659 

434281 

286191179 

25-6709953 

8-7021882 

•001517451 

660 

435600 

287496000 

25-6904652 

8-7065877 

•001515152 

661 

436921 

288804781 

25-7099203 

8-7109827 

•001512859 

662 

438244 

290117528 

25-7293607 

8-7153734 

•001510574 

663 

439569 

291434247 

25-7487864 

8-7197596 

•001508296 

664 

440896 

292754944 

25-7681975 

8-7241414 

•001506024 

665 

442225 

294079625 

25-7875939 

8-7285187 

•001503759 

666 

443556 

295408296 

25-8069758 

8-7328918 

•001501502 

667 

444889 

296740963 

25-8263431 

8-7372604 

•001499250 

668 

446224 

298077632 

25-8456960 

8-7416246 

•001497006 

669 

447561 

299418309 

25-8650343 

8-7459846 

•001494768 

670 

448900 

300763000 

25-8843582 

8-7503401 

•001492537 

671 

450241 

302111711 

25-9036677 

8-7546913 

•001490313 

672 

451584 

303464448 

25-9229628 

8-7590383 

•001488095 

673 

452929 

304821217 

25-9422435 

8-7683809 

•001485884 

674 

454276 

306182024 

25-9615100 

8-7677192 

•001483680 

675 

455625 

307546875 

25-9807621 

8-7720532 

•001481481 

676 

456976 

308915776 

26-0000000 

8-7763830 

•001479290 

677 

458329 

310288733 

26-0192237 

8-7807084 

•001477105 

678 

459684 

311665752 

26-0384331 

8-7850296 

•001474926 

679 

461041 

313046839 

26-0576284 

8-7893466 

•001472754 

680 

462400 

814432000 

26-0768096 

8-7936593 

•001470588 

681 

463761 

315821241 

26-0959767 

8-7979679 

•001468429 

682 

465124 

31721456S 

26-1151297 

8-8022721 

•001466276 

NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root' 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

683 

466489 

318611987 

261342687 

8-8065722 

•001464129 

684 

467856 

320013504 

26-1533937 

8-8108681 

•001461988 

685 

469225 

321419125 

26-1725047 

8-8151598 

•001459854 

686 

470596 

322828856 

26-1916017 

8-8194474 

•001457726 

687 

471969 

324242703 

26-2106848 

8-8237307 

•001455604 

688 

473344 

325660672 

26-2297541 

8-8280099 

•001453488 

689 

474721 

327082769 

26-2488095 

8-8322850 

•001451379 

690 

476100 

328509000 

26-2678511 

8-8365559 

•001449275 

691 

477481 

329939371 

26-2868789 

8-8408227 

•001447178 

692 

478864 

331373888 

26-3058929 

8-8450854 

•001445087 

693 

480249 

332812557 

26-3248932 

8-8493440 

•001443001 

694 

481636 

334255384 

26-3438797 

8-8535985 

•001440922 

695 

483025 

335702375 

26-3628527 

8-8578489 

•001438849 

696 

484416 

337153536 

26-3818119 

8-8620952 

•001436782 

697 

485809 

338608873 

26-4007576 

8-8663375 

•001434720 

698 

487204 

340068392 

26-4196896 

8-8705757 

•001432665 

699 

488601 

341532099 

26-4386081 

8-8748099 

•001430615 

700 

490000 

343000000 

26-4575131 

8-8790400 

•001428571 

701 

491401 

344472101 

26-4764046 

8-8832661 

•001426534 

702 

492804 

345948408 

26-4952826 

8-8874882 

•001424501 

703 

494209 

347428927 

26-5141472 

8-8917063 

•001422475 

704 

495616 

348913664 

26-5329983 

8-8959204 

•001420455 

705 

497025 

350402625 

26-5518361 

8-9001304 

•001418440 

706 

498436 

351895816 

26-5706605 

8-9043366 

•001416431 

707 

499849 

353393243 

265894716 

8-9085387 

•001414427 

708 

501264 

354894912 

26-6082694 

8-9127369 

•001412429 

709 

502681 

356400829 

26-6270539 

8-9169311 

•001410437 

710 

504100 

357911000 

26-6458252 

8-9211214 

•001408451 

711 

505521 

359425431 

26-6645833 

8-9253078 

•001406470 

712 

506944 

360944128 

26-6833281 

8-9294902 

•001404494 

713 

508369 

362467097 

26-7020598 

8-9336687 

•001402525 

714 

509796 

363994344 

26-7207784 

8-9378433 

•001400560 

715 

511225 

365525875 

26-7394839 

8-9420140 

•001398601 

716 

512656 

367061696 

26-7581763 

8-9461809 

•001396648 

717 

514089 

368601813 

26-7768557 

8-9503438 

•001394700 

718 

515524 

370146232 

26-7955220 

8-9546029 

•001392758 

719 

516961 

371694959 

26-8141754 

8-9586581 

•001390821 

720 

518400 

373248000 

26-8328157 

8-9628095 

•001388889 

721 

519841 

374805361 

26-8514432 

8-9669570 

•001386963 

722 

521284 

376367048 

26-8700577 

8-9711007 

•001385042 

723 

522729 

377933067 

26-8886593 

8-9752406 

•001383126 

724 

524176 

379503424 

26-907^481 

8-9793766 

•001381215 

725 

525625 

381078125 

26-9258240 

8-9835089 

•001379310 

726 

527076 

382657176 

26-9443872 

8-9876373 

•001377410 

727 

528529 

384240583 

26-9629375 

8-9917620 

•001375516 

728 

529984 

385828352 

26-9814751 

8-9958829 

•001373626 

729 

531441 

387420489 

27-0000000 

9-0000000 

•001371742 

730 

532900 

389017000 

27-0185122 

9-0041134 

•001369863 

731 

534361 

390617891 

27-0370117 

0-0082229 

•001367989 

NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


329 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

732 

535824 

392223168 

27-0554985 

9-0123288 

•001366120 

733 

537289 

393832837 

27-0739727 

9-0164309 

•001364256 

734 

538756 

395446904 

27-0924344 

9-0205293 

•001362398 

735 

540225 

397065375 

27-1108834 

9-0246239 

•001360544 

736 

541696 

398688256 

27-1293199 

9-0287149 

•001358696 

737 

543169 

400315553 

27-1477439 

9-0328021 

•001356852 

738 

544644 

401947272 

27-1661554 

9-0368857 

•001355014 

739 

546121 

403583419 

27-1845544 

9-0409655 

•001353180 

740 

547600 

405224000 

27-2029410 

9-0450417 

•001351351 

741 

549081 

406869021 

27-2213152 

9-0491142 

•001349528 

742 

550564 

408518488 

27-2396769 

9-0531831 

•001347709 

743 

552049 

410172407 

27-2580263 

9-0572482 

•001345895 

744 

553536 

411830784 

27-2763634 

9-0613098 

•001344086 

745 

555025 

413493625 

27-2946881 

9-0653677 

•001342282 

746 

556516 

415160936 

27-3130006 

9-0694220 

•001340483 

747 

558009 

416832723 

27-3313007 

9-0734726 

•001338688 

748 

559504 

418508992 

27-3495887 

9-0775197 

•001336898 

749 

561001 

420189749 

27-3678644 

9-0815631 

•001335113 

750 

562500 

421875000 

27-3861279 

9-0856030 

•001333333 

751 

564001 

423564751 

27  -.4043792 

9-0896392 

•001331558 

752 

565504 

425259008 

27-4226184 

9-0936719 

•001329787 

753 

567009 

426957777 

27-4408455 

9-0977010 

•001328021 

754 

568516 

428661064 

27-4590604 

9-1017265 

•0013262oO 

755 

570025 

430368875 

27-4772633 

9-1057485 

•001324503 

756 

571536 

432081216 

27-4954542 

9-1097669 

•001322751 

757 

573049 

433798093 

27-5136330 

9-11378.18 

•001321004 

758 

574564 

435519512 

27-5317998 

9-1177931 

•001319261 

759 

576081 

437245479 

27-5499546 

9-1218010 

•001<»17523 

760 

577600 

438976000 

27-5680975 

9-1258053 

•001315789 

761 

579121 

44071108} 

27-5862284 

9-1298061 

•001314060 

762 

580644 

442450728 

27-6043475 

9-1338034 

•001312336 

763 

582169 

444194947 

27-6224546 

9-]  377971 

•001310616 

764 

583696 

445943744 

27-6405499 

9-1417874 

•001308901 

765 

585225 

447697125 

27-6586334 

9-1457742 

•001307190 

766 

586756 

449455096 

27-6767050 

9-1497576 

•001305483 

767 

588289 

451217663 

27-6947648 

9-1537375 

•001303781 

768 

589824 

452984832 

27-7128129 

9-1577139 

•001302083 

769 

591361 

454756609 

277308492 

9-1616869 

•001300390 

770 

592900 

450533000 

27-7488739 

9-1656565 

•001298701 

771 

594441 

458314011 

27-7668868 

9-1696225 

•001207017 

772 

595984 

460099648 

277848880 

9-1  735852 

•001295337 

773 

597529 

461889917 

27-8028775 

9-1775445 

•001293661 

774 

599076 

463684824 

27-8208555 

9-1815003 

•001291990 

775 

600625 

465484375 

27-8388218 

9-1854527 

•001290323 

776 

602176 

467288576 

27-8567766 

9-1894018 

•001288660 

777 

603729 

469097433 

27-8747197 

9-1933474 

•001287001 

778 

605284 

470910952 

27-8926514 

9-1972897 

•001285347 

779 

606841 

472729139 

27-9105715 

9-2012286 

•001283697 

780 

608400 

474552000 

27-9284801 

9-2051641 

•001282051 

330 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

781 

609961 

476379541 

27-9463772 

9-2090962 

•001280410 

782 

611524 

478211768 

27*9642629 

9-2130250 

•001278772 

783 

613089 

480048687 

27-9821372 

9-2169505 

•001277139 

784 

614656 

481890304 

28-0000000 

9-2208726 

•001275510 

785 

616225 

483736625 

'J8-0178515 

9-2247914 

•001273885 

786 

617796 

485587656 

28-0356915 

9-2287068 

•001272265 

787 

619369 

487443403 

28-0535203 

9-2326189 

•001270648 

788 

620944 

489303872 

28-0713377 

9-2365277 

•00]  269036 

789 

622521 

491169069 

28-0891438 

9-2404333 

•001267427 

790 

624100 

493039000 

28-1069386 

9-2443355 

•001265823 

791 

625681 

494913671 

28-1247222 

9-2482344 

•001264223 

792 

627264 

496793088 

28-1424946 

9-2521300 

•001262626 

793 

628849 

498677257 

28-1602557 

9-2560224 

•001261034 

794 

630436 

500566184 

28-1780056 

9-2599114 

•001259446 

795 

632025 

502459875 

28-1957444 

9-2637973 

•001  257*862 

796 

633616 

504358336 

28-2134720 

9-2676798 

•001256281 

797 

635209 

506261573 

28-2311884 

9-2715592 

•001254705 

798 

636804 

508169592 

28-2488938 

9-2754352 

•001253133 

799 

638401 

510082399 

28-2665881 

9-2793081 

•001251564 

800 

640000 

512000000 

28-2842712 

9-2831777 

•001250000 

801 

641G01 

513922401 

28-3019434 

9-2870440 

•001248439 

802 

643204 

515849608 

28-3196045 

9-2909072 

•001246883 

803 

644809 

517781627 

28-3372546 

9-2947671 

•001245330 

804 

646416 

519718464 

28-3548938 

9-2986239 

•001243781 

805 

648025 

521660125 

28-3725219 

9-3024775 

•001242236 

806 

649636 

523606616 

28-3901391 

9-3063278 

•001240695 

807 

651249 

525557943 

28-4077454 

9-3101750 

•001239157 

808 

652864 

527514112 

28-4253408 

9-3140190 

•001237624 

809 

654481 

529475129 

28-4429253 

9-3178599 

•001236094 

810 

656100 

531441000 

28-4604989 

9-3216975 

•001234568 

811 

657721 

533411731 

28-4780617 

9-3255320 

•001233046 

812 

659344 

535387328 

28-4956137 

9-3293634 

•001231527 

813 

660969 

537367797 

28-5131549 

9-3331P16 

•001230012 

814 

662596 

639353144 

28-5.306852 

9-3370167 

•001228501 

815 

664225 

641343375 

28-5482048 

9-3408386 

•001226994 

816 

665856 

543338496 

28-5657137 

9-3446575 

•001225490 

817 

667489 

545338513 

28-5832119 

9-3484731 

•001223990 

818 

669124 

547343432 

28-6006993 

9-3522857 

•001222494 

819 

670761 

549353259 

28-6181760 

9-3560952 

•001221001 

820 

672400 

551368000 

28-6356421 

9-3599016 

•001219512 

821 

674041 

553387661 

28-6530976 

9-3637049 

•001218027 

822 

675684 

555412248 

28-6705424 

9-3675051 

•001216545 

823 

677329 

557441767 

28-6879766 

9-3713022 

•001215067 

824 

678976 

559476224 

28-7054002 

9-3750963 

•001213592 

825 

680625 

561515625 

28-7228132 

9-a788873 

•001212121 

826 

682276 

563559976 

28-7402157 

9-3826752 

•001210654 

827 

683929 

565609283 

28-7576077 

9-3864600 

•001209190 

8-28 

685584 

667663552 

28-7749891 

9-3902419 

•001207729 

829 

687241 

669722789 

28-7923601 

9-3940206 

•001206272 

NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


331 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

830 

688900 

571787000 

28-8097206 

9-3977964 

•001204819 

831 

690561 

573856191 

28-8270706 

9-4015691 

•001203369 

832 

692224 

575930368 

28-8444102 

9-4053387 

•001201923 

833 

693889 

578009537 

28-8617394 

9-4091054 

•001200480 

834 

695556 

580093704 

28-8790582 

9-4128690 

•001199041 

835 

697225 

582182875 

28-8963666 

9-4166297 

•001197605 

836 

698896 

584277056 

28-9136646 

9-4203873 

•001196172 

837 

700569 

586376253 

28-9309523 

9-4241420 

•001194743 

838 

702244  ' 

588480472 

28-9482297 

9-4278936 

•001193317 

839 

703921 

590589719 

28-9654967 

9-4316423 

•001191895 

840 

705600 

592704000 

28-9827535 

9-4353880 

•001190476 

841 

707281 

594823321 

29-0000000 

9-4391307 

•001189061 

842 

708964 

596947688 

29-0172363 

9-4428704 

•001187648 

843 

710649 

599077107 

29-0344623 

9-4466072 

•001186240 

844 

712336 

601211584 

29-0516781 

9-4503410 

•001184834 

845 

714025 

603351125 

29-0688837 

9-4540719 

•001183432 

846 

715716 

605495736 

29-0860791 

9-4577999 

•001182033 

847 

717409 

607645423 

29-1032644 

9-4615249 

•001180638 

848 

719104 

609800192 

29-1204396 

9-4652470 

•001179-J45 

849 

720801 

611960049 

29-1376046 

9-4689661 

•001177856 

850 

722500 

614125000 

29-1547595 

9-4726824 

•001176471 

851 

724201 

616295051 

29-1719043 

9-4763957 

•001175088 

852 

725904 

618470208 

29-1890390 

9-4801061 

•001173709 

853 

727609 

620650477 

29-2061637 

9-4838136 

•001172333 

854 

729316 

622835864 

29-2232784 

9-4875182 

•001170960 

855 

731025 

625026375 

29-2403830 

9-4912200 

•001169591 

856 

732736 

627222016 

29-2574777 

9-4949188 

•001168224 

857 

734449 

629422793 

29-2745623 

9-4986147 

•001166861 

858 

736164 

631628712 

29-2916370 

9-5023078 

•001165501 

859 

737881 

633839779 

29-3087018 

9-5059980 

•001164144 

860 

739600 

636056000 

29-3257566 

9-5096854 

•001162791 

861 

741321 

638277381 

29-3428015 

9-5133699 

•001161440 

862 

743044 

640503928 

29-3598365 

9-5170515 

•001160093 

863 

744769 

642735647 

29-3768616 

9-5207303 

•001158749 

864 

746496 

644972544 

29-3938769 

9-5244063 

•001157407 

865 

748225 

647214625 

29-4108823 

9-5280794 

•001156069 

866 

749956 

649461896 

29-4278779 

9-5317497 

•001154734 

867 

751689 

651714363 

29-4448637 

9-5354172 

•001153403 

868 

753424 

653972032 

29-4618397 

9-5390818 

•001152074 

869 

755161 

656234909 

29-4788059 

9-5427437 

•001150743 

870 

756900 

658503000 

29-4957624 

9-5464027 

•001149425 

871 

758641 

660776311 

29-5127091 

9-5500589 

•001148106 

872 

760384 

663054848 

29-5296461 

9-5537123 

•001146789 

873 

762129 

665338617 

29-5465734 

9-5573630 

•001145475 

874 

763876 

667627624 

29-5634910 

9-5610108 

•001144165 

875 

765625 

669921875 

29-5803989 

9-5646559 

•001142857 

876 

767376 

672221376 

29-5972972 

9-5682982 

•001141553 

877 

769129 

674526133 

29-6141858 

9-5719377 

•001140251 

878 

770884 

676836152 

29-6310648 

'  9-5755745 

•001138952 

332 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

879 

772641 

679151439 

29-6479342 

9-5792085 

•001137656 

880 

774400 

681472000 

29-6647939 

9-5828397 

•001136364 

881 

776161 

683797841 

29-6816442 

9-5864682 

•001135074 

882 

777924 

686128968 

29-6984848 

9-5900939 

•001133787 

883 

779689 

688465387 

29-7153159 

9-5937169 

•001132503 

884 

781456 

690807104 

29-7321375 

9-5973373 

•001131222 

885 

783225 

693154125 

29-7489496 

9-6009548 

•001129944 

886 

784996 

695506456 

29-7657521 

9-6045696 

•001128668 

887 

786769 

697864103 

29-7825452 

9-6081817 

•001127396 

888 

788544 

700227072 

29-7993289 

9-6117911 

•001126126 

889 

790321 

702595369 

29-8161030 

9-6153977 

•001124859 

890 

792100 

704969000 

29-8328678 

9-6190017 

•001123596 

891 

793881 

707347971 

29-8496231 

9-6226030 

•001122334 

892 

795664 

709732288 

29-8663690 

9-6262016 

•001121076 

893 

797449 

712121957 

29-8831056 

9-6297975 

•001119821 

894 

799236 

714516984 

29-8998328 

9-6333907 

•001118568 

895 

801025 

716917375 

29-9165506 

9-6369812 

•001117318 

896 

802816 

719323136 

29-9332591 

9-6405690 

•001116071 

897 

804609 

721734273 

29-9499583 

9-6441542 

•001114827 

898 

806404 

724150792 

29-9666481 

9-6477367 

•001113586 

899 

808201 

726572699 

29-9833287 

9-6518166 

•001112347 

900 

810000 

729000000 

30-0000000 

9-6548938 

•001111111 

901 

811801 

731432701 

30-0166620 

9-6584684 

•001109878 

902 

813604 

733870808 

30-0333148 

9-6620403 

•001108647 

903 

815409 

736314327 

30-0499584 

9-6656096 

•001107420 

904 

817216 

738763264 

30-0665628 

9-6691762 

•001106195 

905 

819025 

741217625 

30-0832179 

9-6727403 

•001104972 

906 

820836 

743677416 

30-0998339 

9-6763017 

•001103753 

907 

822649 

746142643 

30-1164407 

9-6798604 

•001102536 

908 

824464 

748613312 

30-1330383 

9-6834166 

•001101322 

9d9 

826281 

751089429 

30-1496269 

9-6869701 

•001100110 

910 

828100 

753571000 

30-1662063 

9-6905211 

•001098901 

911 

829921 

756058031 

30-1827765 

9-6940694 

•001097695 

912 

831744 

758550528 

30-1993377 

9-6976151 

•001096491 

913 

833569 

761048497 

30-2158899 

9-7011583 

•001095290 

914 

835396 

763551944 

30-2324329 

9-7046989 

•001094092 

915 

837225 

766060875 

30-2489669 

9-7082369 

•001092896 

916 

839056 

768575296 

30-2654919 

9-7117723 

•001091703 

917 

840889 

771UU5213 

30-2820079 

9-7153051 

•001090513 

918 

842724 

773620632 

30-2985148 

9-7188354 

•001089325 

919 

844561 

776151559 

30-3150128 

9-7223631 

•001088139 

920 

846400 

778688000 

30-3315018 

9-7258883 

•001086957 

921 

848241 

781229961 

30-3479818 

9-7294109 

•001085776 

922 

850084 

783777448 

30-3644529 

9-7329309 

•001084599 

923 

851929 

786330467 

30-3309151 

9-7364484 

•001083424 

924 

853776 

788889024 

30-3973683 

9-7399634 

•001082251 

925 

855625 

791453125 

30-4138127 

9-7434758 

•001081081 

926 

857476 

794022776 

30-4302481 

9-7469857 

•001079914 

927 

859329 

796597983 

30-4466747 

9-7504930 

•001078749 

NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


333 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

928 

861184 

799178752 

30-4630924 

9-7539979 

•001077586 

929 

863041 

801765089 

30-4795013 

9-7575002 

•001076426 

930 

864900 

804357000 

30-4959014 

9-7610001 

•001075269 

931 

866761 

806954491 

30-5122926 

9-7644974 

'001074114 

932 

868624 

809557568 

30-5286750 

9-7679922 

•001072961 

933 

870489 

812166237 

30-5450487 

9-7714845 

•001071811 

934 

872356 

814780604 

30-5614136 

9-7749743 

•001070664 

935 

874225 

817400375 

30-5777697 

9-7784616 

•001069519 

936 

876096 

820025856 

30-5941171 

9-7819466 

•001068376 

937 

877969 

822656953 

30-6104557 

9-7854288 

•001067236 

938 

879844 

825293672 

30-6267S57 

9-7889087 

•001066098 

939 

881721 

827936019 

30-6431069 

9-7923861 

•001064963 

940 

883600 

8305S4000 

30-6594194 

9-7958611 

•001063830 

941 

885481 

833237621 

30-6757233 

9-7993336 

•001062699 

942 

887364 

8358968S8 

30-6920185 

9-8028036 

•001061571  ' 

943 

889249 

838561807 

30-7083051 

9-8062711 

•001060445 

944 

891136 

841232384 

30-7245830 

9-8097362 

•001059322 

945 

893025 

843908625 

30-7408523 

9-8131989 

•001058201 

946 

894916 

846590536 

30-7571130 

9-8166591 

•001057082 

947 

896809 

849278123 

30-7733651 

9-8201169 

•001055966 

948 

898704 

851971392 

30-7896086 

9-8235723 

•001054852 

949 

900G01 

854670349 

30-8058436 

9-8270252 

•001053741 

950 

902500 

857375000 

30-8220700 

9-8304757 

•0010526& 

951 

904401 

860085351 

30-8382879 

9-8339238 

•001051525 

952 

906304 

862801408 

30-8544972 

9-8373695 

•001050420 

953 

908209 

865523177 

30-8706981 

9-8408127 

•001049318 

954 

910116 

868250664 

30-8868904 

9-8442536 

•001048218 

955 

912025 

870983875 

30-9030743 

9-8470920 

•001047120 

956 

913936 

873722816 

30-9192497 

9-8511280 

•001046025 

957 

915849 

876467493 

30-9354166 

9-8f>45617 

•001044932 

958 

917764 

879217912 

30-9515751 

9-8579929 

•001043841 

959 

91&681 

881974079 

30-9677251. 

9-8614218 

•001042753 

960 

921600 

884736000 

30-9838668 

9-8648483 

•001041667 

961 

923521 

887503681 

31-0000000 

9-8682724 

•001040583 

962 

925444 

890277128 

31-0161248 

9-8716941 

•001039501 

963 

927369 

893056347 

31-0322413 

9-8751135 

•001038422 

964 

929296 

895841344 

31-0483494 

9-8785305 

•001037344 

965 

931225 

898632125 

31-0644491 

9-8819451 

•001036269 

966 

933156 

901428696 

31-0805405 

9-8853574 

•001035197 

967 

935089 

904231063 

31-0966236 

9-8887673 

•001034126 

968 

937024 

907039232 

3ril26984 

9-8921749 

•001033058 

969 

938961 

909853209 

31-1287648 

9-8955801 

•001031992 

970 

940900 

912673000 

31-1448230 

9-8989830 

•001030928 

971 

942841 

915498611 

31-1608729 

9-9023835 

•001029866 

972 

944784 

918330048 

31-1769145 

9-9057817 

•001028807 

973 

946729 

921167317 

31-1929479 

9-9091776 

•001027749 

974 

948676 

924010424 

31-2089731 

9-9125712 

•001026694 

975 

950625 

926859375 

31-2249900 

9-9159624 

•001025641 

976 

952576 

929714176 

31-2409987 

9-9193513 

•001024590 

334 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

977 

954529 

932574833 

31-2569992 

9-9227379 

•001023541 

978 

956484 

935441352 

31-2729915 

9-9261222 

•001022495 

979 

958441 

938313739 

31-2889757 

9-9295042 

•001021450 

980 

96U400 

941192000 

31-3049517 

9-9328839 

•001020408 

981 

962361 

944076141 

31-3209195 

9-9362613 

•001019368 

982 

964324 

946966168 

31-3368792 

9-9396363 

•001018330 

983 

966289 

949862087 

31-3528308 

9-9430092 

•001017294 

984 

968256 

952763904 

31-3687743 

9-9463797 

•001016260 

985 

970-225 

955671625 

31-3847097 

9-9497479 

•001015228 

986 

972196 

958585256 

31-4006369 

9-9531138 

•001014199 

987 

974169 

961504803 

31-4165561 

9-9564775 

•001013171 

988 

976144 

964430272 

31-4324673 

9-9598389 

•001012146 

989 

978121 

967361669 

31-4483704 

9-9631981 

•001011122 

990 

980100 

970299000 

31-4642654 

9-9665549 

•001010101 

991 

982081 

973242271 

31-4801525 

9-9609095 

•001009082 

992 

984064 

976191488 

31-4960315 

9-9732619 

•001008065 

993 

986049 

979146657 

31-5119025 

9-9766120 

•001007049 

994 

988036 

982107784 

31-5277655 

9-9799599 

•001000036 

995 

990025 

985074875 

31-5436206 

9  '9838055 

•001005025 

996 

992016 

988047936 

31-5594677 

9-9866488 

•001004016 

997 

994009 

991026973 

31-5753068 

9-9899900 

•001003009 

998 

996004 

994011992 

31.  ;.911380 

9-9933289 

•001002004 

999 

998001 

997002999 

31-6069613 

9-9966656 

•001001001 

1000 

1000000 

1000000000 

31-6227766 

10-0000000 

•0010000000 

1001 

1002001 

1003003001 

31-6385840 

10-0033322 

•0009990010 

1002 

1004004 

1006012008 

31-6543836 

10-0066622 

•0009980040 

1003 

1006009 

1009027027 

31-6701752 

10  '0099899 

•0009970090 

1001 

1008016 

1012048064 

31-6859590 

10-0133155 

•0009960159 

1005 

1010025 

1015075125 

31-7017349 

10-0166389 

•0009950249 

1006 

1012036 

1018108216 

31-7175030 

10-0199601 

•0009940358 

1007 

1014049 

1021147343 

31-7332633 

10-0232791 

•0009930487 

1008 

1016064 

1024192512 

31-7490157 

10-0265958 

•0009920635 

1009 

1018081 

1027243729 

31-7647603 

100299104 

•0009910803 

1010 

1020100 

1030301000 

31-7804972 

10-0332228 

•0009900990 

1011 

1022121 

1033364331 

31-7962262 

10-0365330 

•0009891197 

1012 

1024144 

1036433728 

31-8119474 

10-0398410 

•0009881423 

1013 

1026169 

1039509197 

31-8276609 

10-0431469 

•0009871668 

1014 

1028196 

1042590744 

31-8433666 

10-0464506 

•0009861933 

1015 

1030225 

1045678375 

31-8590646 

10-0497521 

•0009852217 

1016 

1032256 

1048772096 

31-8747549 

10-0530514 

•0009842520 

1017 

1034289 

1051871913 

31-8904374 

10-0563485 

•0009832842 

1018 

1036324 

1054977832 

31-9061123 

10-0596435 

•0009823183 

1019 

1038361 

1058089859 

31-9217794 

10-0629364 

•0009813543 

1020 

1040400 

1061208000 

31-9374388 

10-0662271 

•0009803922 

1021 

1042441 

1064332261 

31-9530906 

10-0695156 

•0009794319 

1022 

1044484 

1067462648 

31-9687347 

10-0728020 

•0009784736 

1023 

1046529 

1070599167 

31-9843712 

10-0760863 

•0009775171 

1024 

1048576 

1073741824 

32-0000000 

10-0793684 

•0009765625 

1025 

1050625 

1076890625 

32-0156212 

10-0826484 

•0009756098 

No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1026 

1052676 

1080045576 

32-0312348 

10-0859262 

•0009746589 

1027 

1054729 

1088206683 

32-0468407 

10-0892019 

•0009737098 

1028 

1056784 

1086373952 

32-0624391 

10-0924755 

•0009727626 

1029 

1058841 

1089547389 

32-0780298 

10-0957469 

•0009718173 

1030 

1060900 

1092727000 

32-0936131 

10-0990163 

•0009708738 

1031 

1062961 

1095912791 

32-1091887 

10-1022835 

•0009699321 

1032 

1065024 

1099104768 

32-1247568 

10-1055487 

•0009689022 

1033 

1067089 

1102302937 

32-1403173 

10-1088117 

•0009680542 

1034 

1069156 

1105507304 

32-1558704 

10-1120726 

•0009671180 

1035 

1071225 

1108717875 

32-1714159 

10-1153314 

•0009661836 

1036 

1073296 

1111934656 

32-1869539 

10-1185882 

•0009652510 

1037 

1075369 

1115157653 

32-2024844 

10-1218428 

•0009643202 

1038 

1077444 

1118386872 

32-2180074 

10-1250953 

•0009633911 

1039 

1079521 

1121622319 

32-2335229 

10-1283457 

•0009624639 

1040 

1081600 

1124864000 

32-2490310 

10-1315941 

•0009615385 

1041 

1083681 

1128111921 

32-2645316 

10-1348403 

•0009606148 

1042 

1085764 

1131366088 

32-2800248 

10-1380845 

•0009596929 

1043 

1087849 

1134626507 

32-2955105 

10-1413266 

•0009587728 

1044 

1089936 

1137893184 

32-3109888 

10-1445667 

•0009578544 

1045 

1092025 

1141166125 

32-3264598 

10-147804Z 

•0009569378 

1046 

1094116 

1144445336 

32-3419233 

10-1510406 

•0009560229 

1047 

1096209 

1147730823 

32-3573794 

10-1542744 

•0009551008 

1048 

1098304 

1151022592 

32-3728281 

10-1575062 

•0009541985 

1049 

1100401 

1154320649 

32-3882695 

10-1607359 

•0009532888 

1050 

1102500 

1157625000 

32-4037035 

10-1639636 

•0009523810 

1051 

1104601 

1160935651 

32-4191301 

10-1671893 

•0009514748 

1052 

1106704 

1164252608 

32-4345495 

10-1704129 

•0009505703 

1053 

1108809 

1167575877 

32-4499615 

10-1736344 

•0009496676 

1054 

1110916 

1170905464 

32-4653662 

10-1768539 

•0009487666 

1055 

1113025 

1174241375 

32-4807635 

10-1800714 

•0009478673 

1056 

1115136 

1177583616 

32-4961536 

10-1832868 

•0009469697 

1057 

1117249 

1180932193 

32-5115364 

10-1865002 

•0009460738 

1058 

1119364 

1184287112 

32-5269119 

10-1897116 

•0009451796 

1059 

1121481 

1187648379 

32-5422802 

10-1929209 

•0009442871 

1060 

1123600 

1191016000 

32-5576412 

10-1961283 

•0009433962 

1061 

1125721 

1194389981 

32-5729949 

10-1993336 

•0009425071 

1062 

1127844 

1197770328 

32-5883415 

10-2025369 

•0009416196 

1063 

1129969 

1201157047 

32-6036807 

10-2057382 

•0009407338 

1064 

1132096 

1204550144 

32-6190129 

10-2089375 

•0009398496 

1065 

1134225 

1207949625 

32-6343377 

10-2121347 

•0009389671 

1066 

1136356 

1211355496 

32-6496554 

10-2153300 

•0009380863 

1067 

1138489 

1214767763 

32-6649659 

10-2185233 

•0009372071 

1068 

1140624 

1218186432 

32-6802693 

10-2217146 

•0009363296 

1069 

1142761 

1221611509 

32-6955654 

10-2249039 

•0009354537 

1070 

1144900 

1225043000 

32-7108544 

10-2280912 

•0009345794 

1071 

1147041 

1228480911 

32-7261363 

10-2312766 

•0009337068 

1072 

1149184 

1231925248  . 

32-7414111 

10-2344599 

•0000328358 

1073 

1151329 

1235376017 

32-7566787 

10-2376413 

•0009319664 

1074 

1153476 

1238833224 

327719392 

10-2408207 

•0009310987 

No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1075 

1155625 

1242296875 

32-7871926 

10-2439981 

•0009302326 

1076 

1157776 

1245766976 

32-8024389 

10-2471735 

•0009293680 

1077 

]  159929 

1249243533 

32-8176782 

10-2503470 

•0009285051 

1078 

1162084 

1252726552 

32-8329103 

10-2535186 

•0009276438 

1079 

1164241 

1256216039 

32-8481354 

10-2566881 

•0009267841 

1080 

1166400 

1259712000 

32-8633535 

10-2598557 

•0009259259 

1081 

1168561 

1263214441 

32-8785644 

10-2630213 

•0009250694 

1082 

1170724 

1266723368 

32-8937684 

10-2661850 

•0009242144 

1083 

1172889 

1270238787 

32-9089653 

10-2693467 

•0009233610 

1084 

1175056 

1273760704 

32-9241553 

10-2725065 

•0009225092 

1085 

1177225 

1277289125 

32-9393382 

10-2756644 

•0009216590 

1086 

1179396 

1280824056 

32-9545141 

10-2788203 

•0009208103 

1087 

1181569 

1284365503 

32-9696830 

10-2819743 

•0009199632 

1088 

1183744 

1287913472 

32-9848450 

10-2851264 

•0009191176 

1089 

1185921 

1291467969 

33-0000000 

10-2882765 

•0009182736 

1090 

1188100 

1295029000 

33-0151480 

10-2914247 

•0009174312 

1091 

1190281 

1298596571 

33-0302891 

10-2945709 

•0009165903 

1092 

1192464 

1302170688 

33-0454233 

10-2977153 

•0009157509 

1093 

1194649 

1305751357 

33-0605505 

10-3008577 

•0009149131 

1094 

1196836 

1309338584 

33-0756708 

10-3039982 

•0009140768 

1095 

1199025 

1312932375 

33-0907842 

10-3071368 

•0009132420 

1096 

1201216 

1316532736 

33-1058907 

10-3102735 

•0009124088 

1097 

1203409 

1320139673 

33-1209903 

10-3134083 

•0009115770 

1098 

1205604 

1323753192 

33-1360830 

10-3165411 

•0009107468 

1099 

1207801 

1327373299 

33-1511689 

10-3196721 

•0009099181 

1100 

TJlOOOO 

1331000000 

33-1662479 

10-3228012 

•0009090909 

1101 

1212201 

1334633301 

33-1813200 

10-3259284 

•0009082652 

1102 

1214404 

1338273208 

33-1963853 

10-3290537 

•0009074410 

1103 

1216609 

1341919727 

33-2114438 

10-3321770 

•0009066183 

1104 

1218S16 

1345572864 

33-2264955 

10-3352985 

•0009057971 

1105 

1221025 

1349232625 

33-2415403 

10-3384181 

•0009049774 

1106 

1223236 

1352899016 

33-2565783 

10-3415358 

•0009041591 

1107 

1225449 

1356572043 

33-2716095 

ia-3446517 

•0009033424 

1108 

1227664 

1360251712 

33-2866339 

10-3477657 

•0009025271 

1109 

1229881 

1363938029 

33-3016516 

10-3508778 

•0009017133 

1110 

1232100 

1367631000 

33-3166625 

10-3539880 

•0009009009 

1111 

1234321 

1371330631 

33-3316666 

10-3570964 

•0009000900 

1112 

1236544 

1375036928 

33-3466640 

10-3602029 

•0008992806 

1113 

1238769 

1378749897 

33-3616546 

10-3633076 

•0008984726 

1114 

1240996 

1382469544 

33-3766385 

10-3664103 

•0008976661 

1115 

1243225 

1386195875 

33-3916157 

10-3695113 

•0008968610 

1116 

1245456 

1389928896 

33-4065862 

10-3726103 

•0008960573 

1117 

1247689 

1393668613 

33-4215499 

10-3757076 

•0008952551 

1118 

1249924 

1397415032 

33-4365070 

10-3788030 

•0008944544 

1119 

1252161 

1401168159 

33-4514573 

10-3818965 

•0008936550 

1120 

1254400 

1404928000 

33-4664011 

10-3849882 

•0008928571 

1121 

1256641 

1408694561 

33-4813381 

10-3880781 

•0008920607 

1122 

1258884 

1412467848 

33-4962684 

10-3911661 

•0008912656 

1123 

1261129 

1416247867 

33-5111921 

10-3942523 

•0008904720 

NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


337 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1124 

1263376 

1420034624 

33-5261092 

10-3973366 

•0008896797 

1125 

1265625 

1423828125 

33-5410196 

10-4004192 

•0008888889 

1126 

1267876 

1427628376 

33-5559234 

10-4034999 

•0008880995 

1127 

1270129 

1431435383 

33-5708206 

10-4065787 

•0008873114 

1128 

1272384 

1435249152 

33-5857112 

10-4096557 

•0008865248 

1129 

1274641 

1439069689 

33-6005952 

10-4127310 

•0008857396 

1130 

1276900 

1442897000 

33-6154726 

10-4158044 

•0008849558 

1131 

1279161 

1446731091 

33-6303434 

10-4188760 

•0008841733 

1132 

1281424 

1450571968 

33-6452077 

10-4219458 

•0008833922 

1133 

1283689 

1454419637 

33-6600653 

10-4250138 

•0008826125 

1134 

1285956 

1458274104 

33-6749165 

10-4280800 

•0008818342 

1135 

1288225 

1462135375 

33-6897610 

10-4311443 

•0008810573 

1136 

1290496 

1466003456 

33-7045991 

10-4342069 

•0008802817 

1137 

1292769 

1469878353 

33-7194306 

10-4372677 

•0008795075 

1138 

1295044 

1473760072 

33-7342556 

10-4403267 

•0008787346 

1139 

1297321 

1477648619 

33-7490741 

10-4433839 

•0008779631 

1140 

1299600 

1481544000 

33-7638860 

10-4464393 

•0008771930 

1141 

1301881 

1485446221 

337786915 

10-4494929 

•0008764242 

1142 

1304164 

1489355288 

33-7934905 

10-4525448 

•0008756567 

1143 

1306449 

1493271207 

33-8082830 

10-4555948 

•0008748906 

1144 

1308736 

1497193984 

33-8230691 

10-4586431 

•0008741259 

1145 

1311025 

1501123625 

33-8378486 

10-4616896 

•0008733624 

1146 

1313316 

1505060136 

33-8526218 

10-4647343 

•0008726003 

1147 

1315609 

1509003523 

33-8673884 

10-4677773 

•0008718396 

1148 

1317904 

1512953792 

33-8821487 

10-4708185 

•0008710801 

1149 

1320201 

1516910949 

33-8969025 

10-4738579 

•0008703220 

1150 

1322500 

1520875000 

33-9116499 

10-4768955 

•0008695652 

1151 

1324801 

1524845951 

33-9263909 

10-4799314 

•0008688097 

1152 

1327104 

1528823808 

33-9411255 

10-4829656 

•0008680556 

1153 

1329409 

1532808577 

33-9558537 

10-4859980 

•0008673027 

1154 

1331716 

1536800264 

33-9705755 

10-4890286 

•0008665511 

1155 

1334025 

1540798875 

33-9852910 

10-4920575 

•0008658009 

1156 

1336336 

1544804416 

34-0000000 

10-4950847 

•0008^50519 

1157 

1338649 

1548816893 

34-0147027 

10-4981101 

•0008643042 

1158 

1340964 

1552836312 

34-0293990 

10-5011337 

•0008635579 

1159 

1343281 

1556862679 

34-0440890 

10-5041556 

•0008628128 

1160 

1345600 

1560896000 

34-0587727 

10-5071757 

•0008620690 

1161 

1347921 

1564936281 

34-0734501 

10-5101942 

•0008613264 

1162 

1350244 

1568983528 

34-0881211 

10-5132109 

•0008605852 

1163 

1352569 

1573037747 

34-1027858 

10-5162259 

•0008598452 

1164 

1354896 

1577098944 

34-1174442 

'10-5192391 

•0008591065 

1165 

1357225 

1581167125 

34-1320963 

10-5222506 

•0008583691 

1166 

1359556 

1585242296 

34-1467422 

10-5252604 

•0008576329 

1167 

1361889 

1589324463 

34-1613817 

10-5282685 

•0008568980 

1168 

1364224 

1593413632 

34-1760150 

10-5312749 

•0008561644 

1169 

1366561 

1597509809 

34-1906420 

10-5342795 

•0008554320 

1170 

1368900 

1601613000 

34-2052627 

10-5372825 

•0008547009 

1171 

1371241 

1605723211 

34-2198773 

10-5402837 

•0008539710 

1172 

13735S4 

1609840448 

34-2344855 

10-5432832 

•0008532423 

No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1173 

1375929 

1613964717 

34-2490875 

10-5462810 

•0008525149 

1174 

1378276 

1618096024 

34-2636834 

10-5492771 

•0008517888 

1175 

1380625 

1622234375 

34-2782730 

10-5522715 

•0008510638 

1176 

1382976 

1626379776 

34-2928564 

10-5552642 

•0008503401 

1177 

1385329 

1630532233 

34-3074336 

10-5582552 

•0008496177 

1178 

1387684 

1634691752 

34-3220046 

10-5612445 

•0008488964 

1179 

1390041 

1638858339 

34-3365694 

10-5642322 

•0008481764 

1180 

1392400 

1643032000 

34-3511281 

10-5672181 

•0008474576 

1181 

1394761 

1647212741 

34-3656805 

10-5702024 

•0008467401 

1182 

1397124 

1651400568 

34-3802268 

10-5731849 

•0008460237 

1183 

1399489 

1655595487 

34-3947670 

10-5761658 

•0008453085 

1184 

1401856 

1659797504 

34-4093011 

10-5791449 

•0008445946 

1185 

1404225 

1664006625 

34-4238289 

10-5821225 

•0008438819 

1186 

1406596 

1668222856 

34-4383507 

10-5850983 

•0008431703 

1187 

1408969 

1672446203 

34-4528663 

10-5880725 

•0008424600 

1188 

1411344 

1676676672 

34-4673759 

10-5910450 

•0008417508 

1189 

1413721 

1680914269 

34-4818793 

10-5940158 

•0008410429 

1190 

1416100 

1685159000 

34-4963766 

10-5969850 

•0008403361 

1191 

1418481 

1689410871 

34-5108678 

10-5999525 

•0008396306 

1192 

1420864 

1693669888 

34-5253530 

10-6029184 

•0008389262 

1193 

1423249 

1697936057 

34-5398321 

10-6058826 

•0008382230 

1194 

1425636 

1702209384 

34-5543051 

10-6088451 

•0008375209 

1195 

1428025 

1706489875 

34-5687720 

10-6118060 

•0008368201 

1190 

1430416 

1710777536 

34-5832329 

10-6147652 

•0008361204 

1197 

1432809 

1715072373 

34-5976879- 

10-6177228 

•0008354219 

1198 

1435204 

1719374392 

34-6121366 

10-6206788 

•OOOS347245 

1199 

1437601 

17236S3599' 

34-0265794 

10-6236331 

•0008340284 

1200 

1440000 

1728000000 

34-6410162 

10-6265857 

•0008333333 

1201 

1442401 

1732323601 

34-6554469 

10-6295367 

•0008326395 

1202 

1444804 

1736654408 

34-6698716 

10-6324860 

•0008319468 

1203 

1447209 

1740992427 

34  -6842904 

10-6354338 

•0008312552 

1204 

1449616 

1745337664 

34-6987031 

10-6383799 

•0008305648 

1205 

1452025 

1749690125 

34-7131099 

10-6413244 

•0008298755 

1206 

1454436 

1754049816 

34-7275107 

10-6442672 

•0008291874 

1207 

1456849 

1758416743 

34-7419055 

10-6472085 

•0008285004 

1208 

1459264 

1762790912 

34-7562944 

10-6501480 

•0608278146 

1209 

1461681 

1767172329 

34-7706773 

10-6530860 

•0008271299 

1210 

1464100 

1771561000 

34-7850543 

10-6560223 

•000^264463 

1211 

1466521 

1775956931 

34-7994253 

10-6589570 

•0008257638 

1212 

1468944 

1780360128 

34-8137904 

10-6618902 

•0008250825 

1213 

1471369 

1784770597 

34-8281495 

10-6648217 

•0008244023 

1214 

1473796 

1789188344 

34-8425028 

10-6677516 

•0008237232 

1215 

1476225 

1793613375 

34-8568501 

10-6706799 

•0008230453 

1216 

1478656 

1798045696 

34-8711915 

10-6736066 

•0008223684 

1217 

1481089 

1802485313 

34-8855271 

10-6765317 

•0008216927 

1218 

1483524 

1806932232 

34-8998567 

10-6794552 

•0008210181 

1219 

1485961 

1811386459 

34-9141805 

10-6823771 

•0008203445 

1220 

1488400 

1815848000 

34-9284984 

10-6852973 

•0008196721 

1221 

1490841 

1820316861 

34-9428104 

10-6882160 

•0008190008 

NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


339 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1222 

1493284 

1824793048 

34-9571166 

10-6911331 

•0008183306 

1223 

1495729 

1829276567 

34-9714169 

10-6940486 

•0008176615 

1224 

1498176 

1833767424 

34-9857114 

10-6969625 

•0008169935 

1225 

1500625 

1838265625 

35-0000000 

10-6998748 

•0008163265 

1226 

1503076 

1842771176 

35-0142828 

10-7027855 

•0008156607 

1227 

1505529 

18472S4083 

35-0285598 

10-7056947 

•0008149959 

1228 

1507984 

1851804352 

35-0428309 

10-7086023 

•0008143322 

1229 

1510441 

1856331989 

35-0570963 

10-7115083 

•0008136696 

1230 

1512900 

1860867000 

35-0713558 

10-7144127 

•0008130081 

1231 

1515361 

1865409391 

35-0856096 

10-7173155 

•0008123477 

1232 

1517824 

1869959168 

35-0998575 

10-7202168 

•0008116883 

1233 

1520289 

1874516337 

35-1140997 

10-7231165 

•0008110300 

1234 

1522756 

1879080904 

35-1283361 

10-7260146 

•0008103728 

1235 

1525225 

1883652875 

35-1425668 

10-7289112 

•0008097166 

1236 

152769o 

1888232256 

35-1567917 

10-7318062 

•0008090615 

1237 

1530169 

1892819053 

35-1710108 

10-7346997 

•0008084074 

1238 

1532644 

1897413272 

35-1852242 

10-7375916 

•0008077544 

1239 

1535121 

1902014919 

35-1994318 

10-7404819 

•0008071025 

1240 

1537600 

1906624000 

35-2136337 

10-7433707 

•0008064516 

1241 

1540081 

1911240521 

35-2278299 

10-7462579 

•0008058018 

1242 

1542564 

1915864488 

35-2420204 

10-7491436 

•0008051530 

1243 

1545049 

1920495907 

35-2562051 

10-7520277 

•0008045052 

1244 

1547536 

1925134784 

35-2703842 

10-8549103 

•0008038585 

1245 

1550025 

1929781125 

35-2845575 

10-7577913 

•0008032129 

1246 

1552516 

1934434936 

35-2987252 

10-7606708 

•0008025682 

1247 

1555009 

1939096223 

35-3128872 

10-7635488 

•0008019246 

1248 

1557504 

1943764992 

35-3270435 

10-7664252 

•0008012821 

1249 

1560001 

1948441249 

35-3411941 

10-7693001 

•0008006405 

1250 

1562500 

1953125000 

35-3553391 

10-7721735 

•0008000000 

1251 

1565001 

1957816251 

35-3694784 

10-7750453 

•0007993605 

1252 

1567504 

1962515008 

35-3836120 

10-7779156 

•0007987220 

1253 

1570009 

1967221277 

35-3977400 

10-7807843 

•0007980846 

1254 

1572516 

1971935064 

35-4118624 

10-7836516 

•0007974482 

1255 

1575025 

1976656375 

35-4259792 

107865173 

•000796'8127 

1256 

1577536 

1981385216 

35-4400903 

10-7893815 

•0007961783 

1257 

1580049 

1986121593 

35-4541958 

10-7922441 

•0007955449 

1258 

1582564 

1990865512 

35-4682957 

10-7951053 

•0007949126 

1259 

1585081 

1995616979 

35-4823900 

10-7979649 

•0007942812 

1260 

1587600 

2000376000 

35-4964787 

10-8008230 

•0007936508 

1261 

1590121 

2005142581 

35-5105618 

10-80367971 

•0007930214 

1262 

1592644 

2009916728 

35-5246393 

10-8065348 

•0007923930 

1263 

1595169 

2014698447 

35-5387113 

10-8093884 

•0007917656 

1264 

1597696 

2019487744 

35-5527777 

10-8122404 

•0007911392 

1265 

1600225 

2024284625 

35-5668385 

10-8150909 

•0007905138 

1266 

1602756 

2029089096 

35-5808937 

10-8179400 

•0007898894 

1267 

1605289 

2033901163 

35-5949434 

10-8207876 

•0007892660 

1268 

1607824 

.2038720832 

35-6089876 

10-8236336 

•0007886435 

1269 

1610361 

2043548109 

35-6230262 

10-8264782 

•0007880221 

1270 

1612900 

2048383000 

35-6370593 

10-8293213 

•0007874016 

340 


NOTES    ON   HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1271 

1615441 

2053225511 

3;,  -6510869 

10-8321629 

•0007867821 

1272 

1617984 

2058075648 

35-6651090 

10-8350030 

•0007861635 

1273 

1620529 

2062933417 

35-6791255 

10-8378416 

•0007855460 

1274 

1623076 

2067798824 

35-6931366 

10-8406788 

•0007849294 

1275 

1625625 

2072671875 

35-7071421 

10-8435144 

•0007843137 

1276 

1628176 

2077552576 

35-7211422 

10-8463485 

•0007836991 

1277 

1630729 

2082440933 

35-7351367 

10-8491812 

•0007830854 

1278 

1633284 

2087336952 

35-7491258 

10-8520125 

•0007824726 

1279 

1635841 

2092240639 

35-7631095 

10-8548422 

•0007818608 

1280 

1638400 

2097152000 

35-7770876 

10-8576704 

•0007812500 

1281 

1640961 

2102071041 

35-7910603 

10-8604972 

•0007806401 

1282 

1643524 

2106997768 

35-8050276 

10-8633225 

•0007800312 

1283 

1646089 

2111932187 

35-8189894 

10-8661464 

•0007794232 

1284 

1648656 

2116874304 

35-8329457 

10-8689687 

•0007788162 

1285 

1651225 

2121824125 

35-8468966 

10-8717897 

•0007782101 

1286 

1653796 

2126781656 

35-8608421 

10-8746091 

•0007776050 

1287 

1656369 

2131746903 

35-8747822 

10-8774271 

•0007770008 

1288 

1658944 

2136719872 

35-8887169 

10-8802436 

•0007763975 

1289 

1661521 

2141700569 

35-9026461 

10-8830587* 

•0007757952 

1290 

1664100 

2146689000 

35-9165699 

10-8858723 

•0007751938 

1291 

1666681 

2151685171 

35-9304884 

10-8886845 

•0007745933 

1292 

1669264 

2156689088 

35-9444015 

10-8914952 

•0007739938 

1293 

1671849 

2161700757 

35-9583092 

10-8943044 

•0007733952 

1294 

1674436 

2166720184 

33-9722115 

10-8971123 

•0007727975 

1295 

1677025 

2171747375 

35-9861084 

10-8999186 

•0007722008 

1296 

1679616 

2176782336 

36-0000000 

10-9027235 

•0007716049 

1297 

1682209 

2181825073 

36-0138862 

10-9055269 

•0007710100 

1298 

1684804 

2186875592 

36-0277671 

10-9083290 

•0007704160 

1299 

1687401 

2191933899 

36-0416426 

10-9111296 

•0007698229 

1300 

1690000 

2197000000 

36-0555128 

10-9139287 

•0007692308 

1301 

1692601 

2202073901 

36-0693776 

10-9167265 

•0007686395 

1302 

1695204 

2207155608 

36-0832371 

10-9195228 

•0007680492 

1303 

1697809 

2212245127 

36-0970913 

10-9223177 

•0007674597 

1304 

1700416 

2217342464 

36-1109402 

10-9251111 

•0007668712 

1305 

1703025 

2222447625 

36-1247837 

10-9279031 

•0007662835 

1306 

1705636 

2227560616 

36-1386220 

10-9306937 

•0007656968 

1307 

1708249 

2232681443 

36-1524550 

10-9334829 

•0007651109 

1308 

1710864 

2237810112 

36-1662826 

10-9362706 

•0007645260 

1309 

1713481 

2242946629 

36-1801050 

10-9390569 

•0007639419 

1310 

1716100 

2248091000 

36-1939221 

10-9418418 

•0007633588 

1311 

1718721 

2253243231 

36-2077340 

10-9446253 

•0007627765 

1312 

1721344 

2258403328 

36-2215406 

10-9474074 

•0007621951 

1313 

1723969 

2263571297 

36-2353419 

10-9501880 

•0007616146 

1314 

1726596 

2268747144 

36-2491379 

10-9529673 

•0007610350 

1315 

1729225 

2273930875 

36-2629287 

10-9557451 

•0007604563 

1316 

1731856 

2279122496 

36-2767143 

10-9585215 

•0007598784 

1317 

1734489 

2284322013 

36-2904946 

10-9612965 

•0007593014 

1318 

1737124 

2289529432 

36-3042697 

10-9640701 

•0007587253 

1319 

1739761 

2294744759 

36-3180396 

10-9668423 

•0007581501 

NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


341 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1320 

1742400 

2299968000 

36-3318042 

10-9696131 

•0007575758 

1321 

1745041 

2305199161 

36-3455637 

10-9723825 

•0007570023 

1322 

1747684 

2310438248 

36-3593179 

10-9753505 

•0007564297 

1323 

1750329 

2315685267 

36-3730670 

10-9779171 

•0007558579 

1324 

1752976 

2320940224 

36-3868108 

10-9806823 

•0007552870 

1325 

1755625 

2326203125 

36-4005494 

10-9834462 

•0007547170 

1326 

1758276 

2331473976 

36-4142829 

10-9862086 

•0007541478 

1327 

1760929 

2336752783 

36-4280112 

10-9889696 

•0007535795 

1328 

1763584 

2342039552 

36-4417343 

10-9917293 

•0007530120 

1329 

1766241 

2347334289 

36-4554523 

10-9944876 

•0007524454 

1330 

1768900 

2352637000 

36-4691650 

10-9972445 

•0007518797 

1331 

1771561 

2357947691 

36-4828727 

11-0000000 

•0007513148 

1332 

1774224 

2363266368 

36-4965752 

11-0027541 

•0007507508 

1333 

1776889 

2368593037 

36-5102725 

11-0055069 

•&007501875 

1334 

1779556 

2373927704 

36-5239647 

11-0082583 

•0007496252 

1335 

1782225 

2379270375 

36-5376518 

11-0110082 

•0007490637 

1336 

1784896 

2384621056 

36-5513338 

11-0137569 

•0007485030 

1^37 

1787569 

2389979753 

36-5650106 

11-0165041 

•0007479432 

1338 

1790244 

2395346472 

36-5786823 

11-0192500 

•OC  07473842 

1339 

1792921 

2400721219 

36-5923489 

11-0219945 

•0007468260 

1340 

1795600 

2406104000 

36-6060104 

11-0247377 

•0007462687 

1341 

1798281 

2411494821 

36-6196668 

11-0274795 

•0007457122 

1342 

1800964 

2416893688 

36-6333181 

11-0302199 

•0007451565 

1343 

1803649 

2422300607 

36-6469644 

11-0329590 

•0007446016 

1344 

1806336 

2427715584 

36-6606056 

11-0356967 

•0007440476 

1345 

1809025 

2433138625 

36-6742416 

11-0384330 

•0007434944 

1346 

1811716 

2438569736 

36-6878726 

11-0411680 

•0007429421 

1347 

1814409 

2444008923 

36-7014986 

11-0439017 

•0007423905 

1348 

1817104 

2449456192 

36-7151195 

'11-0466339 

•0007418398 

1349 

1819801 

2454911549 

36-7287353 

11-0493649 

•0007412898 

1350 

1822500 

2460375000 

36-7423461 

11-0520945 

•0007407407 

1351 

1825201 

2465846551 

36-7559519 

11-0548227 

•0007401924 

1352 

1827904 

2471326208 

36-7695526 

11-0575497 

•0007396450 

1353 

1830609 

2476813977 

36-7831483 

11-0602752 

•0007390983 

1354 

1833316 

2482309864 

36-7967390 

11-0629994 

•0007385524 

1355 

1836025 

2487813875 

36-8103246 

11-0657222 

•0007380074 

1356 

1838736 

2493326016 

36-8239053 

11-0684437 

•0007374631 

1357 

1841449 

2498846293 

36-8374809 

11-0711639 

•0007369197 

1358 

1844164 

2504374712 

36-8510515 

11-0738828 

•0007363770 

1359 

1846881 

2509911279 

36-8646172 

11-0766003 

•0007358352 

1360 

1849600 

2515456000 

36-8781778 

11-0793165 

•0007352941 

1361 

1852321 

2521008881 

36-8917335 

11-0820314 

•0007347539 

1362 

1855044 

2526565928 

36-9052842 

11-0847449 

•0007342144 

1363 

1857769 

2532139147 

36-9188299 

11-0874571 

•0007336757 

1364 

1860496 

2537716544 

36-9323706 

11-0901679 

•0007331378 

1365 

1863225 

2543302125 

36-9459064 

11-0928775 

•0007326007 

1366 

1865956 

2548895896 

36-9594372 

11-0955857 

•0007320644 

1367 

1868689 

2554497863 

36-9729631 

11-0982926 

•0007315289 

1368 

1871424 

2560108032 

36-9864840 

11-1009982 

•0007309942 

NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cute 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1369 

1874161 

2565726409 

37-0000000 

11-1037025 

•0007304602 

1370 

1876900 

2571353000 

37-0135110 

11-1064054 

•0007299270 

1371 

1879641 

2576987811 

37-0270172 

11-1091070 

•0007293946 

1372 

1882384 

2582630848 

37-0405184 

11-1118073 

•0007288630 

1373 

1885129 

2588282117 

37-0540146 

11-1145064 

•0007283321 

1374 

1887876 

2593941624 

37-0675060 

11-1172041 

•0007278020 

1375 

1890625 

2599609375 

37-0809924 

11-1199004 

•0007272727 

1376 

1893376 

2605285376 

37-0944740 

11-1225955 

•0007267442 

1377 

1896129 

2610969633 

37-1079506 

11-1252893 

•0007262164 

1378 

1898884 

2616662152 

37-1214224 

11-1279817 

•0007256894 

1379 

1901641 

2622362939 

37-1348893 

11-1306729 

•0007251632 

1380 

1904400 

2628072000 

37-1483512 

11-13:33028 

•0007246377 

1381 

1907161 

2633789341 

37-1618084 

11-1360°514 

•000724L130 

1382 

1909924 

2639514968 

37-1752606 

11-1387386 

•0007235890 

1383 

1912689 

2645248887 

37-1887079 

11-1414246 

•0007230658 

1384 

1915456 

2650991104 

37-2021505 

11-1441093 

•0007225434 

1385 

1918225 

2656741625 

37-2155881 

11-1467926 

•0007220217 

1386 

1920996 

2662500456 

37-2290209 

11-1494747 

•0007215007 

1387 

1923769 

2668267603 

37-2424489 

11-1521555 

•0007209805 

1388 

1926544 

2674043072 

37-2558720 

11-1548350 

•0007204611 

1389 

1929321 

2679826869 

37-2692903 

11-1575133 

•0007199424 

1390 

1932100 

2685619000 

37-2827037 

11-1601903 

•0007194245 

1391 

1934881 

2691419471 

-37-2961124 

11-1628659 

•0007189073 

1392 

1937664 

2697228288 

37-3095162 

11-1655403 

•0007183908 

1393 

1940449 

2703045457 

37-3229152 

11-1682134 

•0007178751 

1394 

1943236 

2708870984 

37-3363094 

11-1708852 

•0007173601 

1395 

1946025 

2714704875 

37-3496988 

11-1735558 

•0007168459 

1396 

1948816 

2720547136 

37-3630834 

11-1762250 

•0007163324, 

1397 

1951609 

2726397773 

37-3764632 

11-1788930 

•0007158196 

1398 

1954404 

2732256792 

37*3898382 

11-1815598 

•0007153076 

1399 

1957201 

2738124199 

37-4032084 

11-1842252 

•0007147963 

1400 

1960000 

2744000000 

37-4165738 

11-1868894 

•0007142857 

1401 

1962801 

2749884201 

37-4299345 

11-1895523 

•0007137759 

1402 

1965604 

2755776808 

37-4432904 

11-1922139 

•0007132668 

1403 

1968409 

2761677827 

37-4566416 

11-1948743 

•0007127584 

1404 

1971216 

2767587264 

37-4699880 

11-1975334 

•0007122507 

1405 

1974025 

2773505125 

37-4833296 

11-2001913 

•0007117438 

1406 

1976836 

2779431416 

37-4966665 

11-2028479 

•0007112376 

1407 

1979649 

2785366143 

37'5099987 

11-2055032 

•0007107321 

1408 

1982464 

2791309312 

37'5233261 

11-2081573 

•0007102273 

1409 

1985281 

2797260929 

37*5366487 

11-2108101 

•0007097232 

1410 

1988100 

2803221000 

37-5499667 

11-2134617 

•0007092199 

1411 

1990921 

2809189531 

37*5632799 

11-2161120 

•0007087172 

1412 

1993744 

2815166528 

37-5765885 

11-2187611 

•0007082153 

1413 

1996569 

2821151997 

37-5898922 

11-2214089 

•0007077141 

1414 

1999396 

2827145944 

37:6031913 

11-2240554 

•0007072136 

1415 

2002225 

2833148375 

37-6164857 

11-2267007 

•0007067138 

1416 

2005056 

2839159296 

37-6297754 

11-2293448 

•0007062147 

1417 

2007889 

2845178713 

37-6430604 

11-2319876 

•0007057163 

NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


343 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1418 

2010724 

2851206632 

37-6563407 

11-2346292 

•0007052186 

1419 

2013561 

2857243059 

37-6696164 

11-2372696 

•0007047216 

1420 

2016400 

2863288000 

37-6828874 

11-2399087 

•0007042254 

1421 

2019241 

2869341461 

37-6961536 

11-2425465 

•0007037298 

1422 

2022084 

2875403448 

37-7094153 

11-2451831 

•0007032349 

1423 

2024929 

2881473967 

37-7226722 

11-2478185 

•0007027407 

1424 

2027776 

2887553024 

87-7359245 

11-2504527 

•0007022472 

1425 

2030625 

2893640625 

37-7491722 

11-2530856 

•0007017644 

1426 

2033476 

2899736776 

37-7624152 

11-2557173 

•0007012623 

1427 

2036329 

2905841483 

37-7756535 

11-2583478 

•0007007708 

1428 

2039184 

2911954752 

37-7888873 

11-2609770 

•0007002801 

1429 

2042041 

29180765^9 

37-8021163 

11-2636050 

•0006997901 

1430 

2044900 

2924207000 

37-8153408 

11-2662318 

•0006993007 

1431 

2047761 

2930345991 

37-8285606 

11-2688573 

•0006988120 

1432 

2050624 

2936493568 

37-8417759 

11-2714816 

•0006983240 

1433 

2053489 

2942649737 

37-8549864 

11-2741047 

•0006978367 

1434 

2056356 

.2948814504 

37-8681924 

11-2767266 

•0006973501 

1435 

2059225 

2954987875 

37-8813938 

11-2793472 

.•0006968641 

1436 

2062096 

2961169866 

37-8945906 

11-2819666 

•0006963788 

1437 

2064969 

2967360453 

37-9077828 

11-2845849 

•0006958942 

1438 

2067844 

2973559672 

37-9209704 

11-2872019 

•0006954103 

1439 

2070721 

2979767510 

37-9341535 

11-2898177 

•0006949270 

1440 

2073600 

2985984000 

37-9473319 

11-2924323 

•0006944444 

1441 

2076481 

2992209121 

37-9605058 

11-2950457 

•0006939625 

1442 

2079364 

2998442888 

37-9736751 

11-2976579 

•0006934813 

1443 

2082249 

3004685307 

37-9868398 

11-3002688 

•0006930007 

1444 

2085136 

3010936384 

38-0000000 

11-3028786 

•0006925208 

1445 

2088025 

3017196125 

38-0131556 

11-3054871 

•0006920415 

1446 

2090916 

3023464536 

38-0263067 

11-3080945 

•0006915629 

1447 

2093809 

3029741623 

38-0394532 

11-3107006 

•0006910850 

1448 

2096704 

3036027392 

38-0525952 

11-3133056 

•0006906078 

1449 

2099601 

3042321849 

38-0657326 

11-3159094 

•0006901312 

1460 

2102500 

3048625000 

38-0788655 

11-3185119 

•0006896552 

1451 

2105401 

3054936851 

38-0919939 

11-3211132 

•0006891799 

1452 

2108304 

3061257408 

38-1051178 

11-3237134 

•0006887052 

1453 

2111209 

3067586677 

38-1182371 

11-3263124 

•0006882312 

1454 

2114116 

3073924664 

38-1313519 

11-3289102 

•0006877579 

1455 

2117025 

3080271375 

38-1444622 

11-3315067 

•0006872852 

1456 

2119936 

3086626816 

38-1575681 

11-3341022 

•0006868132 

1457 

2122849 

3092990993 

38-1706693 

11-3366964 

•0006863418 

1458 

2125764 

3099363912 

38-1837662 

11-3392894 

•0006858711 

1459 

2128681 

3105745579 

38-1968585 

11-3418813 

•0006854010 

1460 

2131600 

3112136000 

.  38-2099463 

11-3444719 

•0006849315 

1461 

2134521 

3118535181 

38-2230297 

11-3470614 

•0006844627 

1462 

2137444 

3124943128 

38-2361085 

11-3496497 

•0006839945 

1463 

2140369 

3131359847 

38-2491829 

11-3522368 

•0006835270 

1464 

2143296 

3137785344 

38-2622529 

11-3548227 

•0006830601 

1465 

2146225 

3144219625 

38-2753184 

11-3574075 

•0006825939 

146G 

2149156 

3150662696 

38-2883794 

11-3599911 

•0006821282 

344 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1467 

2152089 

3157114563 

38-3014360 

11-3625735 

•0006816633 

1468 

2155024 

3163575232 

38-3144881 

11-3651547 

•0006811989 

1469 

2157961 

3170044709 

38-3275358 

11-3677347 

•0006807352 

1470 

216Q900 

3176523000 

38-3405790 

11-3703136 

•0006802721 

1471 

2163841 

3183010111 

38-3536178 

11-3728914 

•0006798097 

1472 

2166784 

3189506048 

38-3666522 

11-3754679 

•0006793478 

1473 

2169729 

3169010817 

38-3796821 

11-3780433 

•0006788866 

1474 

2172676 

3202524424 

38-3927076 

11-3806175 

•0006784261 

1475 

2175625 

3209046875 

38-4057287 

11-3831906 

•0006779661 

1476 

2178576 

3215578176 

38-4187454 

11-3857625 

•0006775068 

1477 

2181529 

3222118333 

38-4317577 

11-3883332 

•0006770481 

1478 

2184484 

3228667352 

88-4447656 

11-3909028 

•0006765900 

1479 

2187441 

3235225239 

38-4577691 

11-3934712 

•0006761325 

1480 

2190400 

3241792000 

38-4707681 

11-3960384 

•0006756757 

1481 

2193361 

3248367641 

38-4837627 

11-3986045 

•0006752194 

1482 

2196324 

3254952168 

38-4967530 

11-4011695 

•0006747638 

1483 

2199289 

3261545587 

38-5097390 

11-4037332 

•0006743088 

1484 

2202256 

3268147904 

38-5227206 

11-4062959 

•0006738544 

1485 

2205225 

3274759125 

38-5356977 

11-4088574 

•0006734007 

1486 

2208196 

3281379256 

38-5486705 

11-4114177 

•0006729475 

1487 

2211169 

3288008303 

88-5616389 

il-4139769 

•0006724950 

1488 

2214144 

3294646272 

38-5746030 

11-4165349 

•0006720430 

1489 

2217121 

3301293169 

38-5875627 

11-4190918 

•0006715917 

1490 

2220100 

3307949000 

38-6005181 

11-4216476 

•0006711409 

1491 

2223081 

3314613771 

38-6134691 

11-4242022 

•0006706908 

1492 

2226064 

3321287488 

38-6264158 

11-4267556 

•0006702413 

1493 

2229049 

3327970157 

38-6393582 

11-4293079 

•0006697924 

1494 

2232036 

3334661784 

38-6522962 

11-4318591 

•0006693440 

1495 

2235025 

3341362375 

38-6652299 

11-4344092 

•0006688963 

1496 

2238016 

3348071936 

38-6781593 

11-4369581 

•0006684492 

1497 

2241009 

3354790473 

38-6910843 

11-4395059 

•0006680027 

1498 

2244004 

3361517992 

38-7040050 

11-4420525 

•0006675^67 

1499 

2247001 

3368254499 

38-7169214 

11-4445980 

•0006671114 

1500 

2250000 

3375000000 

38-7298335 

11-4471424 

•0006666667 

1501 

2253001 

3381754501 

38-7427412 

11-4496857 

•0006662225 

1502 

2256004 

3388518008 

38-7556447 

11-4522278 

•0006657790 

1503 

2259009 

3395290527 

38-7685439 

11-4547688 

•0006643360 

1504 

2262016 

3402072064 

38-7814389 

11-4573087 

•0006648936 

1505 

2265025 

3408862625 

38-7943294 

11-4598474 

•0006644518 

1506 

2268036 

3415662216 

38-8072158 

11-4623850 

•0006640106 

1507 

2271049 

3422470843 

38-8200978 

11-4649215 

•0006635700 

1508 

2274064 

3429288512 

38-8329757 

11-4674568 

•0006631300 

1509 

2277081 

3436115229 

38-8458491 

11-4699911 

•0006626905 

1510 

2280100 

3442951000 

38-8587184 

11-4725242 

•0006622517 

1511 

2283121 

8449795831 

38-8715834 

11-4750562 

•0006618134 

1512 

2286144 

3456649728 

38-8844442 

11-4775871 

•0006613757 

1513 

2289169 

3463512697 

38-8973006 

11-4801169 

•0006609385 

1514 

2292196 

3470384744 

38-9101529 

11-4826455 

-0006605020 

1515 

2295225 

3477265875 

38-9230009 

11-4851731 

•0006600660 

NOTES  o>r  HYDRAULICS. 


345 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1516 

2298256 

3484156096 

38-9358447 

11-4876995 

•0006596306 

1517 

2301289 

3491055413 

38-9486841 

11-4902249 

•0006591958 

1518 

2304324 

3497963832 

38-9615194 

11-4927491 

•0006587615 

1519 

2307361 

3504881359 

38-9743505 

11-4952722 

•0006583278 

1520 

2310400 

3511808000  • 

38-9871774 

11-4977942 

•0006578947 

1521 

2313441 

3518743761 

39-0000000 

11-5003151 

•0006574622 

1522 

2316484 

3525688648 

39-0128184 

11-5028348 

^0006570302 

1523 

2319529 

3532642667 

39-0256326 

11-5053535 

•0006565988 

1524 

2322576 

3539605824 

39-0384426 

11-5078711 

•0006561680 

1525 

2325625 

3546578125 

39-0512483 

11-5103876 

•0006557377 

1526 

2328676 

3553559576 

39-0640499 

11-5129030 

•0006553080 

1527 

2331729 

3560550183 

39-0768473 

11-5154173 

•0006548788 

1528 

2334784 

-3567549952 

39-0896406 

11-5179305 

•0006544503 

1529 

2337841 

3574558889 

39-1024296 

11-5204425 

•0006540222 

1530 

2340900 

3581577000 

39-1152144 

11-5229535 

•0006535948 

1531 

2343961 

3588604291 

39-1279951 

11-5254634 

•0006531679 

1532 

2347024 

3595640768 

39-1407716 

11-5279722 

•0006527415 

1533 

2350089 

3602686437 

39-1535439 

11-5304799 

•0006523157 

1534 

2353156 

3609741304 

39-1663120 

11-5329865 

•0006518905 

1535 

2356225 

3616805375 

39-1790760 

11-5354920 

•0006514658 

1536 

2359296 

3623878656 

39-1918359 

11-5379965 

•0006510417 

1537 

2362369 

3630961153 

39-2045915 

11-5404998 

•0006506181 

1538 

2365444 

3638052872 

39-2173431 

11-5430021 

•0006501951 

1539 

2368521 

3645153819 

39-2300905 

11-5455033 

•0006497726 

1540 

2371600 

36522C4000 

39-2428337 

11-5480034 

•0006493506 

1541 

2374681 

3659383421 

39-2555728 

11-5505025 

•0006489293 

1542 

2377764 

3666512088 

39-2683078 

11-5530004 

•0006485084 

1543 

2380849 

3673650007 

39-2810387 

11  -5554973 

•0006480S81 

1544 

2383936 

3680797184 

39-2937654 

11-5579931 

•0006476684 

1545 

2387025 

3687953625 

39-3064880 

11-5604878 

•0006472492 

1546 

2390116 

3695119336 

39-3192065 

11-5629815 

•0006468305 

1547 

2393209 

3702294323 

39-3319208 

11-5654740 

•0006464124 

1548 

2396304 

3709478592 

39-3446311 

11-5679655 

•0006459948 

1549 

2399401 

3716672149 

39-3573373 

11-5704559 

•0006455778 

1550 

2402500 

3723875000 

39-3700394 

11-5729453 

•0006451613 

1551 

2405601 

3731087151 

39-3827373 

11-5754336 

•0006447453 

1552 

2408704 

3738308608 

39-3954312 

11-5779208 

•0006443299 

1553 

2411809 

3745539377 

39-4081210 

11-5804069 

•0006439150 

1554 

2414916 

3752779464 

39-4208067 

11-5828919 

•0006435006 

1555 

2418025 

3760028875 

39-4334883 

11-5853759 

•0006430868 

1556 

2421136 

3767287616 

39-4461658 

11-5878588 

•0006426735 

1557 

2424249 

3774555693 

39-4588393 

11-5903407 

•0006422608 

1558 

2427364 

3781833112 

39-4715087 

11-5928215 

•0006418485 

1559 

2430481 

3789119879 

39-4841740 

11-5953013 

•0006414368 

1560 

2433600 

3796416000 

39-4968353 

11-5977799 

•OOOG410256 

1561 

2436721 

3803721481 

39-5094925 

11-6002576 

•0006406150 

1562 

2439844 

3811036328 

39-5221457 

11-6027342 

•0006402049 

1563 

2442969 

3818360547 

39-5347948 

11-6052097 

•0006397953 

1564 

2446096 

3825694144 

39-5474399 

11-6076841 

•0006393862 

346 


NOTES    ON   HYDRAULICS. 


Ko. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1565 

2449225 

3833037125 

39-5600809 

11-6101575 

•0006389776 

1566 

2452356 

3840389496 

39-5727179 

11-6126299 

•0006385696 

1567 

2455489 

3847751263 

39-5853508 

11-6151012 

•0006381621 

1568 

2458624 

3855122432 

39-5979797 

11-6175715 

•0006377551 

1569 

2461761 

3862503009 

39-6106046 

11-6200407 

•0006373486 

1570 

2464900 

3869893000 

39-6232255 

11-6225088 

•0006369427 

1571 

2468041 

3877292411 

39-6358424 

11-6249759 

•0006365372 

1572 

2471184 

3884701248 

39-6484552 

11-6274420 

•0006361323 

1573 

2474329 

3892119517 

39-6610640 

11-6299070 

•0006357279 

1574 

2477476 

3899547224 

39-673Q688 

11-6323710 

•0006353240 

1575 

2480625 

3906984375 

39-6862696 

11-6348339 

•0006349026 

1576 

2483776 

3914430976 

39-6988665 

11-6372957 

•0006345178 

1577 

2486929 

3921887033 

39-7114593 

11  -6397566 

•0006341154 

1578 

2490084 

3929352552 

39-7240481 

11-6422164 

•0006337336 

1579 

2493241 

3936827539 

39-7366329 

11-6446751 

•0006333122 

1580 

2496400 

3944312000 

39-7492138 

11-6471329 

•0006329114 

1581 

2499561 

3951805941 

39-7617907 

11-6495895 

•0006325111 

1582 

2502724 

3959309368 

39-7743636 

11-6520452 

•0006321113 

1583 

2505889 

3966822287 

39-7869325 

11-6544998 

•0006317119 

1584 

2509056 

3974344704 

39-7994975 

11-6569534 

•0006343131 

1585 

2512225 

3981876625 

39-8120585 

11-6594059 

•0006309148 

1586 

2515396 

3989418056 

39-8246155 

11-6618574 

•0006305170 

1587 

2518569 

3996969003 

39-8371686 

11-6643079 

•0006301197 

1588 

2521744 

4004529472 

39-8497177 

11-6667574 

•0006297229 

1589 

2524921 

4012099469 

39-8622628 

11-6692058 

•0006293266 

1590 

2528100 

4019679000 

39-8748040 

11-6716532 

•0006289308 

1591 

2531281 

4027268071 

39-8873413 

11-6740996 

•0006285355 

1592 

2534464 

4034866688 

39-8998747 

11  -6765449 

•0006281407 

1593 

2537649 

4042474857 

39-9124041 

11-6789892 

•0006277464 

1594 

2540836 

4050092584 

39-9249295 

11-6814325 

•0006273526 

1595 

2544025 

4057719875 

39-9374511 

11-6838748 

-0006269592 

1596 

2547216 

4065356736 

39-9499687 

11-6863161 

•0006265664 

1597 

2550409 

4073003173 

39-9624824 

11-6887563 

•0006261741 

1598 

2553604 

4080659192 

39-9749922 

11-6911955 

•0006257822 

1599 

2556801 

4088324799 

39-9874980 

11-6936337 

•0006253909 

1600 

2560000 

4096000000 

40-0000000 

11-6960709 

•0006250000 

1601 

2563201 

4103684801 

40-0124980 

11-6985071 

•0006246096 

1602 

2566404 

4111379208 

40-0249922 

11-7009422 

•0006242197 

1603 

2569609 

4119083227 

40-0374824 

11-7033764 

•0006238303 

1604 

2572816 

4326796864 

40-0499688 

11-7058095 

•0006234414 

1605 

2576025 

4134520125 

40-0624512 

11-7082417 

•0006230530 

1606 

2579236 

4142253016 

40-0749298 

11-7106728 

•0006226650 

1607 

2582449 

4149995543 

40-0874045 

11-7131029 

•0006222775 

1608 

2585664 

4157747712 

40-0998753 

11-7155320 

•0006218905 

1609 

2588881 

4165509529 

40-1123423 

11-7179601 

•0006215040 

1610 

2592100 

4173281000 

40-1248053 

11-7203872 

•0006211180 

16-11 

2595321 

4181062131 

40-1372645 

11-7228133 

•0006207325 

1612 

2598544 

4188852928 

40-1497198 

11-7252384 

•0006203474 

1613 

2601769 

4196653397 

40-1621713 

11-7276625 

•0006199628 

NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


347 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciproca. 

1614 

2604996 

4204463544 

40-1746188 

11-7300855 

•0006195787 

1615 

2608225 

4212283375 

40-1870626 

11-7325076 

•0006191950 

1616 

2611456 

4220112896 

40-1995025 

11-7349286 

•0006188119 

1617 

2614689 

4227952113 

40-2119385 

11-7373487 

•0006184292 

1618 

2617924 

4235801032 

40-2243707 

11-7397677 

•0006180470 

1619 

2621161 

4243659659 

40-2367990 

11-7421858 

•0006176652 

1620 

2624400 

4251528000 

40-2492236 

11-7446029 

•0006172840 

1621 

2627641 

4259406061 

40-2616443 

11-7470190 

•0006169031 

1622 

2630884 

4267293848 

40-2740611 

11-7494341 

•0006165228 

1623 

2634129 

4275191367 

40-2864742 

11-7518482 

•0006161429 

1624 

2637376 

4283098624 

40-2988834 

11-7542613 

•0006157635 

1625 

2640625 

4291015625 

40-3112888 

11-7566734 

•0006153846 

1626 

2643876 

4298942376 

40-3236903 

11-7590846 

•0006150062 

1627 

2647129 

4306878883 

40-3360881 

11-7614947 

•0006146282 

1628 

2650384 

4314825152 

40-3484820 

11-7639039 

•0006142506 

1629 

2653641 

4322781189 

40-3608721 

11-7663121 

•0006138735 

1630 

2656900 

4330747000 

40-3732585 

11-7687193 

•0006134969 

1631 

2660161 

4338722591 

40-3856410 

11-7711255 

•0006131208 

1632 

2663424 

4346707968 

40-3980198 

11-7735306 

•0006127451 

1633 

2666689 

4354703137 

40-4103947 

11-7759349 

•0006123699 

1634 

2669956 

4362708104 

40-4227658 

11-7783381 

•0006119951 

1635 

2673225 

4370722875 

40-4351332 

11-7807404 

•0006116208 

1636 

2676496 

4378747456 

40-4474968 

11-7831417 

•0006112469 

1637 

2679769 

4386781853 

40-4598566 

11-7855420 

•0006108735 

1638 

2683044 

4394826072 

40-4722127 

11-7879414 

•0006105006 

1639 

2686321 

4402880119 

40-4845649 

11-7903397 

•0006101281 

1640 

2689600 

4410944000 

40-4969135 

11-7927371 

•0006097561 

1641 

2692881 

4419017721 

40-5092582 

11-7951335 

•0006093845 

1642 

2696164 

4427101288 

40-5215992 

11-7975289 

•0006090134 

1643 

2699449 

4435194707 

40-5339364 

11-7999234 

•0006086427 

1644 

2702736 

4443297984 

40-5462699 

11-8023169 

•0006082725 

1645 

2706025 

4451411125 

40-5585996 

11-8047094 

•0006079027 

1646 

2709316 

4459534136 

40-5709255 

11-8071010 

•0006075334 

1647 

2712609 

4467667023 

40-5832477 

11-8094916 

•0006071645 

1648 

2715904 

447"5809792 

40-5955663 

11-8118812 

•0006067961 

1649 

2719201 

4483962449 

40-6078810 

11-8142698 

•0006064281 

1650 

2722500 

4492125000 

40-6201920 

11-8166576 

•0006060606 

1651 

2725801 

4500297451 

40-6324993 

11-8190443 

^0006056935 

1652 

2729104 

4508479808. 

40-6448029 

11-8214301 

•0006053269 

1653 

2732409 

4516672077 

40-6571027 

11-8238149 

•0006049607 

1654 

2735716 

4524874264 

40-6693988 

11-8261987 

•0006045949 

1655 

2739025 

4533086375 

40-6816912 

11-8285816 

•0006042296 

1656 

2742336 

4541308416  ' 

40-6939799 

11-8309634 

•0006038647 

1657 

2745649 

4549540393 

40-7062648 

11-8333444 

•0006035003 

1658 

2748964 

4557782312 

40-7185461 

11-8357244 

•0006031363 

1659 

2752281 

4566034179 

40-7308237 

11-8381034 

•0006027728 

1660 

2755600 

4574296000 

40-7430976 

11-8404815 

•0006024096 

1661 

2758921 

4582567781 

40-7553677 

11-8428586 

•0006020470 

1662 

2762244 

4590849528 

40-7676342 

11-8452348 

•0006016847 

348 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1663 

2765569 

4599141247 

40-7798970 

11-8476100 

•0006013229 

1664 

2768896 

4607442994 

40-7921561 

11-8499843 

•0006009615 

1665 

2772225 

4615754625 

40-8044115 

.  11-8523576 

•0006006006 

1666 

2775556 

4624076296 

40-8166633 

11-8547299 

•0006002401 

1667 

2778889 

4632407963 

40-8289113 

11-8571014 

•0005998800 

1668 

2782224 

4640749632 

40-8411557 

11-8594719 

•0005995204 

1669 

2785561 

4649101309 

40-8533964 

11-8618414 

•0005991612 

1670 

27B8900 

4657463000 

40-8656335 

11-8642100 

•0005988024 

1671 

2792241 

4665834711 

40-8778669 

11-8665776 

•0005984440 

1672 

2795584 

4674216448 

40-8900966 

11-8689443 

•0005980861 

1673 

2798929 

4682608217 

40-9023227 

11-8713100 

•0005977286 

1674 

2802276 

4691010024 

40-9145451 

11-8736748 

•0005973716 

1675 

2805625 

4699421875 

40-9267638 

11-8760387 

•0005970149 

1676 

2808976 

4707843776 

40-9389790 

11-8784016 

'0005966587 

1677 

2812329 

4716275733 

40-9511905 

11-8807636 

•0005963029 

1678 

2815684 

4724717752 

40-9633983 

11-8831246 

•0005959476 

1679 

2819041 

4733169839 

40-9756025 

11  -8854847 

•0005955926 

1680 

2822400 

4741632000 

40-9878031 

11-8878439 

•0005952381 

1681 

2825761 

4750104241 

41*0000000 

11-8902022' 

•0005948840 

1682 

2829124 

4758586568 

41-0121933 

11-8925595 

•0005945303 

1683 

2832489 

4767078987 

41-0243830 

11-8949159 

•0005941771 

1684 

2835856 

4775581504 

41-0365691 

11-8972713 

•0005938242 

1685 

2839225 

4784094125 

41-0487515 

11-8996258 

•0005934718 

1686 

2842596 

4792616856 

41-0609303 

11-9019793 

•0005931198 

1687 

2845969 

4801149703 

41-0731055 

11-9043319 

•0005927682 

lt>88 

2849344 

4809692672 

41-0852772 

11-9066836 

•0005924171 

1689 

2852721 

4818245769 

41^0974452 

11-9090344 

•0005920663 

1690 

2856100 

4826809000 

41-1096096 

11-9113843 

•0005917160 

1691 

2359481 

4835382371 

41-1217704 

11-9137332 

•0005913661 

1692 

2862864 

4843965888 

41-1339276 

11-9160812 

•0005910165 

1693 

2866249 

4852559557 

41-1460812 

11-9184283 

•0005906675 

1694 

2869636 

4861163384 

41-1582313 

11-9207744 

'0005903188 

1695 

2873025 

4869777375 

41-1703777 

11-9231196 

•0005899705 

1696 

2876416 

4878401536 

41-1825206 

11*9254639 

•0005896226 

1697 

2879809 

4887035873 

41-1946599 

11-9278073 

•0005892752 

1698 

2883204 

4895680392 

41-2067956 

11-9301497 

•0005889282 

1699 

2886601 

4904335099 

41-2189277 

11-9324913 

•0005885815 

1700 

2890000 

4913000000 

41-2310563 

11-9348319 

•0005882353 

1701 

2893401 

4921675101 

41-2431812 

11-9371716 

•0005878895 

1702 

2896804 

4930360408 

41-2553027 

11'9395104 

•0005875441 

1703 

2900209 

4939055927 

41-2674205 

11-9418482 

•0005871991 

1704 

2903616 

4947761664 

41-2795349 

11-9441852 

•0005868545 

1705 

2907025 

4956477625 

41-2916456 

11-9465213 

•0005865103 

1706 

2910436 

4965203816 

41-3037529 

11-9488564 

•0005861665 

1707 

2913849 

4973940243 

41-3158565 

11-9511906 

•0005858231 

1708 

2917264 

4982686912 

41-3279566 

11-9535239 

•0005854801 

1709 

2920681 

4991443829 

41-3400532 

11-9558563 

•0005851375 

1710 

2924100 

5000211000 

41-3521463 

11-9581878 

•0005847953 

1711 

2927521 

5008988431 

41-3642358 

11-9605184 

•0005844535 

NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


349 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1712 

2930944 

5017776128 

41-3763217 

11-9628481 

•0005841121 

1713 

2934369 

5026574097 

41-3884042 

11-9651768 

•0005837712 

1714 

2937796 

5035382344 

41-4004831 

11-9675047 

•0005834306 

1715 

2941225 

5044200875 

41-4125585 

11-9698317 

•0005830904 

1716 

2944656 

5053029696 

41-424630* 

11-9721577 

•0005827506 

1717 

2948089 

5061868813 

41-4366987 

11-9744829 

•0005824112 

1718 

2951524 

5070718232 

41-4487636 

11-9768071 

•0005820722 

1719 

2954961 

5079577959 

41-4608249 

11-9791304 

•0005817336 

1720 

2958400 

5088448000 

41-4728827 

11-9814528 

•0005813953 

1721 

2961841 

5097328361 

41-4849370 

11-9837744 

•0005810575 

1722 

2965284 

5106219048 

41-4969878 

11-9860950 

•0005807201 

1723 

2968729 

5115120067 

41-5090351 

11-9884148 

•0005803831 

1724 

2972176 

5124031424 

41-5210790 

11-9907336 

•0005800464 

1725 

2975625 

5132953125 

41-5331193 

11-9930516 

•0005797101 

1726 

2979076 

5141885176 

41-5451561 

11-9953686 

•0005793743 

1727 

2982529 

5150827583 

41-5571895 

11-9976848 

•0005790388 

1728 

2985984 

5159780352 

41-5692194 

12-0000000 

•0005787037 

1729 

2989441 

5168743489 

41-5812457 

12-0023144 

•0005783690 

1730 

2992900 

5177717000 

41-5932686 

12-0046278 

•0005780347 

1731 

2996361 

5186700891 

41-6052881 

12-0069404 

•0005777008 

1732 

2999824 

5195695168 

41-6173041 

12-0092521 

•0005773672 

1733 

3003289 

5204699837 

41-6293166 

12-0115629 

•0005770340 

1734 

3006756 

5213714904 

41-6413256 

12-0138728 

•0005767013 

1735 

3010225 

5222740375 

41-6533312 

12-0161818 

•0005763689 

1736 

3013696 

5231776256 

41-6653333 

12-0184900 

•0005760369 

1737 

3017169 

5240822553 

41-6773319 

12-0207973 

•0005757052 

1738 

3020644 

5249879272 

41-6893271 

12-0231037 

•0005753740 

1739 

3024121 

5258946419 

41-7013189 

12-0254092 

•0005750431 

1740 

3027600 

5268024000 

41-7133072 

12-0277138 

•0005747126 

1741 

3031081 

5277112021 

41-7252921 

12-0300175 

•(0005743825 

1742 

3034564 

5286210488 

41-7372735 

12-0323204 

•0005740528 

1743 

3038049 

5295319407 

41-7492515 

12-0346223 

•0005737235 

1744 

3041536 

5304438784 

41-7612260 

12-0369233 

•0005733945 

1745 

3045025 

5313568625 

41-7731971 

12-0392235 

•0005730659 

1746 

3048516 

5322708936 

417851648 

12-0415229 

•0005727377 

1747 

3052009 

5331859723 

41-7971291 

12-0438213 

•0005724098 

1748 

3055504 

5341020992 

41-8090899 

12-0461189 

•0005720824 

1749 

3059001 

5350192749 

41-8210473 

12-0484156 

•0005717553 

1750 

3062500 

5359375000 

41-8330013 

12-0507114 

•0005714286 

1751 

3066001 

5368567751 

41-8449519 

12-0530063 

•0005711022 

1752 

3069504 

5377771008 

41-8568991 

12-0553003 

•0005707763 

1753 

3073009 

5386984777 

41-8688428 

12-0575935 

•0005704507 

1754 

3076516 

5396209064 

41-8807832 

12-0598859 

•0005701254 

1755 

3080025 

5405443875 

41-8927201 

12-0621773 

•0005698006 

1756 

3083536 

5414689216 

41-9046537 

12-0644679 

•0005694761 

1757 

3087049 

5423945093 

41-9165838 

12-0667576 

•0005691520 

1758 

3090564 

5433211512 

41-9285106 

12-0690464 

•0005688282 

1759 

3094081 

5442488479 

41-9404339 

12-0713344 

•0005685048 

1760 

3097600 

5451776000 

41-9523539 

12-0736215 

•0005681818 

350 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1761 

3101121 

5461074081 

41-9642705 

12-0759077 

•0005678592 

1762 

3104644 

5470382728 

41-9761837 

12-0781930 

•0005675369 

1763 

3108169 

5479701947 

41-9880935 

12-0804775 

•0005672150 

1764 

3111696 

5489031744 

42-0000000 

12-0827612 

•0005668934 

1765 

3115225 

5498372125 

42-0119031 

12-0850439 

•0005665722 

1766 

3118756 

5507723096 

42-0238028 

12-0873258 

•0005662514 

1767 

3122289 

5517084663 

42-0356991 

12-0896069 

•0005659310 

1768 

3125824 

5526456832 

42-0475921 

12-0918870 

•0005656109 

1769 

3129361 

5535839609 

42-0594817 

12-0941664 

•0005652911 

1770 

3132900 

5545233000 

42-0713679 

12-0964449 

•0005649718 

1771 

3136441 

5554637011 

42-0832508 

12-0987226 

•0005646527 

1772 

3139984 

5564051648 

42-0951304 

12-1009993 

•0005643341 

1773 

3143529 

5573476917 

42-1070065 

12-1032753 

•0005640158 

1774 

3147076 

5582912824 

42-1188794 

12-1055503 

•0005636979 

1775 

3150625 

5592359375 

42-1307488 

12-1078245 

•0005633803 

1776 

3154176 

5601816576 

42-1426150 

12-1100979 

•0005630631 

1777 

3157729 

5611284433 

42-1544778 

121123704 

•0005627462 

1778 

3161284 

5620762952 

42-1663373 

12-1146420 

•0005624297 

1779 

3164841 

5630252139 

42-1781934 

12-116912a 

•0005621135 

1780 

3168400 

5639752000 

42-1900462 

12-1191827 

•0005617978 

1781 

3171961 

5649262541 

42-2018957 

12-1214518 

•0005614823 

1782 

3175524 

5658783768 

42-2137418 

12-1237200 

•0005611672 

1783 

3179089 

5668315687 

42-2255846 

12-1259874 

•0005608525 

1784 

31S2656 

5677858304 

42-2374242 

12-1282539 

•0005605381 

1785 

3186225 

5687411625 

42-2492603 

12-1305197 

•0005602241 

1786 

3189796 

5696975656 

42-2610932 

12-1327845 

•0005599104 

1787 

3193369 

5706550403 

42-2729227 

12-1350485 

•0005595971 

1788 

3196944 

5716135872 

42-2847490 

12-1373117 

•0005592841 

1789 

3200521 

5725732069 

42-2965719 

12-1395740 

•0005589715 

1790 

3204100 

5735339000 

42-3083916 

12-1418355 

•0005586592 

1791 

3207681 

5744956671 

42-3202079 

12-1440961 

•0005583473 

1792 

3211264 

5754585088 

42-3320210 

12-1463559 

•0005580357 

1793 

3214849 

5764224257 

42-3438307 

12-1486148 

•0005577245 

1794 

3218436 

5773874184 

42-3556371 

12-1508729 

•0005574136 

1795 

3222025 

5783534875 

42-3674403 

12-1531302 

•0005571031 

1796 

3225616 

5793206336 

42-3792402 

12-1553866 

•0005567929 

1797 

3229209 

5802888573 

42-3910368 

12-1576422 

•0005564830 

1798 

3232804 

5812581592 

42-4028301 

12-1598970 

•0005561735 

1799 

3236401 

5822285399 

42-4146201 

12-1621509 

•0005558644 

1800 

3240000 

5832000000 

42-4264069 

12-1644040 

•0005555556 

1801 

3243601 

5841725401 

42-4381903 

12-1666562 

•0005552471 

1802 

3247204 

5851461608 

42-4499705 

12-1689076 

•0005549390 

1803 

3250809 

5861208627 

42:4617475 

12-1711582 

•0005546312- 

1804 

3254416 

5870966464 

42-4735212 

12-1734079 

•0005543237 

1805 

3258025 

5880735125 

42-4852916 

12-1756569 

•0005540166 

1806 

3261636 

5890514616 

42-4970587 

12-1779050 

•0005537099 

1807 

3265249 

5900304943 

42-5088226 

12-1801522 

•0005534034 

1808 

3268864 

5910106112 

42-5205833 

12-1823987 

•0005530973 

1809 

3272481 

5919918129 

42-5323406 

12-1846443 

•0005527916 

NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


351 


No. 

Squard 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1810 

3276100 

5929741000 

42-5440948 

12-1868891 

•0005524862 

1811 

3279721 

5939574731 

42-5558456 

12-1891331 

•0005521811 

1812 

3283344 

5949419328 

42-5675933 

12-1913762 

•0005518764 

1813 

3286969 

5959274797 

42-5793377 

12-1936185 

•0005515720 

1814 

3290596 

5969141144 

42-5910789 

12-1958599 

•0005512679 

1815 

3294225 

5979018375 

42-6028168 

12-1981006 

•0005509642 

1816 

3297856 

5988906496 

42-6145515 

12-2003404 

•0005506608 

1817 

3301489 

5998805513 

42-6262829 

12-2025794 

•0005503577 

1818 

3305124 

6008715432 

42-6380112 

12-2048176 

•0005500550 

1819 

3308761 

6018636259 

42-6497362 

12-2070549 

•0005497526 

1820 

3312400 

6028568000 

42-6614580 

12-2092915 

•0005494505 

1821 

3316041 

6038510661 

42-6731766 

12-2115272 

•0005491488 

1822 

3319684 

6048464248 

42-6848919 

12-2137621 

•0005488474 

1823 

3323329 

6058428767 

42-6966040 

12-2159962 

•0005485464 

1824 

3326976 

6068404224 

42-7083130 

12-2182295 

•0005482456 

1825 

3330625 

6078390625 

42-7200187 

12-2204620 

•0005479452 

1826 

3334276 

6088387976 

42-7317212 

12-2226936 

•0005476451 

1827 

3337929 

6098396283 

42-74^4206 

12-2249244 

•0005473454 

1828 

3341584 

6108415552 

42-7551167 

12-2271544 

•0005470460 

1829 

3345241 

6118445789 

42-7668095 

12-2293836 

•0005467469 

1830 

3348900 

6128487000 

42-7784992 

12-2316120 

•0005464481 

1831 

3352561 

6138539191 

42-7901858 

12-2338396 

•0005461496 

1832 

3356224 

6148602368 

42-8018691 

12-2360663 

•0005458515 

1833 

3359889 

6158676537 

42-8135492 

12-2382923 

•0005455537 

1834 

3363556 

6168761704 

42-8252262 

12-2405174 

•0005452563 

1835 

3367225 

6178857875 

42-8368999 

12-2427418 

•0005449591 

1836 

3370896 

6188965056 

42-8485706 

12-2449653 

•0005446623 

1837 

3374569 

6199083253 

42-8602380 

12-2471880 

•0005443658 

1838 

3378244 

6209212472 

42-8719022 

12-2494099 

•0005440696 

1839 

3381921 

6219352719 

42-8835633 

12-251631Q 

•0005437738 

1840 

3385600 

6229504000 

42-8952212 

12-2538513 

•0005434783 

1841 

3389281 

6239666321 

42-9068759 

12-2560708 

•0005431831 

•1842 

3392964 

6249839688 

42-9185275 

12-2582895 

•0005428882 

1843 

3396649 

6260024107 

42-9301759 

12-2605074 

•0005425936 

1844 

3400336 

6270219584 

42-9418211 

12-2627245 

•0005422993 

1845 

3404025 

6280426125 

42-9534632 

12-2649408 

•0005420054 

1846 

3407716 

6290643736 

42-9651021 

12-2671563 

•0005417118 

1847 

3411409 

6300872423 

42-9767379 

12-2693710 

•0005414185 

1848 

3415104 

6311112192 

42-9883705 

12-2715849 

•0005411255 

1849 

3418801 

6321363049 

43-0000000 

12-2737980 

•0005408329 

1850 

3422500 

6331625000 

43-0116263 

12-2760103 

•0005405405 

1851 

3426201 

6341898051 

43-0232495 

12-2782218 

•0005402485 

1852 

3429904 

6352182208 

43-0348696 

12-2804325 

•0005399568 

1853 

3433609 

6362477477 

43-0464865 

12-2826424 

•0005396654 

1854 

3437316 

6372783864 

43-0581003 

12-2848515 

•0005393743 

1855 

3441025 

6383101375 

45-0697109 

12-2870598 

•0005390836 

1856 

3444736 

6393430016 

43-0813185 

12-2^92673 

•0005387931 

1857 

3448449 

6403769793 

43-0929228 

12-2914740 

•0005385030 

1858 

3452164 

6414120712 

431045241 

12-2936800 

•0005382131 

352 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1859 

3455881 

6424482779 

43-1161223 

12-2958851 

•0005379236 

1860 

3459600 

6434856000 

43-1277173 

12-2980895 

•0005376344 

1861 

3463321 

644524.0381 

43-1393092 

12-3002930 

•0005373455 

1862 

3467044 

6455635928 

43-1508980 

12-3024958 

•0005370569 

1863 

3470769 

6466042647 

43-1624837 

12-3046978 

•0005367687 

1864 

3474496 

6476460544 

43-1740663 

12-3068990 

•0005364807 

1865 

3478225 

6486889625 

43-1856458 

12-3090994 

•0005361930 

1866 

3481956 

6497329896 

43-1972221 

12-3112991 

•0005359057 

1867 

3485689 

6507781363 

43-2087954 

12-3134979 

•0005356186 

1868 

3489424 

6518244032 

43-2203656 

12-3156959 

•0005353319 

1869 

3493161 

6528717909 

43-2319326 

12-3178932 

•0005350455 

1870 

3496900 

6539203000 

43-2434966 

12-3200897 

•0005347594 

1871 

3500641 

6549699311 

43-2550575 

12-3222854 

•0005344735 

1872 

3504384 

6560206848 

43-2666153 

12-3244S03 

•0005341880 

1873 

3508129 

6570725617 

43-2781700 

12-3266744 

•0005339028 

3874 

3511876 

6581255624 

43-2897216 

12-32SS678 

•0005336179 

1875 

3515625 

6591796875 

43-3012702 

12-331060,4 

•0005333333 

1876 

3519376 

6602349376 

43-3128157 

12-3332522 

•0005330490 

1877 

3523129 

6612913133 

43-3243580 

12-3354432 

•0005327651 

1878 

3526884 

6623488152 

43-3353973 

12-3376334 

•0005324814 

1879 

3530641 

6634074439 

43-3474336 

12-3393229 

•0005321980 

1880 

3534400 

6644672000 

43-3589668 

12-3420116 

•0005319149 

1881 

3538161 

6655280841 

43-3704969 

12-3441995 

•0005316321 

1882 

3541924 

6665900968 

43-3820239 

12-3463866 

•0005313496 

1883 

3545689 

6676532387 

43-3935479 

12-3485730 

•0005310674 

1884 

3549456 

6687175104 

43-4050688 

12-3507586 

•0005307856 

1885 

3553225 

6697829125 

43-4165867 

12-3529434 

•0005305040 

1886 

3556996 

6708494456 

43-4281015 

12-3551274 

•0005302227 

1887 

3560769 

6719171103 

43-4396132 

12-3573107 

•0005299417 

1888 

3564544 

6729859072 

43-4511220 

12-3594932 

•0005296610 

1889 

3568321 

6740558369 

43:4626276 

12-3016749 

•0005293806 

1890 

3572100 

6751269000 

43-4741302 

12-3G3S559 

•0005291005 

1891 

3575881 

6761990971 

43-485(5298 

12-3660361 

•0005288207 

1892 

3579664 

6772724288 

43-4971263 

12-3682155 

•0005285412 

1893 

3583449 

6783468957 

43-5086198 

12-3703941 

•0005282620 

1894 

3587236 

6794224984 

43-5201103 

12-3725721 

•0005279831 

1895 

3591025 

6804992375 

43-5315977 

12-3747492 

•0005277045 

1896 

3594816 

6815771136 

43-5430821 

12-3769255 

•0005274262 

1897 

3598609 

6826561273 

43-5545635 

12-3791011 

•0005271481 

1898 

3602404 

6837362792 

43-5660418 

12-3812759 

•0005268704 

1899 

3606201 

6848175699 

43-5775171 

12-3834500 

•0005265929 

1900 

3610000 

6859000000 

43-5889894 

12-3856233 

•0005263158 

1901 

3613801 

6869835701 

43-6004587 

12-3877959 

•0005260389 

1902 

3617604 

6880682808 

43-6119249 

12-3899676 

•0005257624 

1903 

3621409 

6891541327 

43-6233882 

12-3921386 

•0005254861 

1904 

3625216 

6902411264 

43-6348485 

12-3943089 

•0005252101 

1905 

3629025 

6913292625 

43-6463057 

12-3964784 

•0005249344 

1906 

3632836 

6924185416 

43-6577599 

12-3986471 

•0005246590 

1907 

3636649 

6935089643 

43-6692111 

12-4008151 

•0005243838 

NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS, 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1908 

3640464 

6946005312 

43-6806593 

12-4029823 

•0005241090 

1909 

3644281 

6956932429 

43-6921045 

12-4051488 

•0005238345 

1910 

3648100 

6967871000 

437035467 

12-4073145 

•0005235602 

1911 

3651921 

6978821031 

43-7149860 

12-4094794 

•0005232862 

1912 

3655744 

6989782528 

43-7264222 

12-4116436 

•0005230126 

1913 

3659569 

7000755497 

43-7378554 

12-4138070 

•0005227392 

1914 

3663396 

7011739944 

43-7492857 

12-4159697 

•0005224660 

1915 

3667225 

7022735875 

43-7607129 

12-4181316 

•0005221932 

1916 

3671056 

7033743296 

43-7721373 

12-4202928 

•0005219207 

1917 

3674889 

7044762213 

43-7835585 

12-4224533 

•0005216484 

1918 

3678724 

7055792632 

43-7949768 

12-4246129 

•0005213764 

1919 

3682561 

7066834559 

43-8063922 

12-4267719 

•0005211047 

1920 

3686400 

7077888000 

43-8178046 

12-4289300 

•0005208333 

1921 

3690241 

7088952961 

43-8292140 

12-4310875 

•0005205622 

1922 

3694084 

7100029448 

43-8406204 

12-4332441 

•0005202914 

1923 

3697929 

7111117467 

43-8520239 

12-4354001 

•0005200208 

1924 

3701776 

7122217024 

43-8634244 

12-4375552 

•0005197505 

1925 

3705625 

7133328125 

43-8748219 

12-4397097 

•0005194805 

1926 

3709476 

7144450776 

43-8862165 

12-4418634 

•0005192108 

1927 

3713329 

7155584983 

43-8976081 

12-4440163 

•0005189414 

1928 

3717184 

7166730752 

43-9089968 

12-4461685 

•0005186722 

1929 

3721041 

7177888089 

43-9203725 

12-4483200 

•0005184033 

1930 

3724900 

7189057000 

43-9317652 

12-4504707 

•0005181347 

1931 

3728761 

7200237491 

43-9431451 

12-4526206 

•0005178664 

1932 

3732624 

7211429568 

43-9545220 

12-4547699 

•0005175983 

1933 

3736489 

7222633237 

43-9658959 

12-4569184 

•0005173306 

1934 

3740356 

7233848504 

43-9772668 

12-4590661 

•0005170631 

1935 

3744225 

7245075375 

43-9886349 

12-4612131 

•0005167959 

1936 

3748096 

7256313856 

44-0000000 

12-4633594 

•0005165289 

1937 

3751969 

7267563953 

44-0113622 

12-4655049 

•0005162623 

1938 

3755844 

7278825672 

44-0227214 

12-4676497 

•0005159959 

1939 

3759721 

7290099019 

44'0340777 

12-4697937 

•0005157298 

1940 

3763600 

7301384000 

44-0454311 

12-4719370 

-0005154639 

1941 

3767481 

7312680621 

44-0567815 

12-4740796 

•0005151984 

1942 

3771364 

7323988888 

44-0681291 

12-4762214 

•0005149331 

1943 

3775249 

7335308807 

44-0794737 

12-4783625 

•0005146680 

1944 

3779136 

7346640384 

44-0908154 

12-4805029 

•0005144033 

1945 

3783025 

7357983625 

44-1021541 

12-4826426 

•0005141388 

1946 

3786916 

7369338536 

44-1134900 

12-4847815 

•0005138746 

1947 

3790809 

7380705123 

44-1248229 

12-4869197 

•0005136107 

1948 

3794704 

7392083392 

44-1361530 

12-4890571 

•Q005133470 

1949 

3798601 

7403473349 

44-1474801 

12-4911938 

•0005130836 

1950 

3802500 

7414875000 

44-1588043 

12-4933298 

•0005128205 

1951 

3806401 

7426288351 

44-1701256 

12-4954651 

•0005125577 

1952 

3810304 

7437713408 

44-1814441 

12-4975995 

•0005122951 

1953 

3814209 

7449150177 

44-1027596 

12-4997333 

•0005120328 

1954 

3818116 

7460598664 

44-2040722 

12-5018664 

•0005117707 

1955 

3822025 

7472058875 

44-2153819 

12-5039988 

•0005115090 

1956 

3825936 

7483530816 

44-2266888 

12-5061304 

•0005112474 

354 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

1957 

3829849 

7495014493 

44-2379927 

12-5082612 

•0005109862 

1958 

3833764 

7506509912 

44-2492938 

12-5103914 

•0005107252 

1959 

3837681 

7518017079 

44-2605919 

12'5125208 

•0005104645 

1960 

3841600 

7529536000 

44-2718872 

12-5146495 

•0005102041 

1961 

3845521 

7541066681 

44-2831797 

12-5167775 

•0005099439 

1962 

3849444 

7552609128 

44-2944692 

12-5189047 

•0005096840 

1963 

3853369 

7564163347 

44-3057558 

12-5210313 

•0005094244 

1964 

3857296 

7575729344 

44-3170396 

12-5231571 

•0005091650 

1965 

3861225 

7587307125 

44-3283205 

12-5252822 

•0005089059 

1966 

3865156 

7598896696 

44-3395985 

12-5274065 

•0005086470 

1967 

3869089 

7610498063 

44-3508737 

12-5295302 

•0005083884 

1968 

3873024 

7622111232 

44-3621460 

12-5316531 

•0005081301 

1969 

3876961 

7633736209 

44-3734155 

12-5337753 

•0005078720 

1970 

3880900 

7645373000 

44-3846820 

12-5358968 

•0005076142 

1971 

3884841 

7657021611 

44-3959457 

12-5380176 

•0005073567 

1972 

3888784 

7668682048 

44-4072066 

12-5401377 

•0005070994 

1973 

3892729 

7680354317 

44-4184646 

12-5422570 

•0005068424 

1974 

3896676 

7692038424 

44-4297198 

12-5443757 

•0005065856 

1975 

3900625 

770373^375 

44-4409720 

12-5464936 

•0005063291 

1976 

3904576 

7715442176 

44-4522215 

12-5486107 

•0005060729 

1977 

3908529 

7727161833 

44-4634681 

12-5507272 

•0005058169 

1978 

3912484 

7738893352 

44-4747119 

12-5528430 

•0005055612 

1979 

3916441 

7750636739 

44-4859528 

12-5549580 

•0005053057 

1980 

3920400 

7762392000 

44-4971909 

12-5570723 

•0005050505 

1981 

3924361 

7774159141 

44-5084262 

12-5591860 

•0005047956 

1982 

3928324 

7785938168 

44-5196586 

12-5612989 

•0005045409 

1983 

3932289 

7797729087 

44-5308881 

12-5634111 

•0005042864 

1984 

3936256 

7809531904 

44-5421149 

12-5655226 

•0005040323 

1985 

3940225 

7821346625 

44-5533388 

12-5676334 

•0005037783 

1986 

3944196 

7833173256 

44-5645599 

12-5697435 

•0005035247 

1987 

3948169 

7845011803 

44-5757781 

12-5718529 

•0005032713 

1988 

3952144 

7856862272 

44-5869936 

12-5739615 

•0005030]  81 

1989 

3956121 

7868724669 

44-5982062 

12-5760695 

•0005027652 

1990 

3960100 

7880599000 

44-6094160 

12-5781767 

•0005025126 

1991 

3964081 

7892485271 

44-6206230 

12-5802832 

•0005022602 

1992 

3968064 

7904383488 

44-6318272 

12-5823891 

•0005020080 

1993 

3972049 

7916293657 

44-6430286 

12-5844942 

•0005017561 

1994 

3976036 

7928215784 

44-6542271 

12-5865987 

•0005015045 

1995 

3980025 

7940149875 

44-6654228 

12-5887024 

•0005012531 

1996 

3984016 

7952095936 

44-6766158  ' 

12-5908054 

•0005010020 

1997 

3988009 

7964053973 

44-6878059 

12-5929078 

•0005007511 

1998 

3992004 

7976023992 

44-6989933 

12-5950094 

•0005005005 

1999 

399Q001 

7988005999 

44-7101778 

12-5971103 

•0005002501 

2000 

4000000 

8000000000 

44-7213596 

12-5992105 

•0005000000 

2001 

4004001 

8012006001 

44-7325385 

12-6013101 

•0004997501 

2002 

4008004 

8024024008 

44-7437146 

12-6034089 

•0004995005 

2003 

4012009 

8036054027 

44-7548880 

12-6055070 

•0004992511 

2004 

4016016 

8048096064 

44-7660586 

12-6076014 

•0004990020 

2005 

4020025 

8060150125 

44-7772264 

12-6097011 

•0004987531 

NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


355 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

2006 

4024036 

8072216216 

44-7883913 

12-6117971 

•0004985045 

2007 

4028049 

8084294343 

44-7995535 

12-6138924 

•0004982561 

2008 

4032064 

8096384512 

44-8107130 

12-6159870 

•0004980080 

2009 

4036081 

8108486729 

44-8218697 

12-6180810 

•0004977601 

2010 

4040100 

8120601000 

44-8330235 

12-6201743 

•0004975124 

2011 

4044121 

8132727331 

44-8441746 

12-6222669 

•0004972650 

2012 

4048144 

§144865728 

44-8553230 

12-6243587 

•0004970179 

2013 

4052169 

8157016197 

44-8664685 

12-6264499 

•0004967710 

2014 

4056196 

8169178744 

44-8776113 

12-6285404 

•0004965243 

2015 

4060225 

8181353375 

44-8887514 

12-6306301 

•0004962779 

2016 

4064256 

8193540096 

44-8998886 

12-6327192 

•0004060317 

2017 

4068289 

8205738913 

44-9110231 

12-6348076 

•0004957858 

2018 

4072324 

3217949832 

44-9221549 

12-6368953 

•0004955401 

2019 

4076361 

8230172859 

44-9332889 

12*6389823 

•0004952947 

2020 

4080400 

8242408000 

44-9444101 

12-0410687 

•0004950495 

2021 

4084441 

8254655261 

'44-9555336 

12-6431543 

•0004948046 

2022 

4088484 

8266914648 

44-9666543 

12-6452393 

•0004945598 

2023 

4092529 

8279186167 

44-9777723 

12-6473235 

•0004943154 

2024 

4096576 

8291469824 

44-9888875 

12-6494071 

•0004940711 

2025 

4100625 

'8303765625 

45-0000000 

12-6514900 

•0004938272 

2026 

4104676 

8316073576 

45-0111097 

12-6535722 

•0004935834 

2027 

4108729 

$328393683 

45-0222167 

12-6556538 

•0004933399 

2028 

4112784 

8340725952 

45-0333210 

12-6577346 

•0004930966 

2029 

4116841 

8353070389 

45-0444225 

12-6598148 

•0004928536 

2030 

4120900 

8365427000 

45-0555213 

12-6618943 

•0004926108 

2031 

4124961 

8377795791 

45-0666173 

12-6639731 

•0004923683 

2032 

4129024 

8390176768 

45-0777107 

12-6660512 

•0004921260 

2033 

4133089 

8402569937 

45-0888013 

12-6681286 

•0004918839 

2034 

4137156' 

8414975304 

45-0998891 

12-6702053 

•00049164,21 

2035 

4141225 

3427392875 

45-1109743 

12-6722814 

•0004914005 

2036 

4145296 

8439822656 

45-1220567 

12-6743567 

•0004911591 

2037 

4149369 

8452264653 

45-1331364 

12-6764314 

•0004909180 

2038 

4153444 

8464718872 

45-1442134 

12-6785054 

•0004906771 

2039 

4157521 

8477185319 

45-1552876 

12-6805788 

•0004904365 

2040 

4161600 

8489664000 

45-1663592 

12-6826514 

•0004901961 

2041 

4165681 

8502154921 

45-1774280 

12-6847234 

•0004899559 

2042 

4169764 

8514658088 

45-1884941 

12-6867947 

•0004897160 

2043 

4173849 

8527173507 

45-1995575 

12-6888654 

•0004894762 

2044 

4177936 

8539701184 

45-2106182 

12-6909354 

•0004892368 

2045 

4182025 

8552241125 

45-2216762 

12-6930047 

•0004889976 

2046 

4186116 

8564793336 

45-2327315 

12-6950733 

•0004887586 

2047 

4190209 

8577357823 

45-2437841 

12-6971412 

•0004885198 

2048 

4194304 

8589934592 

45-2548340 

12-6992084 

•0004882813 

2049 

4198401 

8602523649 

45-2658812 

12-7012750 

•0004880429 

2050 

4202500 

8615125000 

45-2769257 

12-7033409 

•0004878049 

2051 

4206601 

8627738651 

45-2879675 

12-7054061 

•0004875670 

2052 

4210704 

8640364608 

45-2990066 

12-7074707 

•0004873294 

2053 

4214809 

8653002877 

45-3100430 

12-7095346 

•0004870921 

2054 

4218916 

8665653464 

45-3210768 

12-7115978 

•0004868549 

356 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

2055 

4223025 

8678316375 

45-3321078 

12-7136603 

•0004866180 

2056 

4227136 

8690991616 

45-3431362 

12-7157222 

•0004863813 

2057 

4231249 

8703679193 

45-3541619 

12-7177835 

•0004861449 

2058 

4235364 

8716379112 

45-3651849 

12-7198441 

•0004869086 

2059 

4239481 

8729091379 

45-3762052 

12-7219040 

•0004856727 

2060 

4243600 

8741816000 

45-3872229 

12-7239632 

•0004854369 

2061 

4247721 

8754552981 

45-3982378 

12-7260218 

•0004852014" 

2062 

4251844 

8767302328 

45-4092501 

12-72S0797 

•0004849661 

2063 

4255969 

8780064047 

45-4202598 

12-7301370 

•0004847310 

2064 

4260096 

8792838144 

45-4312668 

12-7321935 

•0004844961 

2065 

4264225 

8805624625 

45-4422711 

12-7342494 

•0004842615 

2066 

4268356 

8818423496 

45-4532727 

12-7363046 

•0004840271 

2067 

4272489 

8831234763 

45-4642717 

12-7383592 

•0004837929 

2068 

4276624 

8844058432 

45-4752680 

12-7404131 

•0004835590 

2069 

4280761 

8856894509 

45-4862616 

12-7424664 

•0004833253 

2070 

4284900 

8869743000 

45-4972526 

12-7445189 

•0004830918 

2071 

4239041 

8882603911 

45-5082410 

12-7465709 

•0004828585 

2072 

4293184 

8895477248 

45-5192267 

12-748,6222 

•0004826255 

2073 

4297329 

8908363017 

45-5302097 

12-7506728 

•0004823927 

2074 

4301476 

8921261224 

45-5411901 

12-7527227 

•0004821601 

2075 

4305625 

8934171875 

45-5521679 

12-7547721 

•0004819277 

2076 

4309776 

8947094976 

45-5631430 

12-7568207 

•0004816956 

2077 

4313929 

8960030533 

45-5741155 

12-7588687 

•0004814636 

2078 

4318084 

8972978552 

45-5850853 

12-7609160 

•0004812320 

2079 

4322241 

8985939039 

45-5960525 

12-7629627 

•0004810005 

2080 

4326400 

8998912000 

45-6070170 

12-7650087 

•0004807692 

2081 

4330561 

9011897441 

45-6179789 

12-7670540 

•0004805382 

2082 

4334724 

9024895368 

45-6289382 

12-7690987 

•0004803074 

2083 

4338889 

9037905787 

45-6398948 

12-7711427 

•0004800768 

2084 

4343056 

9050928704 

45-6508488 

12-7731861 

•0004798464 

2085 

4347225 

9063964125 

45-6618002 

12-7752288 

•0004796163 

-2086 

4351396 

9077012056 

45-6727490 

12-7772709 

•0004793864 

2087 

4355569 

9090072503 

45-6836951 

12-7793123 

•0004791567 

2088 

4359744 

9103145472 

45-6946386 

12-7813531 

•0004789272 

2089 

4363921 

9116230969 

457055795 

12-7833932 

•0004786979 

2090 

4368100 

9129329000 

45-7165178 

12-7854326 

•0004784689 

2091 

4372281 

9142439571 

45-7274534 

12-7874714 

•0004782401 

2092 

4376464 

9155562688 

45-7383865 

12-7895096 

•0004780115 

2093 

4380649 

9168698357 

45-7493169 

12-7915471 

•0004777831 

2094 

4384836 

9181846584 

45-7602447 

12-7935840 

•0004775549 

2095 

4389025 

9195007375 

45-7711699 

12-7956202 

•0004773270 

2096 

4393216 

9208130736 

45-7820926 

12-7976558 

•0004770992 

2097 

4397409 

9221366673 

45-7930126 

12-7996907 

•0004768717 

2098 

4401604 

9234565192 

45-8039299 

12-8017250 

;0004766444 

2099 

4405801 

9247776299 

45-8148447 

12-8037586 

•0004764173 

2100 

4410000 

9261000000 

45-8257569 

12-8057916 

•0004761905 

2101 

4414201 

9274236301 

45-8366665 

12-8078239 

•0004759638 

2102 

4418404 

9287485208 

45-8475735 

12-8098556 

•0004757374 

2103 

4422609 

9300746727 

45-8584779 

12-8118866 

•0004755112 

NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

2104 

4426816 

9314020864 

45-8693798 

12-8139170 

•0004752852 

2105 

4431025 

9327307625 

45-8802790 

12-8159468 

•0004750594 

2106 

4435236 

9340607016 

45-8911756 

12-8179759 

•0004748338 

2107 

4439449 

9353919043 

45-9020696 

12-8200044 

•0004746084 

2108 

4443664 

9367243712 

45-9129611 

12-8220323 

•0004743833 

2109 

4447881 

9380581029 

45-9238500 

12-8240595 

•0004741584 

2110 

4452100 

9393931000 

45-9347363 

12-8260861 

•0004739336 

2111 

4456321 

9407293631 

45-9456200 

12-8281120 

•0004737091 

2112 

4460544 

9420668928 

45-9565012 

12-8301373 

•0004734848 

2113 

4464769 

9434056897 

45-9673798 

12-8321620 

•0004732608 

2114 

4468996 

9447457544 

45-9782557 

12-8341860 

•0004730369 

2115 

4473225 

9460870875 

45-9891291 

12-8362094 

•0004728132 

2116 

4477456 

9474296896 

46-0000000 

12-8382321 

•0004725898 

2117 

4481689 

9487735613 

46-0108683 

12-8402542 

•0004723666 

2118 

4485924 

9501187032 

46-0217340 

12-8422756 

•0004721435 

2119 

4490161 

9514651159 

46-0325971 

12-8442964 

•0004719207 

2120 

4494400 

9528128000 

46-0434577 

12-8463166 

•0004716981 

2121 

4498641 

9541617561 

46-0543158 

12-8483361 

•0004714757 

2122 

4502884 

9555119848 

46-0651712 

12-8503551 

•0004712535 

2123 

4507129 

9568634867 

46-0760241 

12-8523733 

•0004710316 

2124 

4511376 

9582162624 

46-0868745 

12-8543910 

•0004708098 

2125 

4515625 

9595703125 

46-0977223 

12-8564080 

•0004705882 

2126 

4519876 

9609256376 

46-1085675 

12-8584243 

•00047036G9 

2127 

4524129 

9622822383 

46-1194102 

12-8604401 

•0004701457 

2128 

4528384 

9636401152 

46-1302504 

12-8624552 

•0004699248 

3129 

4532641 

9649992689 

46-1410880 

12-8644697 

•0004697041 

2130 

4536900 

9663597000 

46-1519230 

12-8664835 

•0004694836 

2131 

4541161 

9677214091 

46-1627555 

12-8684967 

•0004692633 

2132 

4545424 

9690843968 

46-1735855 

12-8705093 

•0004690432 

2133 

4549689 

9704486637 

46-1844130 

12-8725213 

•0004688233 

2134 

4553956 

9718142104 

46-1952378 

12-8745326 

•0004686036 

2135 

4558225 

9731810375 

46-2060602 

12-8765433 

•0004683841 

2136 

4562496 

9745491456 

46-2168800 

12-8785534 

•0004681648 

2137 

4566769 

9759185353 

46-2276973 

12-8805628 

•0004679457 

2138 

4571044 

9772892072 

46-2385121 

12-8825717 

•0004677268 

2139 

4575321 

9786611619 

46-2493243 

12-8845199 

•0004675082 

2140 

4579600 

9800344000 

46-2601340 

12-8865874 

•0004672897 

2141 

4583881 

9814089221 

46-2709412 

12-8885944 

•0004670715 

2142 

4588164 

9827847288 

46-2817459 

12-8906007 

•0004668534 

2143, 

4592449 

9841618207 

46-2925480 

12-8926064 

•0004666356 

2144 

4596736 

9855401984 

46-3033476 

12-8946115 

•0004664179 

2145 

4601025 

9869198625 

46-3141447 

12-8966159 

•0004662005 

2146 

4605316 

9883008136 

46-3249393 

12-8986197 

•0004659832 

2147 

4609609 

9896830523 

46-3357314 

12-9006229 

•0004657662 

2148 

4613904 

9910665792 

46-3465209 

12-9026255 

•0004655493 

2149 

4618201 

9924513949 

46-3573079 

12-9046275 

•0004653327 

2150 

4622500 

9938375000 

46-3680924 

12-9066288 

•0004651163 

2151 

4626801 

9952248951 

46-3788745 

12-9086295 

•0004649000 

2152 

4631104 

9966135808 

46-3896540 

12-9106296 

•0004646840 

358 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


No. 

Square 

Cube 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Reciprocal 

2153 

4635409 

9980035577 

46-4004310 

12-9126291 

•0004644682 

2154 

4639716 

9993948264 

46-4112055 

12-9146279 

•0004642526 

2155 

4644025 

10007873875 

46-4219775  ' 

12-9166262 

•0004640371 

2156 

4648336 

10021812416 

46-4327471 

12-9186238 

•0004638219 

2157 

4652649 

10035763893 

46-4435141 

12-9206208 

•0004636069 

2158 

4656964 

10049728312 

46-4542786 

12-9226172 

•0004633920 

2159 

4661281 

10063705679 

46-4650406 

12-9246129 

•0004631774 

2160 

4665600 

10077696000 

46-4758002 

12-9266081 

•0004629630 

2161 

4669921 

10091699281 

46-4865572 

12-9286027 

•0004627487 

2162 

4674244 

10105715528 

46-4973118 

12-9305966 

•0004625347 

2163 

4678569 

10119744747 

46-5080638 

12-9325899 

•0004623209 

2164 

4682896 

10133786944 

46-5188134 

12-9345827 

•0004621072 

2165 

4687225 

10147842125 

46-5295605 

12-9365747 

•0004618938 

2166 

4691556 

10161910296 

46-5403051 

12-9385662 

•0004616805 

2167 

4695889 

10175991463 

46-5510472 

12-9405570 

•0004614675 

2168 

4700224 

10190085632 

46-5617869 

12-9425472 

•0004612546 

2169 

4704561 

10204192809 

46-5725241 

12-9445369 

•0004610420 

2170 

4708900 

10218313000 

46-5832588 

12-9465^59 

•0004608295 

2171 

4713241 

10232446211 

46-5939910 

12-9485143 

•0004606172 

2172 

4717584 

10246592448 

46-6047208 

12-9505021 

•0004604052 

2173 

4721929 

10260751717 

46-6154481 

12-9524893 

•0004601933 

2174 

4726276 

10274924024 

46-6261729 

12-9544759 

•0004599816 

2175 

4730625 

10289109375 

46-6368953 

12-9564618 

•0004597701 

2176 

4734976 

10303307776 

46-6476152 

12-9584472 

•0004595588 

2177 

4739329 

10317519233 

46-6583326 

12-9604319 

•0004593477 

2178 

4743684 

10331743752 

46-6690476 

12-9624161 

•0004591368 

2179 

4748041 

10345981339 

46-6797601 

12-9643996 

•0004589261 

2180 

4752400 

10360232000 

46-6904701 

12-9663826 

•0004587156 

2181 

4756761 

10374495741 

46-7011777 

12-9683649 

•0004585053 

2182 

4761124 

10388772568 

46-7118829 

12-9703466 

•0004582951 

2183 

4765489 

10403062487 

46-7225855 

12-9723277 

•0004580852 

2184 

4769856 

10417365504 

46-7332858 

12-9743082 

•0004578755 

2185 

4774225 

10431681625 

46-7439836 

12-9762881 

•0004576659 

2186 

4778596 

10446010856 

46-7546789 

12-9782674 

•0004574565 

2187 

4782969 

10460353203 

46-7653718 

12-9802461 

•0004572474 

2188 

4787344 

10474708672 

46-7760623 

12-9822242 

•0004570384 

2189 

4791721 

10489077269 

46-7867503 

12-9842017 

•0004568296 

2190 

4796100 

10503459000 

46-7974358 

12-9861786 

•0004566210 

2191 

4800481 

10517853871 

46-8081189 

12-9881549 

•0004564126 

2192 

4804864 

10532261888 

46-8187996 

12-9901306 

•0004562044 

2193 

4809249 

10546683057 

46-8294779 

12-9921057 

•0004559964 

2194 

4813636 

10561117384 

46-8401537 

12-9940802 

•0004557885 

2195 

4818025 

10575564875 

46-8508271 

12-9960540 

•0004555809 

2196 

4822416 

10590025536 

46-8614981 

12-9980273 

•0004553734 

2197 

4826809 

10604499373 

46-8721666 

13-0000000 

•0004551661 

2198 

4831204 

10618986392 

46-8828327 

13-0019721 

•0004549591 

2199 

4835601 

10633486599 

46-8934963 

13-0039436 

•0004547522 

2200 

4840000 

10648000000 

46-9041576 

13-0059145 

•0004545455 

2201 

4844401 

10662526601 

46-9148164 

13-0078848 

•0004543389 

NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  359 

USEFUL  INFORMATION  ABOUT  WATER. 

Water  is  incompressible,  or  nearly  so,  showing  no  sensible 
change  of  volume  under  changes  of  pressure. 

The  pressure  of  a  perfect  fluid  on  any  surface  with  which 
it  is  in  contact  is  perpendicular  to  the  surface. 

The  pressure  of  a  fluid  at  any  point  of  a  surface  is  the 
pressure  per  unit  area. 

Any  pressure  applied  at  the  surface  of  a  fluid  is  trans- 
mitted equally  to  all  parts  of  the  fluid. 

The  pressure  of  water  at  rest  under  gravity  increases 
uniformly  with  the  distance;  that  is,  the  difference  of  pres- 
sure at  any  two  points  varies  as  the  vertical  distance  between 
the  points. 

The  free  surface  of  a  liquid  at  rest  under  gravity  is  a 
horizontal  plane. 

One  cubic  foot  of  water  contains  about  7.48  gallons. 

One  cubic  foot  of  pure  water  at  a  temperature  of  60 
degrees  Fahr.,  weighs  62.366  pounds. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  of  pure  water  at  a  temperature  of  60 
degrees  Fahr.,  weighs  8.331  pounds. 

The  amount  of  water  required  to  fill  an  ordinary  auto- 
matic sprinkler  system  is  about  1  gallon  per  sprinkler. 
This  includes  riser  and  all  distribution  pipes,  but  does  not 
include  ground  mains  from  pump  or  city  supply  to  base  of 
riser. 

This  figure  (one  gallon  per  head)  applies  especially  to 
systems  piped  from  the  center  with  75  to  150  heads  on 
each  floor. 

If  system  of  150  sprinkler  heads  is  fed  from  end  instead 
of  center,  contents  will  be  about  1%  gallons  per  head. 

For  large  systems  with  6-inch  rider  and  about  250  heads 
per  floor,  contents,  if  riser  is  in  center,  will  be  about  li 
gallons  per  head,  and  if  riser  is  at  one  end,  will  be  1|  gallons 
per  head. 


3GO  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  STEAM  FIRE  PUMPS. 

AMENDMENTS. 

Adopted     by    the    National    Fire    Protection 
Association,     1907. 

(Page  115,  fourth  paragraph,  second  line). 

Change  to  read:  of  34^  Ibs.  of  water  per  hour,  etc. 

(Page  118,  first  paragraph,  second  line). 
5.     Capacity  Plate. 

&.  Change  to  read:  at  least  85  per  cent,  aluminum,  etc. 

NOTE.  —  This  per  cent,   of   aluminum  is  considered  neces- 
sary to  guard  against  tarnishing. 

(Page  120,  new  note)  . 
(8.     Steam  Cylinders. 

d.  Add:   Note.  —  The  slight  beveling  of  piston  face  edges 
may  be  considered  as  the  equivalent   of  this. 

(Page  121,  fifth  paragraph,  third  line). 
12.     Steam  Clearance  Space. 

a.  Change  clause  in  second  parenthesis  to  read:   Contact 
stroke   should    overrun    nominal    stroke   at    each    end    about 


NOTE.  —  It  is  not  found  practicable  to  run  full  stroke 
under  fire  conditions  with  a  much  less  clearance  and  receive 
the  desired  benefit  from  the  cushion  ports. 

(Page  122,  third  paragraph). 
13.     Steam  Pistons. 

b.  Change  to  read:  The  thickness  of  piston  should  be 
about  one-fourth  of  its  diameter.  If  solid,  walls  should 
be  not  less  than  ^-inch  thick,  and  special  care  should  be 
given  to  shop  inspection  to  insure  uniformity  of  thick- 
ness. 

NOTE.  —  This  will  demand,  for  the  four  sizes  of  pumps, 
pistons  as  follows: 

500-GAL.  750-GAL. 

Diameter  14  in.  Diameter  16  in. 

Thickness  3>^  in.  Thickness  4  in. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  3G1 

1,OOC-GAL.  1,500-GAL. 

Diameter  18  in.  Diameter  20  in. 

Thickness  4j^  in.  Thickness   5  in. 

Manufacturers  desiring  to  use  existing  patterns  approx- 
imating these  thicknesses  may  be  allowed  to  do  so  after 
due  consideration  of  working  drawings. 

(Page  132,  third  paragraph). 
27.     Water  Cylinders. 

f.  Change  to  read:  No  stud  or  tap  bolt  smaller  than 
%-inch  should  be  used  to  assemble  parts  subject  to  the 
strain  of  water  pressure,  as  smaller  bolts  are  likely  to  be 
twisted  off.  This  does  not  apply  to  standard  flanges  where 
through  bolts  are  used. 

(Page  135,  first  paragraph). 
30.     Water  Pistons'  and  Bushings. 

d.  Change  to  read:  The  length  of  cylindrical  bushing 
irust  be  such  that  the  outer  edge  of  packing  will  come 
short  of  the  edge  of  bushing  at  contact  stroke  about  % 
ir.ch  and  not  uncover. 

(Page  137,  first  paragraph). 

32.  Size  and  Number  of  Pump-Valves. 

a.  Change  to  read :  The  diameter  of  the  disc  of  rubber 
forming  the  valve  must  not  be  greater  than  4  inches,  nor 
less  than  3  inches. 

NOTE. — Three  and  five-eighths  inches  diameter  appears  to 
be  the  size  best  meeting  all  the  conditions,  and  has  been 
adopted  by  several  manufacturers,  but  is  not  insisted  upon. 

(Page  140,  paragraph  under  table). 

33.  Suction  Valve  Area. 

d.  Substitute  for  the  3^  inch  the  following  for  a  3% 
inch  valve: 


Diam. 
Valve. 

Diam.  of  Valve 
Port  Circ. 

Circ.  of 
V.  P.  Circle. 

Valve  Port 
Area  (Net). 
Square  Inches. 

3" 

%l/2" 

7.85" 

3.5" 

8M" 

W 

9.82" 

5.1" 

4" 

w 

10,99" 

6.3" 

302  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

Also  substitute  for  the  second  table  iu  same  paragraph 
the  following; 

Size  of  Pump.        50C-Gal.         750-Gal.       l,OOC-Gal.        1,500-Gal. 

Size  of  Valves 3'  3%"  4"     3"  3%"  4"     3"  Z%"  4"     3"   3%"   4" 

Necessary  number 
of  valves  to  sat- 
isfy (4)  under  c..  65  6  08  7  11  9  8  19  14  14 

Necessary  number 
of  valves  to  sat- 
isfy (3)  under  c..  75  4  10  8  0  13  9  7  21  15  12 

In  the  same  article  change  fine  print  note  to  read : 
"3%"  valve/7  and  not  "3%"  valve. " 

(Page  150,  last  paragraph) . 
44.     Discharge  Cone. 

b.  Change  to  read:  The  cone  must  be  provided  with  an 
opening  to  receive  the  air-vent  required  by  Article  45,  etc. 

(Page  153,  second  paragraph).  "    . 

46.     Priming,   Controllable  Valve  Arrangement. 

d.  Change  fine  print  note  to  read:  This  valve  can  prefer- 
ably be  provided  with  a  flange  connection  in  place  of  the  thread- 
ed one,  and  secured  to  water  cylinder  with  three  %"  bolts. 
This  will  permit  of  easier  fitting  up  as  to  pipe  connections. 
Objection  has  been  raised  to  this  double-seated  valve  from 
the  possible  difficulty  of  keeping  both  seats  tight.  If  de- 
sired, the  stem  between  the  two  seats  may  be  somewrhat 
enlarged  and  provided  with  a  suitable  spring,  thus  giving 
flexibility  between  the  two  seats  and  preventing  all  trouble 
from  uneven  wear. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  363 

STEAM  PUMP  GOVERNORS  AND  AUXILIARY  PUMPS. 

AMENDED   RULES   AND   REQUIREMENTS. 

Adopted  by  the  National  Fire  Protection 
Association,  1907. 


General  Rules. 

1.  Automatically  controlled  pumps  are  not  acceptable  as 
the  sole  primary  water  supply  for  automatic  sprinklers. 

Such  pumps  may  occasionally  be  used  to  advantage  to 
supplement  a  weak  tank  or  public  water  supply  until  more 
extensive  and  permanent  improvements  can  be  made. 

Experience  has  shown  that  the  automatic  devices  for  such 
pumps  are  easily  deranged  and  require  more  care  than  can 
surely  be  counted  upon  at  the  average  risk.  As  it  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  that  the  primary  supply  to  sprinklers 
should  be  instantly  and  surely  available  for  every  moment, 
night  and  day,  a  good  gravity  supply  has  been  found  the 
best  and  only  thoroughly  satisfactory  one. 

2.  Where  there  is  a  good  gravity  supply  it  is  not  advis- 
able to  equip  the  fire  pump  with  an  automatic  governor. 

Under  these  conditions  automatic  control  is  not  needed, 
and  its  first  cost  and  constant  use  of  steam  and  possible 
damage  to  the  pump,  if  the  governor  goes  wrong,  had  better 
be  avoided.  The  fire  pump  should,  however,  be  started  as 
soon  as  a  fire  is  discovered  and  operated  by  hand  at  good 
pressure  and  at  such  speeds  as  necessary  to  give  the 
amount  of  water  needed.  Experience  shows  this  to  be  the 
simplest,  surest,  and  safest  method. 

3.  Whenever  it  is  necessary  to  use  an  automatically  con- 
trolled pump  an  auxiliary  pump  should  always  be  provided 
to  maintain  the  pressure  and  supply  leakage. 

The  arrangement  of  the  auxiliary  pumps,  governors,  etc., 
is  shown  in  Plans  A,  B  and  C,  following. 

The    governor   on   the    small   pump   is   set    for   about    10 


364  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

pounds  higher  water  pressure  than  the  governor  on  the 
main  pump,  so  that  the  large  pump  does  not  start  till  the 
pressure  has  dropped  about  10  pounds.  The  small  pump, 
therefore,  does  all  the  work  of  supplying  the  leakage 
in  the  system  and  maintaining  the  pressure. 

This  saves  the  large  and  expensive  pump  from  constant 
wear  and  further  limits  the  steam  consumption  to  a  pump 
having  a  much  smaller  steam  cylinder  than  the  main  pump, 
thus  considerably  reducing  the  cost  of  the  steam. 

Experience  has  shown  that  where  the  main  pump  alone 
is  relied  upon  to  keep  up  the  pressure  the  leakage  in  the 
system  and  past  the  large  plungers  allows  it  to  run  con- 
tinuously at  a  few  strokes  per  minute.  After  a  few  years 
the  plungers  become  so  worn  that  the  delivery  of  the 
pump  is  cut  down  10  per  cent,  and  often  more.  This  fur- 
ther wastes  steam  as  well  as  reduces  the  capacity  of  the 
pump  for  fire  fighting. 

Valves  and  other  parts  of  the  pump  are  also  likely  to 
get  out  of  order  under  this  service.  Moreover,  the  con- 
stant action  of  the  large  governor  within  narrow  limits 
is  liable  to  impair  its  certainty  of  action  when  large  deliv- 
ery is  suddenly  required. 

Governor  Construction. 

Successful  governors  vary  too  greatly  in  type  to  admit 
of  uniform  mechanical  construction.  The  following  speci- 
fications cover  general  points  necessary  in  governors  of  all 
types.  A  searching  test  under  practical  working  conditions 
must  be  the  main  criterion  for  acceptance,  and  for  the  list- 
ing of  a  governor  as  an  approved  device. 

The  Governor. 

1.  Must  be  controlled  by  the  water  pressure  in   the  fire 
system. 

2.  Must  be  adjustable  to  maintain  any  desired  pressure 
between   75   and  125  pounds  using   steam   at   any   pressure 
from  50  to  200  pounds. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  3G5 

3.  Must   be   capable   of   governing   the   pump   from    slow 
speed  to  full  speed  without  more  than  about  5  pounds  vari- 
ation above  or  below  the  intended  water  pressure. 

4.  Must    show   no    distress   under   steam   pressure    at   200 
pounds. 

5.  Must  be  capable  of  enduring  240  pounds  water  pres- 
sure without  injury. 

6.  Must   have   all   working   parts   made   of   suitable   rust- 
proof material. 

7.  Must   be   made    so   that   valve   and  valve-seat   can   be 
removed  without  disconnecting  governor  from  the  piping. 

8.  Must  have  maximum  working  lift  of  valve  afford  prac- 
tically the  same  steam  passage  area  as  that  of  the  steam 
pipe  controlled  by  the  governor. 

9.  Must    have    threaded    connections    for    attachment    to 
ordinary  pipe  fittings. 

10.  Must  have  no  internal  stuffin'g  box  or  gland. 

11.  Should  preferably  have  valve  and  valve  seat  form  an 
abutment  contact  when  closed. 

12.  Should   preferably   admit    of    full   manual   movement 
on  inspection,  as  a  proof  of  working  freedom  of  parts. 

13.  Should  have   a  tendency  to  increase  rather   than  de- 
crease  the   water   pressure   as   the   speed   of    the   pump   in- 
creases. 

14.  Should    respond    slowly    to    any    sudden    lowering    of 
water  pressure,  and  thus  start  the  pump  gradually. 

15.  Should  have  concealed  mechanism  kept  at  a  minimum. 

1C.  Should  avoid  internal   steam   joints  capable   of  leak- 
ing and  passing  unregulated  steam  to  the  pump. 


rfOO  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

Auxiliary  Pumps. 

1.  Auxiliary  pumps  should  be  of  duplex  type,  brass  fitted 
and  with  packed  pistons  or  exterior  packed  plungers. 

Brass  fitting  prevents  rusting.  Packed  pistons  make  it 
easy  to  take  care  of  wear.  Exterior  packed  plungers  make 
it  easy  to  dectect  leakage  and  remedy  it. 

2.  The  ratio   of   steam   to  water  piston  areas   should  be 
such    that    the    auxiliary    pump    can    maintain    the    desired 
water  pressure  with  50  pounds  of  steam. 

At  night  boiler  pressures  may  drop  to  50  pounds  and  if 
this  ratio  is  too  small  the  large  pump  will  start. 

A  4%"x2"x4"  pump  has  been  used  in  many  situations 
with  good  satisfaction.  A  41XJ"x21/£"x4"  would  probably 
answer  equally  well  in  most  cases  and  have  the  advantage 
of  some  greater  capacity.  Where  a  larg'er  capacity  is 
needed,  as  in  a  very  large  pipe  system,  a  5}4"x3"x5"  would 
be  advised.  These  pumps  are  large  enough  to  have  good 
lifting  ability  and  they  are  of  sufficient  capacity  to  take 
care  of  all  ordinary  leaks  and  wastes. 

In  special  cases  where  a  larger  amount  of  water  must 
be  more  or  less  continuously  supplied  from  a  fire  system, 
the  auxiliary  pump  must  be  larger  and  may  be  of  any  size 
desired. 

The  auxiliary  pump  is  of  value  to  keep  the  main  fire 
pump  primed,  as  well  as  to  maintain  the  pressure  and  waste 
in  the  fire  system. 


Installation  of  Governors  and  Auxiliary  Pumps. 

1.  Pump  governors  and  auxiliary  pumps  should  be  ar- 
ranged in  accordance  with  one  of  the  three  plans,  A,  B  or 
C,  following.  . 

This  applies  to  the  scheme  of  connections  and  number 
and  location  of  valves,  but  not  to  the  exact  position  of  the 
auxiliary  pump  and  connecting  pipes. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  3(57 

2.  The   main   pump   and    the   auxiliary   pump   must   have 
separate  governors   made    entirely  independent   by   a  valve 
on  the  water  connection  of  each. 

3.  The  size  of  governors  for  the  main  pump  should  be  as 
follows : 

For  500-gallon  pump,  11/4"  governor. 

For  750-gallon  pump,  l1/^"  governor. 

For  1,000-gallon  pump,  l]/{>"  or  2"  governor. 

For  1, 500-gallon  pump,  2"  governor. 

The  size  of  the  governor  is  restricted  in  this  way  in  order 
that  the  pump  may  not  run  too  rapidly  for  safety  in  the 
absence  of  an  attendant,  in  case  of  an  excessive  demand 
for  water,  or  of  a  loss  of  its  suction  supply.  When,  in  case 
of  fire,  the  attendant  reaches  the  pump,  it  is  expected  that 
he  will  control  it  through  the  regular  throttle  valve.  How- 
ever, with  the  boiler  pressures  now  common,  these  governors 
will  run  the  pumps  at  good  speed  and  often  at  full  speed. 

4.  The  governor   for   the   auxiliary  pump   should   be    %" 
connected  into  a  %"  steam  pipe. 

A  pipe  larger  than  %"  is  undesirable,  as  it  would  permit 
excessive  racing  of  the  small  pump  if  the  pressure  in  the 
main  system  were  low.  A  %"  governor  is  required  to  get 
the  working  parts  large  enough  to  be  reliable. 

5.  The   auxiliary  pump   should   have    an   independent   ex- 
haust. 

If  the  auxiliary  pump  exhaust  is  connected  into  the  ex- 
haust of  the  main  pump  there  is  danger  of  water  collecting 
in  the  large  pump  pipe  and  causing  trouble. 

6.  The  water  pressure  pipe  controlling  the  governors  must 
be  of  brass.     It  must  connect  beyond  the  main  pump  dis- 
charge check  and  must  have  control  gates  as  called  for  in 
Art.  2. 

Brass  is  required  to  avoid  trouble  from  corrosion. 

7.  Lubricant  must  be  applied  so  as  not  to  pass  through 


3G8  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

governors    before    entering    pumps,    unless    manufacturers 
specify  otherwise. 

Unless  the  governors  are  designed  for  it  there  is  danger 
of  the  oil  gumming  up  the  parts. 

8.  The  governor  for  large  pump  to  be  installed  on  usual 
" three  valve"  by-pass  arrangement  of  steam  piping. 

This  is  shown  in  the  cuts,  a  valve  being  provided  on  each 
side  of  the  governor,  while  the  governor  itself  is  on  a  by- 
pass around  the  main  valve.  This  permits  shutting  oif  the 
governor  for  repairs  and  still  have  steam  available  on  the 
pump  through  the  main  throttle. 

9.  The  auxiliary  pump  should  have  a  relief  valve  capable 
of  discharging  full  capacity  of  pump  without  letting  pres- 
sure rise  more  than  25  pounds  above  that  at  which  governor 
is  set. 

This  is  to  prevent  the  small  pump  putting  a  dangerous 
pressure  on  the  system.  In  some  cases  the  large  pump 
governor  is  also  available  for  the  small  pump,  but  where 
this  is  not  so  a  special  governor  must  be  provided  for  it. 

10.  Duplicate  governors,   or  duplicates  of  wearing  parts, 
should  be  kept  on  hand  in  all  important  installations. 

This  is  to  avoid  delay  in  repairs. 

11.  The  governor  on   the  auxiliary  pump   should   usually 
be  set  at  about  10  pounds  higher  water  pressure  than  the 
governor  of  the  main  pump. 

This  is  to  give  some  margin  so  that  the  large  pump 
will  not  start  with  small  changes  in  pressure. 

12.  An  auxiliary  pump  will  not   operate  successfully  un- 
less  the   water   end   stuffing   boxes    and    joints   and    suction 
fittings  complete  of 'the  main  fire  pump  are  in  good  condi- 
tion.    Further,  there  should  be  no  serious  leaks  in  any  part 
of  the  fire  system. 

Under  proper  conditions  the  small  pump  will  move  slowly 
all  the  time,  making  just  enough  strokes  to  maintain  the 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS.  309 

small  leakage  which  exists  in  any  considerable  equipment. 
The  large  pump  will  remain  quiet  until  there  is  a  demand 
for  water  by  sprinklers  or  hose  streams. 

PLAN  A. — For  Pumps  Taking  Water  Under  a  Head.  Not 
Suitable  Where  Water  Must  Be  Lifted. 

In  this  plan  the  auxiliary  pump  is  placed  on  the  floor, 
generally  close  to  the  main  pump,  or  may  be  back  against 
the  pump-house  wall.  All  connections  should  be  put  in  so 
as  to  permit  easy  access  to  all  parts  of  the  large  pump. 
It  takes  its  suction  by  a  short  connection  to  the  suction  pipe 
of  the  large  pump,  a  gate  and  check  valve  being  provided 
so  that  the  small  suction  cannot  interfere  with  the  large 
one.  The  pump  discharges  into  the  discharge  pipe  of  the 
large  pump  just  beyond  the  main  check  valve,  a  valve  being 
provided  so  that  the  small  pump  can  be  cut  off,  while  the 
large  one  can  run  as  usual. 

This  plan  is  not  recommended  where  water  must  be  lifted 
because  the  small  pump  can  draw  the  water  up  only  to  the 
suction  deck  of  the  large  one.  The  large  pump  would  then 
have  to  develop  a  vacuum  equal  to  the  lift  to  draw  the 
water  into  the  chambers,  which  it  might  not  be  able  to  do 
if  the  plungers  were  worn  or  the  pump  not  fully  primed. 
See  Plan  B  or  C  for  such  cases. 

G  and  Gl  are  the  governors.  T  a  steam  trap  for  taking 
care  of  condensation.  EV  is  a  relief  valve  to  prevent  the 
small  pump  putting  a  dangerously  high  pressure  on  the 
system.  A  valve  is  provided  on  each  side  of  the  governor 
on  the  large  pump  so  that  it  can  be  shut  off  for  repairs, 
etc.,  and  steam  still  used  through  the  main  throttle.  The 
idea  is  to  make  it  impossible  for.  any  derangement  of  the 
automatic  apparatus  to  prevent  using  the  large  pump  in 
the  ordinary  way,  that  is,  by  hand  control  through  the  main 
throttle. 

Sight  feed  lubricators  are  shown  on  both  the  small  and 
the  large  pumps.  A  forced  feed  lubricator  as  shown  in 
Plan  C  could  be  used  if  desired. 

The  check  valve  on  the  large  pump   discharge  is   shown 


370  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

in  a  well  in  the  pump  room.  The  point  is  to  place  this 
check  so  that  should  the  jar  of  the  pump  break  the  dis- 
charge pipe  or  loosen  a  joint,  or  should  some  other  accident 
happen  in  or  about  the  pump,  this  check  would  be"  so 
securely  located  that  it  would  not  be  affected,  but  would 
close  and  prevent  the  waste  of  water  from  other  sources, 
as  public  mains,  tanks  or  other  fire  pumps  connected  to  the 
system.  The  discharge  valve  on  the  main  pump  is  bolted 
directly  to  the  pump  outlet,  so  that  no  matter  what  break 
occurs  in  the  pipe  beyond,  it  can  be  closed  and  the  pump 
used  through  its  hose  connections. 

PLAN  B. — For  Pumps  With  Short  Suction  Pipes  and 
Lifts  Not  Over  Ten  Feet,  and  Not  Provided  With  a  Foot 
Valve.  Also  Suitable  For  Use  Where  Water  Is  Taken 
Under  a  Head. 

With  this  arrangement  the  small  pump  *is  located  near 
the  floor  and  takes  its  suction  from  the  suction  of  the  large 
pump  at  a  point  just  above  the  level  of  the  suction  deck. 
This  small  suction  pipe  should  run  level,  or  slightly  ascend- 
ing towards  the  small  pump.  The  small  pump  discharges 
into  the  pulsation  chambers  of  main  pump  through  the 
priming  connections,  and  thence  through  the  discharge 
valves  into  fire  system.  A  valve  is  placed  on  both  the 
suction  and  discharge  of  small  pump,  so  that  all  its  con- 
nections may  be  shut  off  and  the  large  pump  operated 
independently. 

This  plan  will  keep  the  large  pump  fully  primed  and  will 
work  well  on  moderate  lifts  advisably  not  exceeding  8  to 
10  feet.  It  is  not  recommended  for  higher  lifts  or  long 
suction  pipes,  as  the  small  pump  cannot  be  relied  upon  to 
maintain  the  suction  under  severe  conditions.  See  Plan  C 
for  such  cases. 

G  and  Gl  are  the  governors.  T  is  a  steam  trap  for  tak- 
ing care  of  condensation. 

No  relief  valve  is  required,  as  small  pump  operates 
against  relief  valve  of  main  pump. 

A  valve  is  provided   on   each   side   of    the   governor    on 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.        .  371 

the  large  pump,  so  that  it  can  be  shut  off  for  repairs,  etc., 
and  steam  still  used  through  the  main  throttle.  The  idea 
is  to  make  it  impossible  for  any  derangement  of  the  auto- 
matic apparatus  to  prevent  the  use  of  the  large  pump  in 
the  ordinary  way,  that  is,  by  hand  control,  through  the 
main  throttle. 

Sight  feed  lubricators  are  shown  on  both  the  large  and 
the  small  pumps.  A  forced  feed  lubricator  could  be  used 
as  shown  in  Plan  C,  if  desired. 

The  check  valve  on  the  main  pump  discharge  is  shown  in 
a  well  outside  the  pump  room,  and  this  is  a  very  good 
arrangement.  The  conditions  governing  the  arrangement 
of  this  check  valve  and  the  main  gate  on  the  large  pump 
are  fully  explained  under  Plan  A.  The  well  for  the  check 
valve  is  desirable,  as  it  not  only  makes  the  check  valve 
easily  accessible,  but  also  the  connection  from  the  small 
pump  discharge  is  put  where  it  can  readily  be  gotten  at. 

PLAN  C. — For  Pumps  With  Long  Suction  Pipe  or  Lifts 
Over  Ten  Feet,  ^Requiring  a  Foot  Valve,  But  Suitable  For 
Use  With  Lesser  Lifts  or  Where  Water  Is  Taken  Under 
a  Head. 

The  auxiliary  pump  is  shown  on  the  floor  of  the  pump 
house,  over  against  the  distant  side  wall.  The  small 
pump  takes  its  suction  independently  of  the  main  one,  from 
some  reliable  water  supply,  either  that  from  which  the  main 
pump  draws  or  any  other  sure  source.  If  a  near  water 
supply  for  the  small  pump  can  be  obtained  at  a  moderate 
lift  it  is  better  than  to  have  it  working  under  a  high  lift. 
The  auxiliary  pump  discharges  into  the  suction  pipe  of  the 
large  pump,  and  on  the  end  of  the  large  pump  suction  a 
check  or  foot  valve  is  placed  to  retain  the  water.  The  foot 
or  check  valve  used  should  have  metal  seat  and  valve,  as, 
if  a  soft  seat  is. used,  the  continual  high  water  pressure  on 
it  maintained  by  the  small  pump  may  in  time  indent  the 
soft  material,  possibly  making  the  clapper  stick,  so  that 
the  suction  action  of  the  large  pump  would  not  be  sufficient 
to  tear  it  from  its  seat.  As  in  the  other  plans,  a  valve  is 


372  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

provided  on  the  discharge  so  that  the  small  pump  connec- 
tions may  be  shut  off  and  the  large  pump  run  independ- 
ently. The  connections  from  the  small  to  the  large  pump 
are  shown  running  up  the  side  wall  to  a  height  sufficient 
to  let  a  man  walk  under  them  where  they  pass  overhead  to 
the  large  pump.  The  discharge  pipe  should  be  carried  just 
below  the  floor  in  a  trench  covered  with  a  plate. 

This  arrangement  is  advised  for  high  lifts,  but  is,  of 
course,  available  for  less  severe  conditions,  because  it 
absolutely  insures  keeping  the  large  pump  and  suction  pipe 
full  of  water,  thus  giving  no  chance  that  when  a  sudden 
demand  for  water  comes  and  steam  is  turned  on  to  the  large 
pump  it  will  fail  to  take  water  and  work  as  desired. 
Where  a  pump  is  equipped  with  an  automatic  governor 
there  is  almost  sure  to  be  some  damage  done  the  pump 
if,  when  a  demand  for  water  arises,  and  the  governor  turns 
on  steam,  the  pump  does  not  at  once  obtain  a  full  supply 
of  water,  for  without  wrater  the  pump  would  tend  to  run 
away,  frequently  resulting  in  breaking  some  part  or  wrench- 
ing some  connections  loose. 

The  explanation  of  details  is  the  same  as  for  Plans  A 
and  B.  In  this  case  no  relief  valve  is  necessary  on  the 
small  pump,  as  the  relief  valve  on  the  large  pump  would 
take  care  of  the  pressure  on  both  pumps. 

A  forced  feed  lubricator  is  shown  on  the  large  pump, 
but  of  course  a  sight  feed  lubricator  as  in  Plans  A  and  B 
could  be  used  if  preferred. 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


374 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


375 


376  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  ROTARY  FIRE  PUMPS. 

AMENDMENTS. 

Adopted  by  the  National  Fire  Protection  Association, 
1906,  1907  and  1908. 


NAME    PLATES    (1906). 

(Type  A,  page  182.     Type  B,  page  201). 

Specifications    (pages    178   to    194)    to   be   designated   as 
"Type  A";   those  in  the  appendix    (pages  195  to  215)   to 
remain   "Type  B." 
'Name  plates  to  be  as  fellows: 


PUMP   COMPANY 

ROTARY  FIRE  PUMP. 

TYPE  A. 
THE   NATI'>NAL  STANDARD. 


PUMP   COMPANY 

ROTARY  FIRE  PUMP. 

TYPE  P>. 
THE  NATIONAL  STANDARD. 


TYPE  A.    (1907) 

(Page  184,  new  paragraph). 
9.     Bed  Plate. 

a.  A   substantial   cast   iron   bed   plate    must   be  provided, 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  377 

to  which  bearings  and  pump  must  be  firmly  secured.  Foun- 
dation bolts  of  a  size  not  less  than  from  %"  to  1",  accord- 
ing to  size  of  pump,  must  be  provided  for  anchoring  bed 
plate  to  foundations. 

(Page  187,  new  paragraph). 
1<).     Safety  Valve. 

fj.  Pumps  operated  by  electric  motors  must  be  provided 
with  two  relief  valves,  each  one  of  \vhich  must  be  at  least 
of  a  size  next  smaller  than  that  required  for  this  size 
pump. 

NOTE. — This  is  a  precaution  necessitated  by  the  danger 
of  crippling  the  electric  current  by  the  blowing  of  a  main 
fuse  in  case  one  of  the  relief  valves  is  inoperative  at  the 
desired  pressure.  It  is  believed  the  chances  are  much  less  for 
both  valves  being  stuck  or  set  at  too  high  a  pressure. 

TYPE   A.    (1908). 

(Page  18J,  last  paragraph). 
5.     Capacity  Plate. 

a.  Change  to  read :  Every  pump  must  bear  a  conspicuous 
statement  of  its  capacity  securely  attached  to  the  inboard 
side  of  air  chamber,  thus : 

(Page  182). 

Amend  wording  of  plate  to  read:  "Nominal  Capacity," 
instead  of  "Capacity." 

Designate  the  first  paragraph  lt  b  "  and  change  "  55  ' '  to 
read  "5e." 

(Page  183,  fifth  paragraph). 
8.     Body  of  Pump. 

Change  heading  to  read  "Pump  Casing"  and  section 
"a"  following  to  read:  The  cylindrical  portions  and  the 
cr.ds  of  pump  casing  to  be  of  cast  bronze,  etc. 

TYPE   B.    (1907). 

(Page  204,  last  paragraph). 
12.     Stuffing  Boxes. 

Substitute  requirements  of  Associated  Factory  Mutual 
Fire  Insurance  Companies,  Specifications  of  September, 


378  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

(Page  208,  third  paragraph). 

15.  Bed  Plate. 

e.  Change  to  read:  Foundation  bolts  of  a  size  not  less 
than  from  %-ineh  to  1-inch,  according  to  size  of  pump, 
must  be  provided  for  anchoring  bed  plate  to  foundation. 

(Page  211,  new  paragraph). 
21.     Safety  Valve. 

d.  Pumps  operated  by  electric  motors  must  be  provided 
with  two  relief  valves,  each  one  of  which  must  be  at  least 
of  a  size  next  smaller  than  that  required  for  this  size  pump. 

NOTE. — This  is  a  precaution  necessitated  by  the  danger 
of  crippling  the  electric  circuit  by  the  blowing  of  a  main 
fuse  in  case  one  of  the  relief  valves  is  inoperative  at  the 
desired  pressure.  It  is  believed  the  chances  are  much  less 
for  both  valves  being  stuck  or  set  at  too  high  a  pressure. 

Type  B.    (1908). 

(Page  199,  third  paragraph,  third  line). 
3.     Sizes  of  Pump. 

Cha*nge,  in  third  paragraph  of  fine  note,  5.34  to  read 
5.83. 

(Page  201). 

Amend  wording  of  plate  to  read:  "Nominal  Capacity/ ' 
instead  of  "Capacity." 

(Page  206,  first  paragraph,  third  line). 

12.  Stuffing  Boxes. 

&.  Add:  Some  means  must  be  provided  for  preventing 
the  gland  nuts  from  jarring  loose. 

(Page  206,  ninth  paragraph,  last  line). 

13.  Gearing. 

c.  Add:  or  the  equivalent  diametrical  pitch. 

(Page  209,  fourth  line.) 

16.  Suction  and  Discharge  Openings. 

c.  Amend  second  line  of  diameters  in  -table  to  read,  for 
the  respective  pump  sizes,  5-inch  or  6-inch,  6-inch  or  8-inch, 
8-inch  or  10-inch. 

NOTE. — Starting  valve  should  be  connected  to  the  dis- 
charge casting  at  such  a  point  that  the  water  from  the 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS.  379 

priming  pipe  will  not  run  out  through  this  starting  valve 
when  open. 

NOTE. — The  object  of  the  change  in  the  table  is  to  permit 
the  manufacturer  at  his  option  to  make  the  openings  for 
the  hose  connection  piece  the  same  size  as  for  the  main 
discharge,  thus  permitting  the  discharge  pipe  to  lead  away 
from  the  pump  in  any  one  of  three  different  directions. 
This  undoubtedly  would  be  a  considerable  advantage  under 
many  conditions  of  pump  installation. 

(Page  211,  fifth  paragraph). 
22.     Discharge  Cone. 

~b.  Amend  to  read:  The  cone  must  be  provided  with  an 
opening  to  receive  the  air-vent  pipe  required  by  Steam 
Pump  Rules,  Article  45  (page  151). 


REMARKS. 

Further  amendments  were  proposed  to  the  specifications 
for  Type  B  Rotary  Fire  Pumps,  as  outlined  in  a  committee 
report  printed  in  the  1908  Proceedings  of  the  National 
Fire  Protection  Association  (page  167  of  the  Proceedings). 


oSO  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  ELECTRIC  FIRE  PUMPS. 

AMENDMENTS. 

Adopted    by    the    National    Fire    Protection 
Association,    1905. 

(Page  230,  fifth  paragraph) . 

6.  Motor. 

a.  Change  to  read:  May  be  of  either  the  direct  or  alter- 
nating current  type  and  must  be  designed  for  voltages 
within  the  limits  for  low  potential  systems  as  specified  by 
the  "National  Electrical  Code. " 

(Page  232,  seventh  paragraph). 

7.  Means  of  Control,  Manual  Controller. 

h.  Change  to  read:  The  starting  operation  should  pref- 
erably be  accomplished  by  the  use  of  one  handle  or  level- 
arm. 

NOTE. — When  more  than  one  lever  or  arm  must  be  manip- 
ulated, the  lever  or  arm  must  be  interlocked  in  order  to 
insure  their  handling  in  proper  order. 

(Page  234,  first  paragraph). 

9.  Pump. 

c.  Section  stricken  out. 

(Page  234,  new  articles). 

10.  Eelief  Valve. 

a.  Must  be  provided  with  two  relief  valves  of  the  spring 
"Pop   Release "    type,   attached  to   discharge   casting,   and 
to   have  hand  wheel   for  pressure   regulation.      Each   valve 
must  have  same  capacity  as  required  in   Steam  or  Rotary 
Pump  Specifications  for  pumps  of  same  size.     Relief  valves 
to  discharge  into  waste  pipes  having  cone  tops  with  slides 
so  that  the  discharge  from  each  valve  can  be  made  visible. 

b.  When  the  supply  of  water  is  limited,  as  from  a  special 
suction  reservoir  or  cistern,  the  waste  pipes  must  drain  into 
such   reservoir   or   cistern,   entering   as   far   from   the  pump 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  381 

suction  as  is  necessary  to  prevent  the  pump  from  draught- 
ing air  which  may  be  carried  down  into  the  cistern  by  the 
discharge  from  the  waste  pipes. 

NCTE. — In    case    such    reservoir    or    cistern    is    above    the 
level  of  the  pump,  the  waste  cones  may  be  omitted. 

(Page  234). 

11.     Compression  Tank  for  Automatic  Pumps. 
Same  as  old  10,  a,  I),  c. 

(Page  235). 
VI.     Approval. 
Same  as  old  11. 


3813 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


"ROCKWOOD"  STRAIGHTWAY  DRY  PIPE  VALVE. 

(1908.) 

(Worcester    Fire    Extinguisher    Company, 
Worcester,   Mass.) 


M 


DESCRIPTION. 

A  is  a  bronze  valve-plate  which  both  closes  the  water 
inlet  J  and  seals  the  air-valve  chamber  by  the  contact  of 
the  rubber  ring  at  its  circumference  on  a  block  tin  air- 
valve  seat  I. 

B  is  the  upper  part  of  the  valve  body,  in  which  the 
valve-plate  A  swings  when  it  opens  the  water  inlet. 

C  is  the  lower  part  of  the  valve  body,  and  carries  the 
air  and  water  seats. 

D  is  a  swinging  arm,  to  which  are  attached  the  valve- 
plate  A  and  the  counterweight  E;  the  whole  swings  about 
the  axis  F  as  the  valve  opens  to  the  position  A'  E'  F, 


NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 


383 


E  is  an  iron  ball  filled  with  lead.  The  weight  of  the 
valve-plate  A  tends  to  hold  itself  down  on  its  two  seats 
when  shut,  and  the  weight  of  the  ball  tends  to  hold  the 
valve-plate  open  after  it  has  started  to  open. 

G  is  the  draw-off  valve  and  pipe  for  emptying  the  entire 
system  of  sprinklers  and  piping. 

H  is  the  hand-hole  cover  plate,  for  giving  access  to  all 
interior  parts  of  the  valve. 

I  and  J  are  the  tin  air  seat  ond  bronze  water  seat, 
respectively. 

K  is  a  projection   on  the  ball  E   adapted   to   engage   a 


384  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

spring  latch  L.  It  is  brought  into  use  to  prevent  the  valve- 
plate  from  returning  to  its  seats  if  the  combination  should 
occur  of  (1)  a  feeble  water  supply;  (2),  a  corroded  or 
jammed  spindle  F;  (3),  a  reversal  of  flow  after  the  riser 
had  been  filled  with  water.  Under  normal  conditions  it 
plays  no  part. 

M  is  a  ball-seated  swing  check-valve,  which  is  automati- 
cally held  off  its  seat  by  the  contact  of  its  arm  extension 
with  the  under  side  of  the  valve-plate,  and  thus  allows 
any  water  which  may  leak  by  J  to  run  freely  out  of  the 
intermediate  chamber  N  into  the  drip  cup  P. 

O  is  a  drip  pipe  for  draining  the  priming  water  left  in 
the  valve-body  after  the  system  has  been  emptied  through 
G. 

E  is  a  jack  for  raising  the  lip  of  the  upper  body  B  over 
the  flange  of  the  under  body  C  when  it  is  desired  to  remove 
C  or  A  for  repairs.  To  use  the  jack,  hold  the  pipe  post  E 
with  one  pipe  wrench  while  screwing  upwards  the  coupling 
at  the  upper  end  of  E  with  another  wrench. 

DIRECTIONS 

For    setting    the    Rockwood    Straightway 
Dry-Pipe  Valve. 

Never  apply  grease,  tallow,  or  any  oily  substance  to  valve 
seats  I  or  J. 

1.  Drain    the    system    through    G,     and    the    valve-body 
through  O. 

2.  With  a  piece  of  waste,  clean  the  surfaces  of    (1)   the 
rubber  valve;    (2)   the  tin  air  seat  I;    (3)   the  bronze  water 
seat  J.     With  the  hand,  scoop  out  any  excess   of  scale  01 
solid  particles  found  in  the  intermediate  chamber  N. 

3.  Push   the  valve-plate   A    down    towards   its   seats.      It 
will  stop  wrhen  engaged  by  the  latch  L.     To  lift  the  latch 
over  the  projection  on  the  ball,  insert  the  end  of  the  valve- 
wrench  between  the  top  of  the  ball  and  the  latch  and  pry 
the  latter  up,  thus  releasing  the  valve-plate,  which  will  then 
seat  itself. 


ON  HYDRAULICS.  385 

4.  Pour  water  (from  a  hose  or  pail)  into  the  upper  valve 
body  through  the  hand-hole  H  until  it  will  almost  overflow. 

5.  Arrange  the  hand-hole  gasket  in  place  and  then  bolt 
on  the  cover-plate.     Set  the  nuts  up  hard. 

6.  Pump  the  necessary   air   pressure  into   the  system  to 
hold   the  valve   closed   against   the  water  pressure   in   the 
supply  pipe. 

NOTE. — With  a  water  pressure  of  50  pounds,  the  air 
pressure  should  not  be  less  than  15  pounds  nor  more  than 
25  pounds;  water  pressure  of  75  pounds,  air  pressure  of 
not  less  than  20  nor  more  than  30  pounds;  water  pressure 
of  100  pounds,  air  pressure  of  not  less  than  25  nor  more 
than  35  pounds;  and  with  a  water  pressure  of  150  pounds, 
the  air  pressure  should  not  be  less  than  35  nor  more  than 
50  pounds. 

7.  After  the  air  pressure  has  been  pumped  into  the  sys- 
tem, open  the  main  gate  valve.  If  the  valve  seats  are  tight, 
no  leakage  water  will  be  observed  to  flow  out  through  the 
ball  check-valve  M  into  the  drip  cup  P. 

Water  must  not  be  allowed  to  stand  above  the 
Draw-off  Valve  G,  where  it  might  freeze  or  exert 
pressure  on  the  Air  Valve. 

OPERATION 

When  the  air  pressure,  acting  on  the  surface  of  the  prim- 
ing water,  is  relieved  by  the  opening  of  a  sprinkler,  the 
upward  pressure  of  the  water  underneath  the  valve  plate 
A  causes  A  to  lift,  the  intermediate  chamber  N  instantly 
fills,  with  the  result  that  the  entire  force  of  the  water, 
exerted  over  the  full  area  of  the  valve  plate,  pushes  it  over 
to  the  wide-open  position  and  thus  leaves  a  straight  unob- 
structed passage  for  the  water. 

INSPECTION 

1.  Open  draw-off  valve  G  to  see  that  the  system  of  sprin- 
klers and  piping  is  free  of  water  down  to  this  level.  If 
any  water  appears,  draw  it  off  and  then  tightly  close 
valve  G. 


386  NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

2.  Observe  the  outlet  from  the  ball-seated  swing  check- 
valve  M  to  see  that  there  is  no  leakage  from  either  valve 
seat.     Insert  the  middle  finger  of  the  hand  into  this  outlet 
and   tip   the   ball   of   the   check-valve   to   see   that   there  is 
entire  freedom  of  movement  and  no  dirt  surrounding  it. 

3.  Test  automatic  alarm  occasionally. 


TO  DRAIN  SYSTEM 

1.  Close  main  gate  valve  Q  in  supply  pipe  under  dry-pipe 
valve. 

2.  Open  draw-off  valve  G,  closing  it   (after  operation  3) 
when  water  has  stopped  running. 

3.  Open   drip-valves  and  vents   throughout   system;    then 
close  after  water  stops  running.  •  „"- 

4.  Pump  a  few  pounds  of  air  pressure  on  the  system. 

5.  Open  drip-valves  and  vents  to  force  water  from  low 
points  of  the  system. 

6.  Set   DKY-PIPE  VALVE   and   pump   up   air  pressure, 
as  described  before  under  BISECTIONS. 


NOTES   ON   HYDRAULICS. 

'INTERNATIONAL'9  DRY  PIPE  VALVE. 

Model  No.  4. 


387 


Set  **dry,"  with  mechanical  and  electrical  alarms, 

(See  pages  89  to  93.) 


388  NOTES   ON    HYDRAULICS. 

ALARMS  ON  DRY  PIPE  SYSTEMS. 

On  dry  pipe  systems  where  air  is  maintained  throughout 
the  year,  either  the  circuit  closer  or  the  water  motor,  or 
both,  may  be  connected  direct  to  the  intermediate  chamber 
of  the  air-valve.  In  dry  pipe  systems  where  the  air  is  not 
maintained  in  the  system  throughout  the  year,  but  water 
is  admitted  during  the  summer,  an  alarm  check  valve  must 
be  used  with  the  dry  pipe  valve  at  the  water  intake  end. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS.  389 

"NIAGARA"  DRY  PIPE  VALVE. 

(Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co.,  Akron,  Ohio.) 


DESCRIPTION. 

Figure  1  shows  the  "Niagara"  dry  pipe  valve  as  it  appears 
when  set  and  ready  for  operation. 

Figure  2  is  a  view  similar  to  Fig.  1,  with  the  doors  open  to 
disclose  the  tripping  mechanism. 

Figure  3  shows  the  valve  as  it  appears  when  tripped,  door  (17) 
being  removed  to  clearly  disclose  parts. 

Figure  4  is  a  diagramatic  partial  sectional  view,  designed  to 
show  clearly  all  operating  parts.  The  device  is  shown  **  set"  in 
this  diagram.  The  valve  consists  of  the  body  portion  (1)  which 
has  bolted  thereto  the  portion  (16  A)  to  which  are  hinged  the 
doors  (17  and  1.7  A).  Secured  to  the  lower  portion  of  (16  A)  is 
the  alarm  (18). 

The  water  clapper  (3)  in  the  lower  part  of  the  valve  body  (1) 
is  held  on  the  seat  (2)  by  means  of  the  toggle,  consisting  of  (4), 
(5)  and  (6),  the  upper  toggle  strut  (5)  being  mounted  upon  and 
bearing  against  the  pin  (25).  The  horizontal  thrust  of  the  toggle 
is  resisted  by  the  plunger  (7),  levers  (9)  and  (10),  weight  (11), 
weight  hook  (33A),  trip  lever  (12A)  and  air  pot  disc  (15). 

The  parts  (9)  and  (11)  are  mounted  in  (16 A)  by  '''scale 
bearings."  Nearly  alt  of  the  moving  parts  of  the  valve  have 
loose  bearings  of  the  ball  and  socket  or  "scale  bearing"  type. 

Mounted  upon  the  top  of  the  valve  body  (1)  is  a  suitable  air 
check  valve,  consisting  of  the  body  portion  (37),  clapper  (36) 
and  seat  ring  (35).  This  check  valve  is  provided  with  a  suitable 
drain  (C). 

Both  the  air  pot  (14)  and  air  check  valve  (37)  are  provided 
Nvith  suitable  priming  devices,  consisting  of  (D)  and  (23),  which 
permit  of  priming  while  system  is  under  air  pressure. 

INSTRUCTIONS    FOR    SETTING. 

Close  gate  valve  under  dry  pipe  valve  and  drain  the  system 
through  (B)  an  J  (C).  Remove  the  cover  (38)  of  the  air  check 
valve  and  clean  seat  (35)  and  face  of  air  clapper  (36).  Reseat 
(36)  on  (35)  and  replace  cover.  Remove  the  air  pot  cover  (22) 


390 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


FIG,  1, 


NOTES    ON   HYDRAULICS* 


391 


FIG.  2. 


392 


NOTES    ON   HYDRAULICS. 


FIG.  3. 


NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 


393 


FIG.  4. 


394  NOTES    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

and  thoroughly  clean  the  air  pot  (14)  and  seat  of  air  clapper  (15) 
and  replace  the  cover  (22).  Next  raise  the  ou.er  end  of  (12 A)  so 
the  inner  end  rests  under  the  depending-  portion  of  (15),  after 
which  pump  up  the  air  on  the  system  to  35  pounds  or  more 
pressure. 

Next  hang  up  weight  (11)  by  hooking  (33 A)  on  (12 A)  as  shown 
in  the  diagram. 

The  water  clapper  (3)  and  seat  (2)  should  now  be  thoroughly 
cleaned  and  the  clapper  (3)  seated  on  (2).  Next  screw  the  nut  (6) 
up  as  high  as  possible  on  ^5)  and  set  the  end  of  lower  strut  (4) 
in  the  socket  on  top  of  (3).  Draw  the  plunger  (7)  into  the  valve 
body  as  far  as  possible  and  set  the  levers  (9)  and  (10)  in  position 
shown  in  diagram;  place  the  lower  end,  or  ball  portion,  of  the 
stress  nut  (6)  in  the  socket  on  top  of  (7)  and  screw  down  the  nut 
(6).  Open  the  gate  valve  below  the  dry  valve  and  see  that  water 
seat  is  tight. 

Close  the  hinged  cover  (20)  and  doors  (17)  and  (17 A)  and  valve 
is  set  for  action. 

A  ball  drip  (24)  is  provided  to  take  care  of  any  possible  leakage 
past  the  water  seat  (2-3). 

In  order  to  prime  the  air  pot  and  air  check,  while  system  is 
under  pressure,  open  the  upper  valve  on  (23),  fill  the  priming 
chambers  (23)  through  (D),  close  upper  valve  and  open  lower 
valve,  when  the  water  will  descend  and  cover  seats.  Prime  until 
water  shows  at  test  valves  (F). 

OPERATION. 

In  case  air  is  allowed  to  escape  from  the  system,  because  of  a 
sprinkler  head  opening  or  a  valve  being  opened,  and  the  pressure 
becomes  reduced  to,  say,  from  13  to  15  pounds  per  square  inch, 
the  weight  (11)  will  begin  to  drop,  thereby  releasing  the  lever  (9) 
and  allowing  the  plunger  (7)  to  move  to  a  seat  in  bushing  (8)  and 
close  the  opening  in  same.  This  operation  will  release  the 
stress  toggle  and  permit  the  water  clapper  (3)  to  open  and  water 
to  fill  the  system. 

The  weight  (11),  coming  in  contact  with  the  plunger  of  the 
alarm  device  (18),  causes  an  alarm  to  be  sounded  until  such  time 
as  contact  is  broken. 

The  valve  cannot  be  reset  until  the  air  seat  is  raised  above  the 
inner  portion  of  (12  A).  This  guards  against  any  chance  of 
"water  column"  in  air  riser  pipe,  as  this  cannot  be  done  until 
all  pressure  is  out  of  the  system. 


BUYERS'  GUIDE  17 

(Continued  from  Page  15) 
HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HOSE,  UNLINED  LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HYDRANTS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
METERS,    WATER 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
OIL  PUMPS,   HAND 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  J.  Jager  Co.,  281  Franklin  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PIPES 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
PIPE   HANGERS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PLAY   PIPES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PLAY  PIPES,  MONITOR  NOZZLES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,  CENTRIFUGAL 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,    ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  J.  Jager  Co.,  281  Franklin  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,   POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  J.  Jager  Co.,  281  Franklin  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,    ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  J.  Jager  Co.,  281  Franklin  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,  STEAM 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
SPRINKLERS,  AUTOMATIC 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
TANKS,  GRAVITY 

New  England  Tank  &  Tower  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
TANK  HEATERS 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 


18  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

TANKS,   PRESSURE 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
TANK  TELL-TALES 

New  England  Tank  &  Tower  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES 

International  Sprinkler  Co.         i' 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  ALARM 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  J.  Jager  Co.,  281  Franklin  St.) 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co.  . 

VALVES,  DRY 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  FLOAT 

Deming  Co.  (Chas.  J.  Jager  Co.,  281  Franklin  St.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  FOOT 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,   INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Rockwood  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  POST  INDICATOR  GATE 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Rockwood    Sprinkler    Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

BALTIMORE 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (Crook-Horner  Co.) 
OIL  PUMPS,  HAND 

Deming  Co.  (Crook-Horner  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (Crook-Horner  Co.) 
PUMPS,  POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Crook-Horner  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (Crook-Horner  Co.) 
VALVES,  CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (Crook-Horner  Co.) 
VALVES,  FLOAT 


BUYERS'   GUIDE 


ESTY   SPRINKLER 


I  m 

H.  C.  YOCEL  CO. 

EXECUTIVE     OFFICES 

12-14  WALKER  STREET,  NEW  YORK  CITY 

CHICAGO,  ILL.,  Western  Union  Building 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  3d  and  Chestnut  Streets 
BOSTON,  MASS.,  31  Milk  Street 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y.,  Dun  Building 

MONTREAL,  P.  Q.,    620  St.  Paul  Street,  West 


19 


20  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

CLEVELAND 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  AUXILIARY 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 

FITTINGS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

HOSE   RACKS  AND  REELS 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 

HOSE,   UNLINED  LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

HYDRANTS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 

PIPES 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

SPRINKLERS,   AUTOMATIC 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 

STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

VALVES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

VALVES    ALARM 

General    Fire    Extinguisher    Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,    CHECK 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

VALVES,  DRY 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 

VALVES,  INDICATOR  GATE 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 

VALVES,  POST  INDICATOR  GATE 
General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
International  Sprinkler  Co.  ..  . 

BUFFALO 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (Root,  Neal  &  Co.,  178  Main  St.) 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

ELECTRICAL    APPARATUS 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

FIRE   DEPARTMENT   SUPPLIES 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 


BUYERS'   GUIDE 


GENERAL  FIRE  EXTINGUISHER 
COMPANY 

Equips  Factories  and  Warehouses  with  the 

GRINNELL    AUTOMATIC    SPRINKLER 

Both  Wet  Pipe  and  Dry  Pipe  Systems 

Jobbers,     Manufacturers,     Dealers    in     Pipe, 

Fittings,    Valves,     Hydrants,    and    all 

kinds  of  Steam,  Gas  and  Water 

Supplies  and  Specialties. 
Executive  Offices,  Providence,  R.  I. 


The  Oldest  and  Largest  Manufacturers  of  Automatic  Sprinkers  in  the 

world. 
Estimates  on  both  wet  and  dry  pipe  systems  furnished  at  the  various 

offices,  namely: 

NEW  YORK,  German-American  Bldg.  BOSTON,  Post  Office  Sq.  Bldg. 

PHILADELPHIA.  Mutual  Life  Bldg.  BUFFALO,  Dun  Building 

CLEVELAND,  Society  for  Savings  Bldg.  ST.  LOUIS,  Lincoln  Trust  Bldg. 

CINCINNATI,  Union  Trust  Bldg.  ATLANTA,  276  Marietta  St. 

CHARLOTTE,  N.  C.,  North  College  St.  MONTREAL,  620  St.  Paul  St.  West. 

NEW  ORLEANS,  Canal  &  N.  Claiborne  Sts.  P1TTSBURG,  MacChesney  Bldg. 
Western  Factory,  Warren,  Ohio. 


CHICAGO    OFFICE 

Temple  Bldg.,  184  La  Salle  Street 

J.  G.  THOMAS,  Northwestern  Dept.  Agt. 
A.  J.  NERACHER,  Chicago  Dept.  Agt. 


22  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

FIRE  PAILS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

FITTINGS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

GAGES,  PRESSURE 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

GAGES,  WATER       * 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

GOVERNORS  FOR  PUMPS 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

HOSE 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HOSE,  UNLINED  LINEN 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

HYDRANTS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

METERS,  WATER 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

OIL  PUMPS,    HAND 

Deming  Co.  (Root,  Neal  &  Co.,  178  Main  St.) 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PIPES 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

PIPE  HANGERS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PLAY  PIPES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PLAY  PIPES,   MONITOR  NOZZLES 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PUMPS,  CENTRIFUGAL 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PUMPS,    ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (Root,  Neal  &  Co.,  178  Main  St.) 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PUMPS,    POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Root,  Neal  &  Co.,  178  Main  St.) 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PUMPS,  ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (Root,  Neal  &  Co.,  178  Main  St.) 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

PUMPS,  STEAM 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

SPRINKLERS,   AUTOMATIC 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

STANDPIPES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 


BUYERS'    GUIDE 


A  costly  fire 

is  a  blot  on  tbe 

managers  reputation 

There's  no  excuse  for  the  management 
which  suffers  a  serious  lo-asrthroucjh 
fire  because  positive  means  of  fire 
prevention  are  easi  ly  obtained. 

When 


are  mstal  led,  fire  cannot 
lent  he<=idway  to  cause  appreciable 
damage  They  are  inf  a  liable  and  are  not 
costly  to  install  or  maintain 
Insurance,  interests  endorse  them, 
your  mterestsdeniand 
them.  Detaibmour 
Dooklet-Wantacopy?  ^ 

InternationahJ 
Sprinkler  Co.* 

Philadelphia 


23 


24  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

TANKS,   GRAVITY 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

TANK  HEATERS 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

TANKS,   PRESSURE 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

TANK  TELL-TALES 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

VALVES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,    ALARM 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

VALVES,  CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (Root,  Neal  &  Co.,  178  Main  St.) 
General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

VALVES,  DRY 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

VALVES,  FLOAT 

Deming  Co.  (Root,  Neal  &  Co.,  178  Main  St.) 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

VALVES,   FOOT 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

VALVES,  INDICATOR  GATE 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

VALVES,  POST  INDICATOR  GATE 
General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 


PITTSBURG 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.   (Harris  Pump  &  Supply  Co.,  320  Second 

Ave.) 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 

FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  AUXILIARY 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 

HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 

HOSE,  UNLINED  LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

HYDRANTS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

OIL  PUMPS,  HAND 

Deming  Co.   (Harris  Pump  &  Supply  Co.,  320  Second 
Ave.) 


BUYERS'   GUIDE 


NIAGARA  FIRE  EXTINGUISHER  Co. 


AKRON,   OHIO 


We   manufacture  and    install    complete    and 

standard  Automatic  Sprinkler   Equip- 

ments in  every  part  of  the 

United  States. 
Fully  approved  by  all  the   leading   Insurance 

Organizations. 

Information  and  Proposals  furnished   by  our 
several  Department  Agencies. 


EXECUTIVE    OFFICES 

HAMILTON     BUILDING,    AKRON,    OHIO, 

The  Standard  Auiomaiic  Fire  Sprinkler  Co.,   Lid., 
Montreal,  Canada,  Agents  for  Canada. 


26  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

PUMPS,  ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.   (Harris  Pump  &  Supply  Co.,  320  Second 

Av.e.) 
PUMPS,  POWER 

Deming  Co.   (Harris  Pump  &  Supply  Co.,  320  Second 

Ave.) 
PUMPS,   ROTARY 

Deming  Co.   (Harris  Pump  &  Supply  Co.,  320  Second 

Ave.) 
SPRINKLERS,  AUTOMATIC 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  ALARM 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   CHECK 

Deming  Co.   (Harris  Pump  &  Supply  Co.,  320  Second 
Ave.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  DRY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   FLOAT 

Deming  Co.   (Harris  Pump  &  Supply  Co.,  320  Second 

Ave.) 
VALVES,  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   POST  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 


SAN  FRANCISCO 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (Henshaw,  Bulkley  &  Co.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  AUXILIARY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE,  UNLINED  LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HYDRANTS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
OIL  PUMPS,  HAND 

Deming  Co.  (Henshaw,  Bulkley  &  Co.) 
PUMPS,    ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (Henshaw,  Bulkley  &,  Co.) 


BUYERS'   GUIDE 


ROCKWOOD 

AUTOMATIC    SPRINKLERS 

AND 

DRY- PIPE  VALVES 

(STRAIGHT  WAY) 
APPROVED  BY  ALL  INSURANCE  INTERESTS 


MANUFACTURERS 
ENGINEERS  and 
CONTRACTORS 

FOR 

COMPLETE 
SPRINKLER 
EQUIPMENTS 


THE    ROCKWOOD   SPRINKLER 


ROCKWOOD  SPRINKLER  CO. 

Offices  at  which  Rockwood  Sprinkler  Apparatus  is  sold  : 
For  NEW  ENGLAND  AND 


For  NEW  YORK,  NEW  JERSEY,  PENN'A    .        2  Rector  St.,  New  York,  N.Y. 
For  CENTRAL  AND  SOUTHERN  STATES     .        206  LaSalle  St.,  Chicago,  111. 
For  PACIFIC  COAST  STATES       .      .      .        Seattle,  Washington 
For  TEXAS 1210^  Congress  Ave.,  Houston,  Texas 


27 


28  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

PUMPS,  POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Henshaw,  Bulkley  &  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (Henshaw,  Bulkley  &  Co.) 
SPRINKLERS,  AUTOMATIC 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

VALVES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  ALARM 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (Henshaw,  Bulkley  &  Co.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  DRY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,    FLOAT 

Deming  Co.  (Henshaw,  Bulkley  &  Co.) 
VALVES,  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  POST  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

DETROIT 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (Kerr  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.) 
OIL  PUMPS,  HAND 

Deming  Co.  (Kerr  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (Kerr  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.) 
PUMPS,  POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Kerr  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (Kerr  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.) 
VALVES,  CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (Kerr  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.) 
VALVES,  FLOAT 

Deming  Co.  (Kerr  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.) 

CINCINNATI 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
ELECTRICAL  APPARATUS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  AUXILIARY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 


BUYERS'  GUIDE  29 


FIRE  DEPARTMENT   SUPPLIES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
FIRE  PAILS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
GAGES,  PRESSURE 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
GAGES,   WATER 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
GOVERNORS  FOR  PUMPS 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HOSE,  UNLINED  LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
HYDRANTS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
METERS,    WATER 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
OIL  PUMPS,  HAND 

Deming  Co.   (Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co.) 

H.   G.   Vogel   Co. 
PIPE  HANGERS 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PLAY  PIPES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PLAY  PIPES,  MONITOR  NOZZLES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,    CENTRIFUGAL 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,    ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,  POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co, 
PUMPS,   ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
PUMPS,   STEAM 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
SPRINKLERS,  AUTOMATIC 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 


30  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

TANKS,  GRAVITY 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
TANK  HEATERS 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
TANKS,  PRESSURE 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
TANK  TELL-TALES 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  ALARM 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  DRY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

Niagara  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  FLOAT 

Deming  Co.  (Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co.) 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  FOOT 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 
VALVES,  POST  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

H.  G.  Vogel  Co. 

NEW  ORLEANS 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.    (Wilmot   Machinery   Co.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  AUXILIARY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
FITTINGS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE,  UNLINED  LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HYDRANTS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 


BUYERS'  GUIDE  31 


OIL  PUMPS,  HAND 

Deming  Co.    (Wilmot  Machinery  Co.) 
PIPES  \ 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
PUMPS,  ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.    (Wilmot  Machinery  Co.) 
PUMPS,  POWER 

Deming  Co.    (Wilmot  Machinery  Co.) 
PUMPS,    ROTARY 

Deming  Co.    (Wilmot  Machinery  Co.) 
SPRINKLERS,  AUTOMATIC 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  ALARM 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   CHECK 

Deming  Co.    (Wilmot  Machinery  Co.) 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  DRY 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   FLOAT 

Deming  Co.    (Wilmot  Machinery  Co.) 
VALVES,  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  POST  INDICATOR  GATE 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 


WASHINGTON 


AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (Columbia  Pump  &  Well  Co.) 
OIL  PUMPS,  HAND 

Deming  Co.  (Columbia  Pump  &  Well  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (Columbia  Pump  &  Well  Co.) 
PUMPS,  POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Columbia  Pump  &  Well  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (Columbia  Pump  &  Well  Co.) 
VALVES,  CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (Columbia  Pump  &  Well  Co.) 
VALVES,  FLOAT 

Deming  Co.  (Columbia  Pump  &  Well  Co.) 


82  BUYERS'  GUIDE 

MINNEAPOLIS 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  AUXILIARY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
GAS  ENGINE  POWER 

Challenge  Co. 
HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE,  UNLINED  LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HYDRANTS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
SPRINKLERS,  AUTOMATIC 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
TANKS,  GRAVITY 

Challenge  Co. 
TANK  TELL-TALES 

Challenge  Co. 
TANK  TOWERS,   STEEL 

Challenge  Co. 
VALVES 

Challenge  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  ALARM 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  CHECK 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  DRY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   FLOAT 

Challenge  Co. 
VALVES,  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  POST  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 


LOUISVILLE 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (Laib  Co.) 
OIL  PUMPS,  HAND 

Deming  Co.  (Laib  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (Laib  Co.) 


BUYERS'  GUIDE  33 


PUMPS,  POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Laib  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ROTARY 

Derating  Co.  (Laib  Co.) 
VALVES,  CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (Laib  Co.) 
VALVES,  FLOAT 

Deming  Co.  (Laib  Co.) 


KANSAS  CITY 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (English  Iron  Works  Co.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  AUXILIARY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
GAS  ENGINE   POWER 

Challenge  Co. 
HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE,  UNLINED  LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HYDRANTS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
OIL  PUMPS,HAND 

Deming  Co.  (English  Iron  Works  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (English  Iron  Works  Co.) 
PUMPS,   POWER 

Deming  Co.  (English  Iron  Works  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (English  Iron  Works  Co.) 
SPRINKLERS,  AUTOMATIC 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
TANKS,  GRAVITY 

Challenge  Co. 
TANK  TELL-TALES 

Challenge  Co. 
TANK  TOWERS,   STEEL 

Challenge  Co. 
VALVES 

Challenge  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  ALARM 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (English  Iron  Works  Co.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 


84  BUYERS'   GUIDE 

VALVES,  DRY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   FLOAT 

Challenge  Co. 

Deming  Co.  (English  Iron  Works  Co.) 
VALVES,  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  POST  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

DENVER 

AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming  Co.  (Hendrie  &  Bolthoff  Mfg.  &  Supply  Co.) 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 

FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  AUXILIARY 
International  Sprinkler  Co. 

HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 

HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE,  UNLINED  LINEN  . 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HYDRANTS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
OIL  PUMPS,  HAND 

Deming  Co.  (Hendrie  &  Bolthoff  Mfg.  &  Supply  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ELECTRIC 

Deming  Co.  (Hendrie  &  Bolthoff  Mfg.  &  Supply  Co.) 
PUMPS,  POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Hendrie  &  Bolthoff  Mfg.  &  Supply  Co.) 
PUMPS,  ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (Hendrie  &  Bolthoff  Mfg.  &  Supply  Co.) 
SPRINKLERS,  AUTOMATIC 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  ALARM 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,    CHECK 

Deming  Co.  (Hendrie  &  Bolthoff  Mfg.  &  Supply  Co.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  DRY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,    FLOAT 

Deming  Co.  (Hendrie  &  Bolthoff  Mfg.  &  Supply  Co.) 
VALVES,  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  POST  INDICATOR  GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 


BUYERS'  GUIDE  155 

ATLANTA 


AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Deming-  Co.  (Dunn  Machinery  Co.) 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  AUXILIARY 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
FITTINGS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
HOSE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE  RACKS  AND  REELS 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HOSE,   UNLINED  LINEN 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
HYDRANTS 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
OIL  PUMPS,   HAND 

Deming-  Co.  (Dunn  Machinery  Co.) 
PIPES 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 
PUMPS,   ELECTRIC 

Deming-  Co.  (Dunn  Machinery  Co.) 
PUMPS,   POWER 

Deming  Co.  (Dunn  Machinery  Co.) 

PUMPS,  ROTARY 

Deming  Co.  (Dunn  Machinery  Co.) 
SPRINKLERS,  AUTOMATIC 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
STANDPIPES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   ALARM 

General  Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  CHECK 

Deming-  Co.  (Dunn  Machinery  Co.) 

General   Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  DRY 

General   Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,  FLOAT 

Deming-  Co.  (Dunn  Machinery  Co.) 
VALVES,    INDICATOR   GATE 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 
VALVES,   POST  INDICATOR  GATE 

General   Fire  Extinguisher  Co. 

International  Sprinkler  Co. 


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